Q.8.what do you mean by vocationalization of secondary education?

(KUK 2017,2021)
Ans.8.Introduction: - 1000 years ago agriculture economy was develop and nomads and hunters are converted
into peasants Before 300 years ago from today industrial resolution come with 5 M’s these five m’s are machine,
mass production ,mass product consumption mass education and mass media and this revolution gives stress on
education and technology and the economy become dual economy with working capital. A committee is named +2
Ad committee. This is the philosophy behind the vocationalization ship.
Meaning of vocationalisation: - Vocationalisation is a comprehensive term embracing those aspects of education
process involving in addition to general education study of technologies and related services and acquisition of
practical skill, attitude, understanding and knowledge relating to occupation in the various sectors of economic and
social life.
In simple words we can say that vocationalisation of education is not only aimed at training young people to
practice and training but equipping them to adapt themselves to the variety of jobs.
Historical background of vocationalisation of education – Wood’s dispatch (1854):- Wood’s dispatch stated
that secondary school stage is a preparatory stage for higher education for those pupils which wants to study further
but it is an exit point for those who might discontinue the studies but it is and exit point for those who might
discontinue the studies and enter the world of work. Therefore education at secondary level should be structured in
such a way that it becomes useful for the pupils in different sectors of the economy.
Hunter Commission:- This commission recommended that at the high school stage there should be two streams of
education one for preparing the students for higher education and other for practical occupation. In simple words
this commission recommended the division of courses at the upper classes of the high school.
Hartog committee:- This committee suggested diversification of curriculum. The outcome of this
recommendation resulted in the opening of these recommendations resulting in the opening of different streams.
Sargent plans: - This plan recommended reorganisation of high schools into two types of schools.
Academic high schools where instructions are imparted in arts and pure sciences.

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Technical high schools should be made to impart or give training in applied sciences and industrial and
commerce subjects. These recommendations resulted in increased facilities for vocational education at the
secondary education some of these facilities are:-
1. Polytechnic
2. Industrial institutes of training for skilled and semiskilled.
3. Introduction of commerce courses
4. Provision for financing of training of paramedical personnel.
5. Program for training middle level workers in agriculture.
Need and importance of vocationalisation of secondary education
1. Solution of economic problems: - India is today facing such grave problems, such as unemployment,
poverty, famine etc. our economic problems are our great difficulties. Hence vocationalisation of secondary
education is of the greatest importance, since only such education can help to solve the economic problem of
our country. Mahatma Gandhi rightly stated “True education ought to be for children a kind of insurance
against unemployment.”
2. Attainment of social efficiency: - Vocationalisation of secondary education will help the education to
attain economic independence and social efficiency. Social efficiency is the outcome of the efforts of the
individuals who earn their livelihood and who are not parasites on the members of the society.
3. Minimising social misfits: - Vocationalisation of secondary education will facilitate fitting the right
person at the right place and thus minimises social misfits, entailing wastage of human talent, initiative, and
resourcefulness. For children of lower intelligence vocational education is the only hope. Such children should
have vocational training as early as possible because they are at a great disadvantage when taught academic
subjects with more intelligent children.
4. Moral, intellectual, cultural development:- Vocationalisation helps in the moral, intellectual and cultural
development of an individual. They can be stimulated to do something for these earnings and so that
they become an all round development of their own society also.
5. Encouragement to parents:- Mostly in villages or somewhere in urban areas parents do not send their
children to schools. But when vocationalisation is done under secondary education then boys and girls
students have their subjects according to their interests so that they can earn something in future because
of that parents agree to send their children to schools.
6. Reducing dropout rates:- As stated earlier students drop out after 10th but if vocationalisation is done
with secondary education then students develop to know about their interests and streams or their scopes
and due to this vocationalisation helps in reducing the dropout rate at primary level as well as secondary
level.
7. Attainment of happiness:- The true object of education is the generation of happiness. Happiness is said
to be the ‘summer bonum’ of life and existence. Man is really very happy when he is adjusted to his
occupation. A happy and contented individual can render the best service to society. Vocationalisation of
secondary education will balance the distinctive capacity of the individuals with social service.
8. Giving purpose to educational activity: - Vocationalisation of secondary education will be purposeful
and conducive to learning; it makes children an active partner in the learning process. It makes use of
the child’s tender habits, plays attention to their interests and awakens their minds. It excites intelligence
and puts an end to lethargy and inactivity.
9. For making secondary education as a self sufficient course:- Today secondary education is only a
stepping stone for higher education. There are hardly 25 to 30 percent of students who possess the
ability to enter universities. Many want to earn their living. So there should be some arrangement for
some vocational training.
10. For satisfying varied abilities, interests and talents: - After independence more and more students are
going in for secondary education. After primary education various abilities, interests and talents. To
achieve this objective the secondary education commission and other commissions and committees,
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 recommended diversified courses. Only the diversified curriculum can develop these interests and
abilities.
Problems of vocationalisation of secondary education:-
1. Problem of form and organization: - There is a problem of form and organization of
vocationalisation of secondary education in India. What should be the form of vocationalisation
of secondary education and how will it be determined?
2. Problem of organization of curriculum:- There is a problem of organization of curriculum of
vocationalisation of secondary education in India. How should vocational courses be harmonised
with general courses? The following defects are found in the curriculum of vocational institutions.
Not related to local needs. It does not fulfill the local needs. In the agriculturally predominant
area, agriculture is not given a prominent place in the curriculum.
Lacks variety – there is no variety of courses being offered.
Lacks productivity – it lacks productivity i.e. only theoretical knowledge is provided
No love for manual work – it does not develop in the student a love for manual work.
3. Problem of training of teachers: - Vocationalisation of secondary education in India requires a
large number of special types of trained teachers who may be in a position to successfully impart
vocational education along with instruction in general education. It requires drastic changes in the
present set up of teachers training institutions including multipurpose schools. The
vocationalisation of secondary education may fail in the absence of well trained, efficient or
suitable teachers.
4. Problem of selection of vocation;- There is a problem of selection of vocation at the time of
admission of students. It is difficult for the student to choose a vocation at the time of admission,
interests and aptitudes of students should be known with the help of various methods including
aptitude tests, interest inventories etc. Educational and vocational guidance services should be
organized in schools. These services are helpful in identifying their aptitudes. Interests and
suitability for the vocation.
5. Problem of teaching procedure:- An integrated teaching procedure is required in vocationalised
education. In it, a certain vocation has to be accepted as a nucleus and the various subjects have to
be taught around it in a correlated manner. All the subjects of general education cannot be taught
in this way. Only those subjects can be taught which may be correlated with the vocation
concerned.
6. Problem of physical facilities and equipment: - Each school will need some laboratory,
workshop, library and other physical facilities and equipment. It means that huge finance is
required. But due to lack of financial resources even traditional schools do not have the required
facilities.
7. Problem of administration and control:- There is a problem of administration and control. Till
this date, general education is under the control of the government education department.
Vocationalisation of secondary education requires the cooperation of the departments of
industries; agriculture etc. government education departments cannot control education.
8. Problem of quality:- Education should be both quantitative and qualitative. Our country has
made quantitative improvement in vocational education. But proper attention has not yet been
given to its qualitative side. Most vocational and technical schools are being run in a very bad
condition. Each school requires some laboratory, workshop and other physical facilities and
equipment.
9. Problem of unfavourable attitude towards manual work: - In country, the persons engaged in
manual work are looked down upon. A labourer does not enjoy that respect in Indian society
which a teacher, doctor, advocate engineer enjoys. Hence trainers in vocational schools do not

