FOOD COURT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING

BEACON TECHNOLOGY

Muhamad Nurhelfi Bin Mohd Zubir

Bachelor of Computer Engineering Technology (Networking Systems) with Honors

student,

Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Information Technology,

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

muhamad.nurhelfi@s.unikl.edu.my

Ruwaida Binti Ramly

Computer Engineering Technology Section, Lecturer,

Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Information Technology,

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

ruwaida@unikl.edu.my
 Abstract
The food service industry is undergoing a significant transformation. Restaurant
technology can lead the industry into the modern age and change how food is
prepared and served. This transformation reached a new level as the industry dealt
with the COVID-19 pandemic (Newton, 2021). Today, we can see many people are
not keeping their social distance, especially at the food court or food truck area.
Furthermore, the management also has difficulty handling crowded customers.
Although the country is in the post-COVID-19 situation, people need to keep social
distance due to new variants. Developing the Food Court management system using
beacon technology, can help managers handle the customer and help facilitate the
customer. The management can promote their business through the application
while can reduce the crowd in front of the counter. The application is using beacon
technology that uses wireless transmitters that use low-energy Bluetooth technology
to send signals to other smart devices nearby. The project developed will be tested
by potential users. Good feedback and recommendation are needed for future
improvement.

1. Introduction
Nowadays, business is one of the professions that can help people increase their
income during the Covid-19 pandemic. For example, a business that has an increase
in demand is Food and Beverage where the main purpose involves a responsibility
focused on maintaining the restaurant's day-to-day operations. Staff is directed by
managers to ensure that clients enjoy a pleasant dining experience. (Vespia, 2021).

This paper focuses on information about the food court management system that
develops for a certain area to ensure the food court or food truck area is well-ordered
by using beacon technology.

The project takes place at the most famous food court in Setapak, Kuala Lumpur,
“LEPAKING”. The beacon technology is used able to help view a list of stalls that are
available and view the menu before making an order.
 2. Literature Review

2.1. Beacon Technology

Beacon is a small device with a massive impact on advertising. This small
device includes three important components: a small ARM computer, a
Bluetooth Smart connectivity module, and batteries. the CPU of the ARM
computer is attached to an antenna for broadcasting electromagnetic waves of
specific length and frequency. (Beaconstac, n.d.)

2.2. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)

BLE stands for Bluetooth Low Energy. It’s a power-efficient version of
Bluetooth originally introduced in 2010. These low-energy beacons are using
coin-cell batteries and can be functional within a few years. It makes technology
last longer with smaller parts. (Admin, What is a Beacon? The Complete Guide
to Bluetooth Beacons, 2022)

I.3.1 Differences Between classic Bluetooth vs Bluetooth Low Energy

There are two key distinctions between Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and traditional
Bluetooth. The first distinction is power consumption; while standard Bluetooth has
considerable power consumption when data flow is high, BLE beacons may operate
for extended periods of time. The second distinction relates to applications, where
traditional Bluetooth excels at continuous data streaming and BLE excels at periodic
data transfer applications with less battery consumption, making it appropriate for
IoT proximity marketing. The third distinction relates to simultaneous connections,
where BLE can create up to 20 connections at once whereas conventional Bluetooth
can only create 7.
I.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of BLE Beacon Technology

ADVANTAGES:

The benefits of BLE beacon technology are numerous. One benefit is that it enables
more effective client engagement through personalized marketing tactics. Yet
another benefit is that it is suited for usage in a variety of commercial situations and
can be integrated into existing systems because it is inexpensive, simple to install,
needs less maintenance, and uses less energy. Beacon technology also enabled
apps to guide users to a particular location via their smartphone and engage them in
buying by triggering notifications based on proximity. The use of this technology is
possible in many contexts, including shopping malls and food courts.

DISADVANTEGES:

The BLE Beacon Technology has several drawbacks. Customers cannot connect if
Bluetooth is off or if they are outside of the Bluetooth range since beacon marketing
is only compatible with the BLE (Bluetooth) signal. Another drawback of proximity
marketing is that some consumers may find it intrusive because store owners can
access customers' preferences and information when they reach the beacon radius.
Additionally, Bluetooth beacons may cause some smartphones to overheat and
rapidly deplete their batteries if users keep their Bluetooth on to connect to beacons,
which makes it challenging for them to use the technology.