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 engage themselves in the vocations which require manual work. They do not get adequate
practical experiences.
10. Problem of medium: - The mother tongue has been accepted as the medium of instruction in
India upto the secondary level. But good books are not available on vocational subjects in the
mother tongue. This creates a great difficulty for the trainee. He has to devote much time to the
study of English at the neglect of vocational subjects.
11. Problem relating to research:- The government of India has stressed the problem of research in
vocational and technical education in the various five year plans but we have not yet become self
dependent in this respect and we still have to copy the western style. Process and research styles
should be according to our aspirations, needs and requirements in the country. The foreign styles
cannot fulfill our Indians needs.
12. Problem of post vocational education and training:- After getting the training. If the trainee
remains unemployed for some time he forgets all that he has learned in the concerned vocational /
technical field. Those who are fortunate to get some employment continue working for years
according to the old method that they learnt years ago. They do not get a chance to acquaint
themselves with the latest devices and techniques. They forget even the theoretical aspect of
training that they obtained.
13. Problem of coordination:- There is the problem of coordination between training facilities and
job opportunities. Through five years plans India has developed opportunities for vocational and
technical education. But the development of these opportunities has created the problems of
unemployment of technical hands at the same time, in some technical areas there were no trained
hands.
Solution or remedies:-
1. Adequate facilities:- Vocational or technical schools which do not fulfill the minimum conditions
should be closed. These vocational schools which are well organized and managed should be given
adequate financial assistance for organizing good workshops, laboratories and libraries. They should
have a close relationship with the relevant local industry. The trainees should be sent to these industries
to obtain some practical experience.
2. Opportunities for manual work should be given to students and teachers in schools and colleges for
doing different types of creative manual work. Workshops should be organized to give sufficient
practical experience to each trainee. Practical work should be allotted more time in the time table.
3. Arrangement for equipment:- It should be estimated how many teachers and guides are required for a
particular stage of vocationalisation of secondary education. The arrangement for the equipment should
be made on the basis of estimates.
4. Attractive salaries and facilities:- The teachers and guides should be given attractive salaries and other
facilities.
5. Regional languages as medium of instruction and training:- Regional languages should be accepted
as the medium of instruction in technical and vocational institutions. The trainee should not be
compelled to acquire proficiency in English unless he himself insists for the same. The teachers and
guides should be so trained that they may be able to impart the training through the medium of the
concerned regional language.
6. Books in regional language:- Before making regional languages as the medium of instruction, it is
necessary to produce standard books in regional languages in the various areas of vocational and
technical education.
7. Uniformity in administration and control:- Most of the problems of vocationalisation of education
will be automatically solved by control. The education ministry of the government of India should take
up the responsibility of technical and vocational education in the same way as it looks after general

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 education. A council of technical and vocational education may also be effectively organized both at the
central and state level for looking after the various implied issues.
8. Research centres: - The research work in the field of technical and vocational education should be
carried out according to the needs and conditions in the country. The government should set up various
types of experimental laboratories and research centres. The research fellows should be given handsome
stipends so that capable persons may be attracted towards the same.
9. Post Education and training:- The problem of post education and training may be solved through any
of the following measures.
a) Correspondence courses:- correspondence courses may be organized for those workers who need
enough orientation in the latest theoretical technique and principles. It is a good measure for
in-service workers. They already continue their workshop practices
b) Part time courses: - Part time courses develop the theoretical knowledge and skills of in service
workers. But part time courses may be possible only at some technical institutions. Morning or
evening classes may be arranged for this purpose.
c) Refresher courses: - The in service workers may be invited to attend certain courses for 15 to 20
days at some technical institution. This program can be conveniently arranged during the
holidays of some relevant industries.
d) Close contact:- The training for in service employees may be arranged by establishing close
relationships between the technical institution and the concerned industries. This program is
useful both for the in service workers and the trainees.
10. Indianisation of technology:- India has to indianite the modern technology according to Indian needs
and conditions. The technologies should be modernised in such a way as to obtain the maximum
production by using the minimum manpower, capital and raw materials. The manpower should be
properly utilised and the maximum number of people should get employment
11. Relating vocational institutions to industries:- Technical and vocational institutions should be closely
related to relevant industries, as it is in these industries that the trained hands are to be employed. Its
program should be prepared by the various stages according to their own specific needs.

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Ques:- EMOTIONAL INTEGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING IN THE CONTEXT
OF GLOBALISATION (KUK 2018,2019)
INTRODUCTION:-
Integration is good in every society and in every group of individuals. An integrated personality is
good as compared to otherwise an individual. In the same way an integrated nation is much better. Here
integration may or may not be forced or just formal. In integration, there is interlocking of various facets and
the whole may look combined but inwardly, it may be weak or even very weak. But when we have integration
on the bases of emotions, it is both inwardly and outwardly and that is more solid and durable. Therefore,
emotional integration is the way to better national integration and that further leads to better international
understanding. Let us, therefore, always try to have emotionally integrated nationalisation and also emotionally
integrated international understanding.
Globalisation is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views,
products, ideas and other aspects of culture. Advances in transpiration and telecommunication infrastructure
including the rise of the telegraph and its development of the internet are major factors in globalisation,
generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities

Expanding Awareness of Human Understanding

Global Level
International
Level
National Level
Community

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Need of the hour in our country is national unity and integrity. Education can play a very significant role. In
the words of Dr. Radhakrishnan, “If India is to remain free, united an democratic, education should train people
for unity and not localism, for democracy and not dictatorship.”
In the same context, Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru remarked, “We should not become parochial,
narrow-minded, provincial, communal and caste-minded, because we have a great mission to perform. Let us,
the citizens of the Republic of India, bring about the integration of the Indian people. We have to build up this
great country into a mighty nation, mighty not in the ordinary sense of the word, but mighty in action, mighty in
culture and mighty in its peaceful service of humanity.”
WHAT IS NATIONALISM?
According to the Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English, Nationalism is strong devotion to
one’s nation; patriotic feelings. It is loyalty, love and devotion towards one’s nation. A person who possesses
the sentiments and feelings of nationalism is called a nationalist.’
DEFINiTIONS OF NATIONALISM
-Brubacher says, “Nationalism ordinarily indicates a wider scope of loyalty than patriotism in addition
to the ties of place. Nationality is evidenced by such other ties as race, language, history, culture and tradition.”
-According to Humayan Kabir, “Nationalism is that which depends on we-feeling towards the
nation.”
-Dorothy Thompson says, “National integration is a feeling that binds the citizens of a country.”
- -Nationalism and patriotism are not synonymous. Patriotism is ‘old’ and nationalism and
internationalism are ‘modern’. Brubacher rightly remarks, “Nationalism ordinarily indicates a wider scope of
loyalty than patriotism.”
True or pure nationalism means love and devotion for one’s country but not at the cost of hatred for
others. A true nationalist is a well wisher of everyone and he strongly believes in world peace. In fact, the
spirit of true nationalism in a person tends to make him a lover of internationalism.
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ASPECTS OF NATIONAL INTEGRATION
The main aspects of national integration are as follows:-
1. Emotional Integration means integration of minds (i.e. thoughts) and hearts (i.e. feelings) of all the
citizens of a nation.
2. Economic Integration implies removal of all economic disparities and improvement in the living
standards of the citizens of the nation.
3. Cultural Integration means appreciation, enrichment and preservation of the cultures of different groups.
4. Social Integration implies eradication of casteism and enrichment of feelings of co-operation,
unselfishness, social responsiveness, etc.
5. Language Integration means establishing interaction among various languages and development of
communication through suitable languages.

NEED AND IMPORTANCE

The greatest need of the country is to strengthen itself through national unity. We should have full
faith in nationalism and national understanding. According to Brubacher, “Nationalism is a term that has come
into prominence since the renaissance and particularly since the French Revolution. It ordinarily indicates a
wider scope of loyalty than patriotism. In addition to ties of place, nationalism is evidenced by such other ties
as race, language, history, culture and tradition.”“National unity is essential for any country at any time. It is
doubly so far India in view of varied compositions of her population, the vast distance that separates her
different parts, the vastly varying climate and physical features that condition the daily lives and occupations of
the people and above all, because of the period of rapid change-social, political, economic and technological
through which she is passing to discover her bearings in the modern world.”
The following points make a strong case to have national and emotional integration or spirit of
nationalism in order to overcome fissiparous tendencies in the country:
1. A Democratic Country:- At the time of independence, the national leaders accepted the country as a
democratic republic. Now that has to be maintained. For this, proper education about the democratic
values has to be imparted to all the citizens of the country. Misunderstandings of any type in
understanding democracy will have to be removed.
2. A Secular Country:- India accepted secularism though there exist people who have faith in different
religions. Everybody has his firm convictions in his own religion. It is the process of education which
helps them understand that the basis of all religions is the same and the ultimate goals are also the same.
Thus people should have full faith in secularism. Naturally then, they will have all regard for each and
every religion.
3. Unity In Diversity:- In India, there are people of different cultures. In many cases, it is seen that there
are too many variations among the different cultures. In the absence of conscious efforts uniting them,
they will remain separated and will not perhaps share their living together with others. So some type of
inter-cultural ties have to be thought of and implemented.
4. Geographical Variations;- India is a vast country. If we look at the geographical placement of
different regions, the South and the North are the two extremes with a lot of divergence and variation.
People of one region have different ways of life, traditions, conventions which have hardly any
similarities with the ones being maintained in the other region. There is a need to make them understand
that they are Indian nationals. Their progress and prosperity depend upon their beliefs in true national
values.
5. Variation of Languages:- Different people living in India use different languages for their
communication. It is rather difficult to give equal recognition and status to all the languages. The three
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 language formula surely helps in this regard when everybody accepts Hindi as the national language and
learns it, it unifies all the people of the country to some extent. Then English as an International
language further strengthens the contacts of the people with one another. The importance of mother
tongue remains, because it is given the status of first language.
In the words of Dr. Radhakrishnan, “If India is to remain free, united and democratic, education should
train people for unity and not localism, for democracy and not dictatorship.”
6. A Mighty Nation:- JawaharLal Nehru beautifully remarked, “We should not become parochial,
narrow-minded, provincial, communal and caste-minded, because we have a great mission to perform.
Let us, the citizens of the Republic of India, bring about the integration of Indian people. We have to
build up this great country into a mighty nation, mighty not in the ordinary sense of the word, but
mighty in action, mighty in culture and mighty in its peaceful service of humanity.”
7. Development of Indian Culture:- National Integration is needed for the development of our own
culture. Indian culture is supreme and superb. That has to be preserved and that has to be enriched.
Art, painting, sculpture, music, dancing, national language, national literature etc. have to be glorified.
That way only, our nation will stand elevated and we may hold our head high in the galaxy of
developing or developed nations of the world.
8. Facing External Threats:- External threats to the country are always there as long as nationalism
reigns supreme in the world. Internal unity of the country, one mindedness is a must. Emotional unity
makes the country men strong and then they are able to face the threats of the enemy.
9. Economic Progress:- Economic progress of the country is possible when there is peace in the country
and people are able to put their heart and soul into their work. National integration helps the people to
work together, live together and there lies the success of the people and the success of the country. That
way there is more national growth and development. In this regard Dr. Radhakrishnan, the former
President of India said, “We must strive to rise as a nation above regional jealousies and aspirations and
build up our economic power and standing in the world.”
MAIN OBSTACLES IN THE NATIONAL INTEGRATION AND EMOTIONAL INTEGRATION
There are a number of obstacles in the path of national integration (Nationalism). The most
important ones we may describe as follows:-
1. Casteism:- In the achievement of unity of the country, the castes are also becoming a great obstacle.
The different castes look to the benefit of their own castes. They do not bother for national benefit.
During elections., casteism gets full and free play. Every candidate tries to win the votes on the basis of
caste affiliation. One who wins the election on the basis of caste looks in the interest of his own caste in
the first instance. If the power comes into the hands of such elected leaders then members of their castes
get preference in services whether in the government or outside it. When such a situation arises, the
other castes resent it and conflict between different castes take aggressive turns.
2. Regionalism:- Another hurdle, which is operating on the path of national integration is regionalism.
The Govt. of India divided the country into different states for the administrative and other sorts of
benefits. But we often find conflicts among the states from time to time. The people of Assam,
Meghalaya and Manipur have started agitation against the outsiders living in these states. Every state
fights with its neighbouring states for different issues. These regional considerations go against national
integration.
3. Different Religions or Communism:- Communism is another obstacle in the way of achieving
national integration. There are different communities in India. People belonging to Hindu, Christianity
and Islam communities live there. The partition of the country created a wide gulf among the Muslims
and Hindus. Many people work only on the basis of Communalism. They disturb national unity and
solidarity.