I.4 Flutter
Google created the Flutter portable UI toolkit to make it easy to build stunning, built
mobile, web, and desktop apps from a single codebase. It utilizes the Dart
programming language, is free and open source, and works with existing
programmed. Flutter can be used to create fully functional applications and is suited
for 2D mobile apps that operate on both Android and iOS platforms. As opposed to
other frameworks, Flutter uses its high-performance rendering engine to draw
widgets instead of WebView or OEM widgets. The majority of its systems, including
animation, gesture, and widgets, are implemented in the Dart programming
language, making it simple to read, modify, replace, or remove components.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Flutter

The Flutter framework has a number of advantages that accelerates development,

including the hot-reload feature, smooth browsing, faster application execution,
reduced testing time and effort due to cross-platform compatibility, a great user
interface, and automatic updates to UI content without user intervention by
developers.

Flutter's disadvantages include its freshness, the need for continuing maintenance
and support, the restricted access to SDK libraries, the fact that it only works with
Android and iOS platforms, and the requirement to learn the Dart programming
language, which may be unfamiliar to certain developers.

2.4.1 Dart Language

Programming in Dart is used to create Flutter apps. It was intended to run better and
be more extensible than JavaScript while yet maintaining its dynamic character as a
higher level internet language. Web applications, servers, desktop programmes, and
mobile apps may all be written in the object-oriented language Dart, which has a
similar appearance to C. Dart was initially presented in 2011 and has now received
ECMA standardisation approval. For cross-browser interoperability when utilised for
web applications, Dart is translated to JavaScript. When used in Flutter apps, Dart
files are built and packed into a binary file for uploading to app stores. Dart comes
includes a VM for running.dart files.

I.5 Bluetooth
Within a personal area network, Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology used
for data transmission between stationary and mobile devices (PAN). In the ISM
bands between 2.402 and 2.48 GHz, it employs UHF radio waves. Smartphones
frequently have Bluetooth, which is used to link gadgets like speakers, earbuds, and
other smartphones in order to transfer data. It employs a fast frequency-hopping
spread spectrum (FHSS) technology, limiting access to the sent data to
synchronised receivers.
2.5.1 Type of Bluetooth connection

A short-range wireless technology standard called Bluetooth is used to send data

between devices across close quarters. Piconet and Scatternet are the two different
Bluetooth connection types. A Piconet is a grouping of up to 8 Bluetooth-enabled
devices that are all linked in an ad hoc manner and use the same channel. A
scatternet is a group of two or more Bluetooth-enabled devices that are connected
by a device that acts as a link between two piconets and may interact with one
another.

2.5.2 Bluetooth Security

Using Bluetooth security, only certain, recognised devices are permitted to interface,
ensuring both the services provided by devices and approved exclusivity. When two
devices initially connect with one another, a shared secret link key is produced
through a pairing process, which forms the foundation of this security. A device can
be in one of three security modes: non-secure, where it doesn't begin any security
procedures, secure, where it does. Both link level enforced security and service level
enforced security provide for flexible access controls for applications. Service level
enforced security prevents the start of security procedures before channel setup.

I.6 Related Works

The creation of an application employing beacon technology is part of the "Food
Court Management with Beacon Technology Project." A Beacon device and a
smartphone are needed for the project, and the Flutter framework is the software
utilised for development. The Internet of Things (IoT) Beacon technology may be
utilised in retail to have direct consumer interactions. The beacon gadget transmits a
unique ID to a smartphone using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE).
 I.6.1 Beacon Enabled Smart Library

The "Beacon Enabled Smart Library" initiative seeks to use beacon technology to aid
patrons in navigating the library. The library employs an application to display book
information based on the visitor's location within the building. The iBeacon or
Eddystone-formatted information is disseminated via the beacons, which are
mounted on bookcases and use Bluetooth Low Energy. There are three distinct
coloured beacons, and each one contains information about a different book. The
beacons' management and remote access utilise a cloud-based technology. The
idea was put to the test on the third floor of the library at Auckland University of
Technology, and it was successful in giving tourists indoor navigation and capturing
data on the number of visitors and where they were located. When the guest comes,
they may learn more about the books.

I.6.2 Smart College System using IoT BLE beacons.