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4. Different Languages:- The diversity of languages is one of the formidable obstacles in the path of
emotional and national integration. The country is so unfortunate that even after more than sixty years of
Independence it could not adopt any national language.
The language controversy is still very much alive though the violent agitations have been curbed.
This controversy is disintegrating the nation. The south cries, “Down with Hindi imperialism.” Hindi
speakers have a slogan, “Boycott English Language anywhere and everywhere.” If we wish to achieve
national unity, the question of national languages has to be specially settled.
The nation definitely needs a national language. Psychologists, sociologists and experts in human
behaviour all agree that one national language brings greater national cohesion and integration than the
multiplicity of the languages.
5. History and Unity:- Main obstacle which is described in the attainment of national unity is the
historical past of the country. Some people think that this country can never be united since essentially it
is composed of different races, religions, communities, etc. but as we have pointed out earlier, this
obstacle can be overcome through laying stress on the dormant current of unity. It will also be
worthwhile to create a feeling in the country that if we remain divided we will again fall as our ancestors
have fallen before, at the appearance of even a minor external danger. Let history be utilised to tell our
people that in the present day world we can only survive if we have unity.
6. Different Culture:- Some people say that in India there are different cultures so there are no chances of
achieving unity. They do not believe in cultural integration but say that Indian cultural unity is a myth.
At present it is very much evident that there is some sort of cultural oneness in this land. What is needed
is to strengthen this unity further and to create in the minds of all the citizens a sense of belongingness to
one culture, to that pattern which has its own uniqueness.
7. Lack of good leadership:- There is no denial of the fact that we lack good leaders. Most of our
leaders are selfish and corrupt. They work for their own interests. They do not bother about national
welfare. Such leaders are really responsible for disruption and disunity in the nation. The success of
democracy depends upon good leaders. But such leaders have sowed the seeds of democracy depending
upon good leaders. But such leaders have sowed the seeds of casteism, linguism and communalism.
Such leaders stand as an obstacle in the path of national unity.
8. Economic Differences:- The gap between the rich and the poor class, the peasant and the big land
holders, the industrialist, and the workers is increasing. In our country there is so much economic
disparity that some people are rolling in wealth while others go without food for a number of days. The
bad economic conditions always give birth to an anti national element.
9. Social Differences:- In India, social conditions of the people have always been responsible for national
integration. National unity cannot be achieved if there is hatred between higher and lower castes. This
caste struggle is a serious impediment to the growth of national sentiment and it must be eliminated
from the minds of the younger generation.
10. Narrow Politics:- There is a multi party system in India. Political parties have been formed on
regional, communal and personal considerations. In order to achieve their own selfish ends, these
parties create trouble every where in the country. They altogether forget the national interest and work
for their own interest. They mislead the people through false propaganda. This kind of attitude of some
political parties disintegrate our country.
11. Restrictions of Domicile:- There are domicile restrictions in various jobs in India. Here the states are
treated virtually as different countries, although all the states are expected to work untidily for the
development and progress of the country. How can the people of all the states gather under one flag and
how can all the communities and castes become indistinguishable if such barriers exist?
12. Unemployment:- Unemployed intelligence is the greatest threat to national cohesion. It causes
frustration, complexes, conflicts, restlessness and discontentment. A frustrated youth is the country's
worst enemy. Unemployed engineers, unemployed teachers, etc, are adding to the devil’s share.
13. Lack of vision of Education:- Our education system has not been linked to national life. The system
has not fulfilled our needs and aspirations. There is a lack of vision in education. ‘Where there is no
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 vision, the people perish. The same is the fate of our country. It is a sad fact that our system of
education lacks vision, hence it is perishing and, we are afraid, will carry the country along.
NATIONAL INTEGRATION THROUGH EMOTIONAL INTEGRATION
National integration is not a mechanical process. It is rather a psychological process. In fact,
emotional integration is the basis of national integration. Emotional attachment links people and persons firmly
and strongly.
-According to Humayun Kabir, “National integration does not depend on race or language or religion
or geography, singly or collectively, though they help, but on the feeling of belonging to one nation.”
-Pt. Pandit Nehru said, “Let us, the citizens of the Republic of India, stand up with straight backs and
look up at the skies, keeping our feet firmly planted on the ground and bring about this synthesis, this
integration of the Indian people. Political integration has already taken place, but what I am after, is something
deeper than that, an emotional integration of the Indian people so that we may be welded into one strong
national unit, maintaining at the same time all our wonderful diversity.”
ROLE OF EDUCATION IN NATIONAL AND EMOTIONAL INTEGRATION
Education can play a significant role in promoting the idea of national integration among our children.
To make our life worth living, we should use education as an instrument for bringing about a healthy and
permanent understanding among the various cultural communal groups living in our country. To shape the
character and personality of the people and to promote among them the idea of national integration, the
educationists should come forward and take the lead. Education, thus, can be used as a laboratory, where the
cultural, social, political and other maladics can be examined and suitable cures can be discovered to bring
about national integration. Indian schools should make a deliberate effort to recognize their educational
programmes to achieve this end. Let us discuss how their educational programmes achieve this end. Let us
discuss how education can help in bringing national and emotional integration.
Dr. Radhakrishna rightly remarked, “National Integration cannot be built up by brick and mortar. It
cannot be built by chisel and hammer. It has to grow silently in the minds and hearts of men. The only process
is the process of education.”
1. AIMS OF EDUCATION
(i) Self Development:- The inner potential of the individual should be developed.
(ii) Self-Confidence:- The energy level of the individual should be enhanced. More energy will
give the individual more confidence in his own self.
(iii) Building a National Character:- There is a need to make the national character of the
individuals very high, formal and non-formal education may be used for this purpose.
(iv) Strong Will and Determination:- Education should make the individuals strong-willed
persons. They should be given training so as to build strong determination. Will power and
strong determination will make the youth brave and strong.
(v) Respect for National and Cultural Values:- Education should equip the individuals with the
respect for national and cultural values.
(vi) Ethical and Spiritual Values:- Ethics of human life are above everything else. Moral and
spiritual values should become significant for the youth.
2. curriculum
(I) THE CONTENTS OF THE SYLLABUS SHOULD BE RELATED TO Indian history, cultural
traditions and human values.
(II) Social, economic and political structure of the country should be based on democratic principles in
the present scenario.
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 (III) National character and ‘will’ should be an integral part of all disciplines of educational institutions.
(IV) Study and practice of values of Ashtanga Yoga under Yama and Niyama for the development of self
should form a part of the curriculum.
(V) Study of national issues and solutions thereof through study, research and extension be made an
integral part of curriculum.
(VI) Study of national literature should form a part of the curriculum.
(VII) Study of the national language should be an integral part of the curriculum.
(VIII) Moral and humanistic education should be taught as compulsory subjects.

3. METHODS OF INSTRUCTION
(i) Learning experiences of the individuals should be based on ancient studies and learning’s. New
findings of research should improve the system further.
(ii) Modern technologies of information should be put to use. Human values should be made an integral
part of teaching methodology.
(iii) Focus of all teaching should be on the individual as a ‘spiritual being’.

4. DISCIPLINE
Self discipline should be the basis and everybody should be fully obedient to it.
5. TEACHER-PUPIL RELATIONSHIP
(i) The teacher is to play the role of a facilitator. His efforts should be to bring out the best in the
learners.
(ii) Every pupil of the class is to be accepted as a ‘spiritual being’.
(iii) Bothe the teacher and the pupil must maintain a sacred relationship with a commitment to self,
society, nation and global society.
National character and will power are strong human characteristics for survival. They are lacking at
present in Indian society. They need to be inculcated in the youth through self-education while bringing out
self-awareness and consciousness.
6. SPECIFIC ROLE OF THE TEACHER
Teacher’s position in the classroom as well as in the school is that of an idol whom the students
respect and worship. As is the teacher, so are his students. He should be a good model with regard to
nationalism. His thoughts and actions should reflect the spirit of nationalism. He should behave in such a way
that the learners are able to imitate him. He should be nationalism incarnate. That will become a source of
envy and people will like to be like him. That naturally will change things and help in the development of the
spirit of nationalism. Some content related roles of teachers are stated below:-
(i) The teacher of language should talk about not only the languages that he is teaching but also some
other languages. In his teaching, he can draw comparisons with other languages. His knowledge of
other languages will imbibe in the learners love and regard for different languages.
(ii) In the teacher of history, the teacher can draw the attention of the students to the achievements of
mankind. They learn how to appreciate the works and deeds of bravery of others. The history of
India’s struggle for freedom reminds the students about the sacrifices made by others. They will
learn many things and will value their hard earned freedom.
(iii) Through teaching civics, the teacher can explain the rights and duties of the citizen. The students
will be able to understand the constitution. The topics such as fundamental rights, duties, system of
government, etc, emphasise the unity of the nation.

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 (iv) In geography, the teacher can explain to the students about the location of different regions, raw
materials produced there and their use in the factories which are located there or somewhere else.
The teaching of this subject thus highlights the need for interdependence of various regions and
areas. The policy of give and take between different regions helps in bringing the people together.
(v) Through the study of science, the students become logical and rational in thinking. They tend to
have a scientific temperament. Generally, people quarrel over trifles or other petty issues which
don’t have any scientific basis. When the students are able to think logically, they are then not
prejudiced against others. Thus, the study of science helps in inculcating the ideals of national
integration with proper understanding.
(vi) In order to promote national integration the teacher should help in the organization of various
co-curricular activities.

7. REORGANISATION OF TEXT-BOOKS
In order to bring national unity and love for the country, it is essential to make revision of the
text-books. The text-books in Languages, History and Geography will have to be re-written to emphasise
national oneness in different ways. A national unit should be made for the production of text-books of common
national character. Books on every subject should reflect the feeling of unity in diversity, love and
belongingness among the people of our country.
8. SCHOOL-COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIP
The modern classroom should be the replica of community life. Opportunities should be provided to
all the students to gather community experiences in the classroom, in the hostels and in the playground.
Students should be encouraged to participate in programmes of community development. It will not only break
the distance between the educated and the uneducated people, but also develop a feeling of oneness among the
students as well as the community members.
9. DEVELOPMENT OF A PROPER LANGUAGE POLICY
The development of proper language policy can be helpful in bringing national and emotional
integration among the students. Maximum opportunity should be given to all Indian Languages to develop
according to their genius. Students should realise that it is not the difference of languages, but the wrong
training and ideology that disintegrates us.
So far as the question of medium of instruction is concerned, the place of mother tongue is prominent.
Learning through a foreign language compels the students to concentrate on cramming instead of mastering the
subject matter. Hence regional language should be accepted as the medium of instruction and attempts should
be made for the use of a common medium in higher education throughout the country.
10. RELIGIOUS AND MORAL TRAINING
Article 28 of the Indian Constitution lays down that no religious instruction shall be imparted in the
educational institutions maintained by the state. That means our constitution is based on secularism, which
originally meant equal respect for all religions. It is, therefore, desirable to impart broad based spiritual
education. The religious and moral text-books should contain quotations from all great religions. Hinduism,
Islam, Sikhism, Christinaity, Buddhism, Jainism, etc.
11. SOCIAL AND NATIONAL SERVICE
The present system of education increases distance between the educated and the uneducated classes.
It is desirable on the part of educated people to uplift the uneducated. In order to achieve this target, social and

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national service should be made obligatory for all students and should be accepted as an integral part of
education at different stages. As a result of this, we can build the character of the students, make them
disciplined and develop in them a sense of dignity of manual labour and social responsibility. The programmes
of N.C.C., N.S.S and other social and national service programmes should be made compulsory for all
students.

(i) Celebration of National Days:- The school should celebrate days which are of national importance.
Instead of declaring a holiday, the school should celebrate Republic Day, Teacher’s Day,
Independence Day, Children’s Day, Gandhi Jayanti, etc.
(ii) Festivals of Different Communities:- Festivals of different communities like Ganesh Puja, ID,
Christmas, etc. should be celebrated in the schools. This will increase mutual understanding and
also add to national integration.
(iii) Celebration of Birthdays of Great Heroes:- The school should celebrate the birthdays of great men
like Lord Krishna, Mahavir, Buddha, Jesus Christ, Prophet Mohammad, Mahatma Gandhi, etc.
(iv) Respect for the National Flag:- The students should get knowledge that they should have respect
and love for the national flag, national anthem, patriotic songs, etc.
(v) Sports and Games:- Sports and games should be organized in the school to develop a team effort
among the students. Inter-school, and inter-district sports competitions should be organized to
develop mutual interaction among them.
(vi) Educational Trips and Tours:- Tours and trips to different places may be organized with the sole
educational purpose of better mutual understanding. The students can get knowledge of different
people, places and facts of different places and develop a feeling of oneness.
(vii) Organizing Youth-Festivals:- Interstate youth festivals for different cultural items may be organized.
It will increase mutual understanding among the students of different cultures and social groups.
(viii) Debates and Discussions:- Debates, discussions, declamation, skits, songs, dramas, essay writing,
etc. on the theme of national integration should be organized. Prizes should be given to the students
having outstanding performance.
(ix) Extension Lectures:- Eminent persons working in different fields for the goodself of the nation
should be invited for extension lectures. Students should provide opportunities to participate
actively by interacting with those persons.
IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALISATION
We live in an era of LPG. Here reference is made to liberalisation, privatisation and Globalisation
and not liquefied petroleum gas (a cooking fuel). Let us examine a relationship between technology,
globalisation and liberalisation in respect of education, development and economic structural reforms at the
international level. Indian economic reforms have been taking place since summer 1991 for making a transition
from inward oriented and highly regulated policy regime to export-oriented and internationally competitive
Indian Industry. Fast development in information and communication technology has given a new fillip to
international trade and other related fields of economy. The need of the hour is for much faster growth of
exports and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and a steeper inflation rate than of past few years.
The need of the hour is to develop and adopt sustainable technology development strategies in order
to adjust with the global market.
Let us first understand the emerging concepts at the global level before dealing with educational
implications related to globalisation or internationalisation.
BASIC CONCEPTS