The goal of this project is to track college attendance utilising beacon technology and
automated technologies like Selenium. Students may receive reminders from the
beacons about upcoming classes and exams. The project's goal is to create a
system that links the cloud with the Internet of Things (beacon technology) for indoor
location. The system consists of two components: a web-based management system
for teachers and an Android application for students. The user activates the beacon
to send messages or notifications, the student opens the app on their phone and
scans the beacon, the Android devices get the message, and the received message
and notification are then sent to the administrator, who sets the user's ID and name.
 I.7 Comparison

A Food Court Management system built with Beacon technology for the senior
project consists of both hardware (a beacon device and a smartphone) and software
(flutter). Flutter, the application development tool utilised in the capstone project, is
more recent and reliable. The final year project just needs one application from
consumers, unlike the prior project, which required two applications for students and
professors. Prior to setting up the beacon technology, the application will be
designed to guarantee successful connectivity and failure operation.

COMPARISON TABLE BETWEEN QR CODE AND BEACON TECHNOLOGY

QR CODE BEACON TECH

End-user competency. Users need to
log in after scanning the QR code to
get the data from the database
Need to be Printed out the QR code.
The physical version of the QR code
color is easy to fade.
Need to connect to the internet
Table 2.2 Comparison between QR Code and Beacon Technology
One-time setup only. Users only need
to sign up once when connecting to the
beacon for the first time because it can
connect to the database. Once
connected, user data is saved in the
system.
No need to print out anything. Just stay
within range of the beacon.
As long as the smart device has
Bluetooth, the user can connect to the
beacon
 3. Methodology

3.1 Project Methodology

The goal of the final project is to create an application that makes it easier to utilise
food court services and determines the ideal placement of beacon technology so that
it may communicate with smart devices in the surrounding commercial environment.
The waterfall technique is used as the development procedure to accomplish this
goal. The sequential (noniterative) flow of this technique allows for easy
administration, organisation of the development process, and simplicity. Six steps
make up the waterfall approach, and each one must be finished before going on to
the next.

Analysis

The Analysis phase, which is the first stage of the project process, starts with a
feasibility study to evaluate prospective solutions to the development challenge and
ascertain their practicality. The project's objectives, extent, constraints, and
relevance are all determined by observing the signal between the beacons in the
project region.

i. Technical Feasibility
Specification System requirement
Operating System Windows 7 SP1 or later (64-bit)
Ram 8 GB
Disk space 1.64 GB (does not include disk space for IDE/tools)
Tools  Windows PowerShell 5.0 or newer (this is pre-
installed with Windows 10)
 Git for Windows 2. x, with the Use Git from the
Windows Command Prompt option
Table 3.1 Development

Phone Beacon
Specification System requirement Specification System Requirements
Operating Android 4.3 and newer Data transfer rate 200 Kbps
System

Storage 20 MB Time to send data Typically, 3ms

Ram 2 GB and above Power consumption Less than
15mA
 Connectivity Bluetooth 5.0 Cover area 70 m / 230 ft
Table 3.2 Testing

ii. Economic Feasibility

Cost Price (RM)
Flutter UI FREE (Open-Source
Software)

Beacon (Two beacons device) 100

Maintenance (Battery replacement every 6 months) 10

Utilities (During application development process) 100

TOTAL 210

Table 3.3 Cost

iii. Operational
The operational feasibility of the Food Court Management project using Beacon
technology is assessed to determine how well the project can solve identified
problems and take advantage of opportunities and how it can meet requirement
specifications. The feasibility also considers the willingness of the Food Court
management to support the proposed project.

iv. Schedule Feasibility

Process Schedule time
Define the feasibility study and identify 3 weeks
the project area with define the problem
statement, objective, scope, and
limitation

Collect requirements and documented 3 weeks

article into the literature review
Design and develop the application 4 months
Get feedback from users 2 weeks
and
maintenance
Final adjustment of application and 2 weeks
beacon technology before released

Table 3.4 Schedule

Requirement Specification

The project's second phase focuses on gathering the required documentation to

ensure a smooth development process. This include installing the Flutter software,
learning how to use the Flutter user interface, and doing a review of the literature on
papers on Flutter, beacon technology, and related subjects. The research examines
different aspects of the project, including Bluetooth technologies, Flutter software,
and beacon gadgets.

i. Beacon Technology

The article compares Bluetooth Classic and Bluetooth Low Energy, two different
Bluetooth variants (BLE). It states that BLE technology is renowned for consuming
less power and is appropriate for Internet of Things and proximity marketing
applications. Conversely, Classic Bluetooth is better suited for devices like
headphones that require continuous data streaming. The report also notes that BLE
can establish up to 20 connections simultaneously whereas Classic Bluetooth can
only do so seven times.

ii. Flutter

Minimum Requirements

a) OS: Windows 7 SP1 64-bit, Windows 8.1 64-bit, Windows 10 64-bit

b) Free storage: 1.32 GB
c) Pre-installed tools:
d) Windows PowerShell 5.0 or newer
e) Git 2. X
Recommended

a. OS: Windows 10 64-bit

b. CPU: Intel Core i5-8400
c. Memory: 8 GB RAM
d. Free storage: 5 GB SSD
e. Tools: Windows PowerShell 5.0+, Git 2. x
Design
i. Flowchart

Figure 3.1 Flowchart of the Project

iii. Block Diagram

Figure 3.2 Block diagram for the Project

Implementation

The development and configuration of the application and the beacon technology
takes place during the fourth phase of the project, which is implementation. The
Flutter-developed application will connect to the beacon positioned in the project
area. Once Bluetooth is enabled, a connection between the app and beacon is
made, and the user has the option of connecting to a particular beacon. Making
ensuring the application can connect with the beacon is the key goal of this phase.

Figure 3.3 Example of how beacon works

Testing and integration are done during the fifth phase of the project to make sure
that there are no hardware or software issues with the connection between the
smartphone application and the beacon device. During the testing phase, the beacon
is put through its paces to see if the application and beacon device are connected by
varying the distance between the smartphone and beacon. The findings will change
depending on how close the smartphone is to the beacon device.
 Figure 3.4 Range test between beacon and smartphone

Utilizing an Android application given by the maker of the beacon is how the
connection between the smartphone and the beacon device is tested. The received
signal strength indicator (RSSI) reading, which is reported in Decibel-milliwatt (dBm),
is where the test results are shown. While RSSI measures the power present in a
received radio signal, dBm is the unit of measurement used to quantify the signal's
power level.

Figure 3.5 FM RSSI level conversion (Andrei Popleteev, 2009)

 Operation and Maintenance

The operation and maintenance phase, which comes after the introduction of beacon
technology, is crucial to ensuring the technology's continued use in the project
region. Depending on usage, maintenance like battery replacement should be done
every six months. A smartphone application will be used to evaluate the beacon
technology architecture. The battery will be changed if any issues develop because it
is almost certainly what caused them. Receipts for battery purchases and the cost of
hiring a specialist to travel to the project site are among the documentation needed
for this step.

Project Milestone

Phases Activities Techniques/Software Deliverable Milestone

Analysis Feasibility study Project proposal 2 weeks
(4 March
Identify the project area 2022 –
Observe the environment 18 March
Define problem statement 2022)
Define objective, scope,
limitation, and significance

Define project
Requirement Research the technology Review article Literature review 3 weeks
specification (25 March
Study Flutter UI Install Flutter 2022 –
8 April 2022)
Design Come up with step Flowchart 2 weeks
implementation of beacon (11 April
technology in the project area 2022 –
25 April
2022)
Implementation Coding Flutter UI The end product 4 months
of the application (9 May
Configure the connection Beacon transmitting 2022 – 30
of the smartphone to the packets of data Response from September
beacon using Bluetooth to smartphone Beacon to 2022)
application in
smartphone
Testing and Test connection from Bluetooth turns on Connection with 2 weeks
Integration application in smartphone automatically after the beacon is (1 October
with beacon after application is open successful 2022 –
Bluetooth is turned on 14 October
2022)
The beacon sends data. The
Information or notification application will
towards application in show
smartphone notification or
information
about the stall
Operation and Ensure the beacon Open application and The 2 weeks
Maintenance technology can be run for check connection with application (17 October
a long time beacon is will show 2022
successful or not notification – 31
or
October
Open the casing and information
Replacement of battery about the 2022)
change the new
stall
battery

Beacon devices
can be run longer
Table 3.6 Project Milestones
Gantt Chart
 4. Prototype / Project Development

Application Development

i. the user needs to open Bluetooth and Location before pressing the scan
button. The scan button uses the search icon so when the button is
pressed, the nearest Beacon or Bluetooth device is scanned and when
detected it.

ii. The user needs to choose which Beacon that they want, and the
application will react to the choice and open the page according to the
Beacon name. for “BeaconStoreA” the promotion for store A will open while
“BeaconStoreB”, the promotion page for store B will be open.

iii. Store A promotion page where on the Scan Page if the user chooses
“BeaconStoreA”, the user will direct to this page. The promotion page
shows the package that has a promotion in the Food Court Centre. There is
a home Button when the user taps the button, the application will open the
store page as shown below.

iv. About Us page appear when the user taps on the home button on
Promotion Page. There is an exit button where the user can tap to exit the
Store A promotion page and return to Scan Page.