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1. Globalisation:- It refers to the extended area of activity and interaction among the nations. It
transcends the geographical boundaries between the countries. Globalisation is a new trend in human cognitive
structure or disposition. It can be called an attitude towards interaction among the nations. This interaction
encompasses the mutual interest of the nation towards development, especially economic one.
2. liberalisation:- It refers to the spirit of freedom and openness. In relation to rules and regulatory
structures of world nations, it aims to bring relaxation, flexibility, accommodation of diversities, tolerance of
others’ interests. Obviously it leads to fast development and economic growth.
3. Internationalisation:- This concept has a relationship with the term globalisation. Both the terms are
used interchangeably. We shall have to differentiate between internationalisation and international
understanding. The former is related to establishing standards or extending limits to global level activity
whereas the latter is related to understanding among the nations to have better relations and maintaining
harmony.
MEANING OF GLOBALISATION
1. Dictionary Meaning:- Globalisation means the movement of people and technology across international
borders.
2. Common Meaning:- Globalisation is a combination of free exchange of goods, services, materials, finance
and technology.
3. Expert Views:- According to rangarajan’s view, “Globalisation means integration of economics and societies
through cross country flow of information, ideas, technology, goods, services, capital, finance and people.”

ASPECTS OF GLOBALISATION
The various facts/aspects/dimensions of globalisation can be represented diagrammatically as
follows:-

Aspects of Globalization

Economical
Knowledge Geographical

Educational Scientific

Technological

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CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALISATION
The main features of globalisation are stated below:-
1. Technology Advancement:- The most important feature that makes globalisation possible is the
advancement of technology. The technology development in terms of transportation and communication are the
key factors that drive the rest of the characteristics of globalization.in the past, it was of great difficulty for
people to travel to places both the short distances or long journeys and also in communicating with people to
other parts of the world. But, with the growth of technology in today’s world these are of no big deal. People
can travel from one side of the globe to the other in a few hours. Communication is also very fast with the use
of the internet, mobile phones, fax and video conference. In other words it can be said as; technology is
shrinking the gap between places and people. Technology has not only decreased the communication time but
also the cost incurred in the communication.
2. Knowledge Transmission:- Twenty first century is the century of knowledge. Each country is
deliberately producing knowledge and sharing it across the world. Knowledge transmission is nothing but
diffusing knowledge i.e. if anything innovative is done at some place of the globe, it is sure to spread to the rest
of the world in no time with the technology available. The innovation of the automotive farming machine in
some places of Asia is spread to every farmer (around the globe) who does agriculture manually.
3. borderless World:- Breaking of national barriers and creation of interconnectedness is one of the key
features of globalisation. Globalisation is about an increasingly borderless world where the interaction,
interrelation, communication, migration, partnership and collaboration, etc. are not confined to a particular
territory. A businessman from one country can establish business in another part of the world; a student can go
to another country for study; a coach or teacher or trainer can go to other regions to facilitate coaching,
teaching or training.
4. Social Change:- With the advent of globalisation, the social life of the people across the world has been
changed tremendously. The socio-cultural functions like marriage, festivals, worship, etc, are being seen from
an economic perspective. The changing of family pattern from joint to nuclear family and migration of people
from rural to urban areas are very much seen in India. Women in large numbers have succeeded in breaking the
patriarchal boundary and they are contributing in many aspects equally with their female counterparts. The
living style, food habits, relationships, social values, social norms, and social behaviour are perpetually in the
process of changing due to globalisation.
5. Multiculturalism:- The greatest contribution of globalisation is that if reduced the bar of caste, creed,
religion and culture. People from ideologies. While working together, it has been found that cultural diversity
reflects on the food, music, art, life style, customs and race. In the cities like Mimbai, Delhi, Banglore,
Gurgaon, Tokyo, New York, London, etc, people have accepted the multicultural ambience that is ultimately
moving towards other urban and suburban areas. Globalisation has not only promoted cultural blending. But
also driven a lot of business opportunities.
6. Liberalisation:- Liberalisation means the freedom of the industrialist/businessman to establish
industry, trade or commerce either in his country or abroad. It also promotes free exchange of capital, goods,
service and technologies between countries. Globalisation cannot occur without liberalisation. The
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Government of India, in 1991, adopted liberalisation policies for its international trade and commerce and as a
result, the number of foreign investors increased dramatically in the country.
7. Privatisation:- Privatisation refers to the mode of doing things at personal level without any control of
the government. This practice may occur at both personal and organisational level. In order to minimise the
financial burden, the Government of India invites private partners to work in various sectors like infrastructure,
education, communication, etc. in the form of Public Private Partnership (PPP) model. Number of private
schools, colleges and universities have already been established in the country to provide quality education in
tune with the needs of the 21st century.
8. Demand of Skilled and Educated Persons``- Globalization has increased the demand of skilled,
educated and talented persons for effective outcomes in various fields. The industries and organisations prefer
to select the skilled and efficient persons irrespective of their caste, creed, religion and country. The people of
India, due to their fertile brains, are not only doing tremendous jobs within the country, but also have shown
their identity across the world. For instance, 36 per cent employees working in NASA are Indian and 38 per
cent doctors in America are from India.
NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF GLOBALISATION
We are at the threshold of the 21st century, where every country of the world has been influenced by
globalisation. The question arises here is globalisation indispensable? In fact, globalisation has been a serious
debate across the world. Some argue that with globalisation comes citations where richer countries take
advantage of the poorer countries, creating a large gap between them. However, no country can abstain itself
from globalisation, particularly in such a period where the whole world has converted into a village. Following
are some of the important reasons that have made globalisation essential for the 21st century.
1. Global Connectivity:- Globalization has promoted international connectivity. With the mass use of
the Internet, the world has definitely become a smaller place. E-Communication has strengthened the
connectivity among the people as well as various organisations across the world. There has been exchange of
thoughts and ideas which has morally boosted and interlinked the mindset of people all round the world. Even
the movement of large numbers of people from one country to another has increased rapidly due to advanced
transport and communication facilities.
2. Free Trade:- With the advent of globalisation, most of the countries have already adopted the liberal
approach in business and commerce. As a result, the goods of one country can easily be exported to other
countries. Thus, the process of export/import has become easier and that whole world has become a huge
market. This allows consumers to buy goods and services, comparatively at a lower cost.
3. Employment Opportunities:- One of the most advantageous factors of globalisation is that it fosters
the generation of employment. This happens due to the emergence of new companies and new markets, where
lots of skilled and unskilled labour is required. Immigration between countries also increases, providing better
opportunities for people all round the world. By providing employment, globalisation helps in increasing the
standard of living of the people, and also reduces poverty.\
4. Peaceful Relations:- The history of the world has already witnessed the bitter experiences of war that
damaged many countries. Now, every country is empowered with more advanced, furious and harmful
weapons. It has already been realised by the people in power that the use of such weapons will definitely ruin
the whole world within a blink. So, nations now try to build positive relations not only for peace and security
but also for their growth and prosperity.
5. Quality Products:- The competition among different companies finds place at an international level.
It becomes important for the companies to focus on quality goods and services in order to have a strong
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foothold in the market. The consumer is benefited in the process, and gets quality products at cheaper rates.
He/she also gets the opportunity to select his goods from a large variety available in the market.
6. Migration:- Due to advanced transport and communication facilities, the trends of migration have
increased over the years at global level. People from developing and under-development countries migrate to
developed countries for better education and jobs. Similarly the industrialists and people of different values
their potentials. Thousands of Indians go overseas, particularly to the USA, Australia, England, China, Japan
and many other countries for different reasons. Of course, one of the reasons is to get a job with a lucrative
salary.
7. Easy Transportation:- With the advent of globalisation, there has been an immense increase in the
transportation of goods and services worldwide. Things which took weeks for conveyance can now easily be
availed within a couple of days. Transportation costs are reduced to a great extent, lowering the cost of
products in the world markets.
8. Growing Tourism Industry:-Globalization has promoted tourism to great heights. There are many
places that have tourism as their main source of capital generation. International trade among different
countries also helps in increasing the number of tourists that visit different places around the world. India’s
tourism industry is flourishing rapidly. Every year, millions of tourists from different corners of the world visit
India to understand and enjoy the culture, heritage, lives and beauty of the country. It not only gives
employment to the people but also increases the national revenue.
9. Security of Nation:- For every country/nation, its security and integrity is an important factor and it
requires international understanding and cooperation. With globalisation, it has become easy for the nations of
the world to maintain security.
10. Environmental Problems:- With increase in trade and technology, there is also an increase in
environmental problems of the world. The problems like global warming, depletion of ozone layer are issues
which need to be taken up at the global level. Thus it has become a compulsion for the nations to get together
and to take decisions at international level.
It is a fact that globalisation has become important for every individual and country as a whole. No
country, at present, can claim that globalisation has nothing to do with its growth and development. If the
whole world is a village, then how can a country grow aloof from this global village? Globalisation has played
an important role in making our lives much more comfortable too. The phones, apparels, gadgets or accessories
that we use in our day-to-day life are available to us through globalisation. Knowingly or unknowingly, we are
all under the impact of globalisation, and more importantly it is helping bring international peace.

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INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING
Science and technology have affected almost every aspect of life. In every field, there are
commendable advancements. ‘Space travel’ and ‘nuclear energy’ have worked wonders. Let us think of old
times how man covered distances on foot, on horse, on a chariot driven by horses and the time taken for it. At
that time, one corner of a country stood quite apart from the other corner. That way oceans, huge mountains
stood on the way separating them, perhaps, forever. Roads, railway lines, aerodromes, ports and the common
use of aeroplanes, ships have brought the distant places closer to each other. There are now rapid modes of
communication. All this has brought people in closer contact with one another. They can now meet very often
and exchange ideas. Inter-relatedness, inter-dependence are fast developing. Every part of the universe stands
well-connected. At the time of difficulty, mutual give and take of needed things goes on smoothly. Now,
almost all the nations feel concerned about the happenings that occur in any country. Problems are solved by
mutual understanding of different nations. In the absence of such an understanding, the different nations may
flare up the whole world. International understanding is, thus, of utmost importance. One brotherhood on the
basis of humanity is the heartfelt cry of every one.
.
WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING?
These days different terms are used for International understanding. A few such terms are:-
Education for Peace and Security, World Citizenship, International Education, Education Relating to Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedom, etc.
-According to Dr. Walter H.C.Lewis, a former Deputy Director General of UNESCO,” International
understanding is the ability to observe critically and objectively and appraise the conduct of men everywhere to
each other irrespective of the nationality or culture to which they belong.”
-According to S.N.Panda, “International understanding implies adequate and proper understanding
and appreciation of the life, culture and contributions of different societies and nations. It also suggests
interdependence among nations, a broad outlook and identification with the whole of mankind.”
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 The different definitions on International Understanding highlight the following main points:-
(ii) International understanding means having broad knowledge of the whole world.
Everyone knows about the life of the people living in different parts of the world.
Culture, customs, traditions of one another are known to all.
(iii)Comprehensive view of the whole of mankind-philosophy, values, aims etc. are known
to one another.
(iv)Every one identifies himself/herself with the whole world of humanity.
(v) There is understanding of the similarities and dissimilarities between the different nations
of the world and that helps in making adjustment and mutual interdependence.
(vi)Peace and prosperity of the world is the motto of every one. Every nation appreciates the
welfare of mankind.
(vii) There is respect for human rights and dignity of man is held in high esteem.
(viii) There is a sense of solidarity in mankind.
(ix)There is a sort of world democracy which strengthens democratic principles of life.
(x) There is more scope for cultural exchange which helps in understanding the common
heritage of mankind.
NEED AND IMPORTANCE
International understanding is of unique importance in the present day life situations. Mutual
understanding among the people of the whole universe can make their Lives better. They can learn much from
the experiences of others. It also helps them to avoid the duplicity of effort. The research workers, the
scientists, the doctors, the technocrats, can pool together their works and thoughts and then they can reach new
heights of glory through their innovations and discoveries. It will benefit the whole of humanity. In this regard
P.E.James observes, “If it is to survive, it must draw upon all the world’s resources and all the world’s people
must share its benefits.”
With the conquering of time and space, there is now more interdependence and intimate relationships
between the different nations of the world. K.G Saiyidam rightly says, “A war starts in Europe and three million
people die of famine in Bengal and millions more find themselves uprooted from their home land, cut off from
their national occupation and deprived of all that makes life pleasant, gracious and meaningful. “In this regard
the words of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru are worth quoting, “Isolation means backwardness and decay. The
world has changed and old barriers are breaking down; life has become more international. We have to play our
part in this coming internationalism.”
International understanding helps to overcome the fear of threats that always come up from the
stronger nations. Mutual understanding ensures peace and promotes overall human welfare.
A country can maintain its sovereignty. I can also flourish and strengthen the democratic principles
on which stands the whole future of the country. Together the different countries find themselves stronger and
greater, together they are able to have all-round peace and prosperity for one and all. International
understanding is bound to develop love, affection, sympathy and human touch in one and all whosoever is a
believer in it. The democratic ideals stand highlighted through slogans such as ‘World Governments’ , ‘World
Society.’
PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING
The UNESCO’s General Conference held in 1974 recommended the following guiding principles of
international understanding:-
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1. An International dimension and a global perspective in education at all levels and in all its forms.
Understanding and respect for all people, their cultures, civilizations, values and ways of life, including
domestic, ethnic, cultures and cultures of other nations.
3. Awareness of the increasing global interdependence between people and nations.
4. Abilities to communicate with each other.
5. Awareness not only of the rights but also of duties incumbent upon individuals, social groups and
nations towards each other.
6. Understanding of the necessity for International Understanding, solidarity and cooperation.
7. Readiness of the individual to participate in solving the problems of the community, his country and
the world at large.
A FEW MORE PRINCIPLES SUGGESTED ARE
(i) Education for the world community.
(ii) Cooperation with international Organisations.
(iii)Interdependence of nations.
(iv)Mankind’s common heritage.
(v) Sense of responsibility.
(vi)Healthy social attitude.
ROLE OF EDUCATION IN INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING
Education is the main weapon which can help a lot in creating a suitable environment, conducive to
international understanding.
According to ‘A UNESCO Project for School’, Publication No. 403 Ministry of Education
Government of India. “The ideal of education for international understanding and cooperation is, in fact,
inherent in all true education. The growing sense of citizenship must be an integral part of the community life
of the school in which the promotion of international understanding and cooperation must come naturally and
spontaneously through stages, beginning with an understanding and cooperation of the ideal community. Thus
conceived, it might be stated that there can, indeed, be no proper education for citizenship without an education
for international understanding and cooperation.”
“Moreover, education, like any other institution of society, has a social purpose to fulfil, and must,
therefore, serve the ever changing and increasingly complex needs of the modern world. The educational
institutions that isolate themselves from society become stagnant pools of unrelated knowledge. For any other
system of education which refuses to concern itself with world peace, is shutting its eyes to the stark fact that, if
world peace is not maintained, there must come a time, when there will be on one left to educate.” Let us now
study how education can help in International understanding.
Aims of Education for International Understanding:
For proper international understanding, there is a need of re-fixing the aims of education. So the following aims
of education are suggested:-
(i) To develop love for peace and prosperity.
(j) To develop a spirit of tolerance and cooperation.
(k) To make the people broad-minded and open-minded.
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 (l) To make the learners believe in international cooperation and interdependence of nations.
(m)To inculcate love of humanity.
(n) To inculcate in the pupils the habit of independent and critical thinking.
(o) To inspire the students to translate their knowledge into action.
(p) To draw the attention of students to the evils of wars.
(q) To make the learners understand the importance of co-operative living.
(r) To prepare the learners for world citizenship.
(s) To develop a scientific attitude.
(t) To develop individual and social consciousness.
(u) To develop the feeling of international goodwill and international brotherhood in the pupils.
(v) To inculcate a sense of corporate responsibility in the pupils.
(w) To engage the pupils in creative activities oriented towards national and international welfare
programmes.
UNESCO says. “One of the chief aims of education today should be to prepare boys and girls to take
an active part in the creation of world society.”