v. Store A promotion page where on the Scan Page if the user chooses
“BeaconStoreB”, the user will direct to this page. The promotion page
shows the package that has a promotion in the Food Court Centre. There is
a home Button when the user taps the button, and the application will open
the store page as shown below.
vi. the About Us page appear when the user taps on the home button on
Promotion Page. There is an exit button where the user can tap to exit the
Store B promotion page and return to Scan Page.

vii. This page will open when the user chooses another Beacon or other
Bluetooth device on Scan Page. This page is just a simple page with
reminders of the wrong selected Bluetooth device by the user.
 5. Testing & Result
Functionality Result

Test ID Use Case Name Description Result

TST 001 Search Button User Click on the Search button, then PASS
a list of the available Bluetooth
Beacon will appear in the Application.
TST 002 “BeaconStallA” Button User Click on the “BeaconStallA” PASS
button, then Promotion and Menu
Interface for stall A will open
TST 003 Stall A “Home” Button The user clicks on the “home” Button PASS
on the Stall A promotion page, then
The Stall A “About Us” Interface will
be displayed
TST 004 Exit Button The user Clicks the Exit button on the PASS
“About Us” Page then The Main
Interface will open.
TST 005 “BeaconStallB” Button User Click on the “BeaconStallB” PASS
button, then Promotion and Menu
Interface for stall B will open
TST 006 Stall B “Home” Button The user clicks on the “home” Button PASS
on the Stall B promotion page, then
The Stall B “About Us” Interface will
be displayed
TST 007 Exit Button The user Clicks the Exit button on the PASS
“About Us” Page then The Main
Interface will open.
TST 008 “N/A” Button Users Click another button then the PASS
“BeaconStallA” and “BeaconStallB”
buttons The Error Interface will open.
Range Result

Beacon Stall A Test

5 Meters with different n value

( 4 − (−76) ) ( 4 − (−76) )
10 10
10(3) 10(4)

40 26.67 20

10 Meters with different n value

( 4 − (−78) ) ( 4 − (−78) )
10 10
10(3) 10(4)

41 27.33 20.5

15 Meters with different n value

( 4 − (−90) ) ( 4 − (−90) )
10 10
10(3) 10(4)

47 31.33 23.5

Stall A Beacon Calculation

Beacon Stall B Test

 5 Meters with different n value

( 4 − (−77) ) ( 4 − (−77) )
10 10
10(3) 10(4)

40.5 27 20.25

10 Meters with different n value

( 4 − (−79) ) ( 4 − (−79) )
10 10
10(3) 10(4)

41.5 27.67 20.75

15 Meters with different n value

( 4 − (−86) ) ( 4 − (−86) )
10 10
10(3) 10(4)

45 30 22.5

Stall B Beacon Calculation

As a result of both Figure, it shows that the suitable range between beacons is 15
meters because at more than 15 meters the application cannot detect the Beacon.
The position of the customer that more suitable is below 5 meters because in this
range the Beacon has a strong signal which is less than -60dBm.

Summary

The chapter reports on the progress of the project, with a focus on testing its viability.
The first objective of developing the "TheMakan" application has been fulfilled and it
provides a smooth browsing experience for food court customers, developed using
flutter with android studios. The application can scan nearby beacons and display
promotions from each stall. The second objective of identifying the appropriate
distance for Beacon Technology installation has also been achieved, with testing
results showing that the project can be run. The suitable range between beacons
has been determined to be 15 meters as the application cannot detect the Beacon
beyond this range.
 6. Conclusion

Conclusion

The Food Court Management System using Beacon Technology project has flaws
and is not fully successful. The main idea of the project was to create proximity
marketing using Beacon Technology but it changed to requiring manual scans
through the use of a scan icon button. However, the developed application can still
help users navigate through menus and promotions using Beacon Technology.

Recommendation
The Food Court Management System using Beacon Technology project had several
flaws and needs improvement in functionality and user interface design. The
recommendation is to automatically turn on Bluetooth and location and generate
pop-up notifications to show proximity marketing function. The user interface should
be consistent with a dark theme, suitable font size and also have sliding or videos to
attract users. The project also needs to implement a database to save customer data
for marketing purposes in the future.

Limitation

The project has several restrictions, including the fact that it is only available to
smartphone users and necessitates a Bluetooth connection. It also has restrictions in
terms of flutter development because new plug-in versions necessitate changing the
code. Finally, adverse weather conditions like rain and wind may reduce the
usefulness of beacon technology in outdoor settings.
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