2.CURRICULUM
(i) The Curriculum should reflect the cultural heritage of all the nations.
(ii) As far as possible, it should give knowledge of the whole earth.
(iii) It should familiarise the students with the main religions of the world.
(i) The study of science and technology, as it has benefited different nations, should be highlighted.
(ii) History, Civics, Geography, Economics should be taught to give a wider outlook to the learners.
These subjects should acquaint the students with the situations prevailing in the different countries.
World History be included. Civics and Economics should teach world citizenship. Geography
should make the students aware of the world.
(iii) Language is to help the students to have good expression and good understanding about others.
International language is there so that the students are able to understand the different nations, their
people, activities, culture etc. literature of different countries be included in the curriculum because
it reflects political, religious, cultural, economic and social conditions.
(iv) Music directly touches the hearts of the people. For international understanding, music plays an
important role. Indian music and western music have their unique significance. People have great
love for them. Through the medium of music, it is very easy to develop international understanding.
(v) The students should be familiarised with the literature, music and art creations of all the nations of
the world.
(vi) Cultural exchange programmes should form an integral part of the curriculum.
(vii) Review of all international welfare programmes should also be included in the curriculum.
3. Methods of Teaching:-
Keeping the objectives and suggested curriculum for international understanding in view, the
following methods should be practiced in teaching so as to inculcate scientific attitude in the learners:-
Heuristic method, Demonstration method, Experimental method, Project method, Group discussion,
Excursions, Trips etc.

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 While teaching by these methods, the teacher should see that the students of different cultures work
together in small or big groups as the case may be. They should help the learners to have faith in international
brotherhood.
4. ROLE OF THE TEACHER:- For international understanding, the role of the teacher is very significant. In
different teaching-learning situations, he should emphasise international values and should ever be ready to
promote feelings of international understanding. He should be a living example for all to imitate. In teacher
exchange programmes, the teacher should derive maximum benefit in the interest of humanity and then work
for it with his constructive and positive role so as to achieve the objectives of internationalism and universal
brotherhood. A world minded teacher is “an integrated individual, skilled in the art and science of human
relations, and conscious of the wide variety of behaviour patterns in the world to which he may have to
adjust-clear in his mind about the goals of education for international understanding.”
Regarding the teacher, E.B.Castle writes in the book ‘Education and World Citizenship’ among the
qualities are, “a concern for the welfare of others, willingness to place the common good before one’s own
immediate interests, the will and courage to co-operate by good means for good ends respectively to truth
wherever and however it may be revealed, a capacity to think clearly, independently and without prejudge, a
capacity to form critical judgement, a quality of mind that is tolerant to honest opinion but intolerant of evil,
selfishness and dishonesty in all their forms, readiness to claim no rights for oneself that one is not willing to
concede to others, a sense of personal responsibility for the right ordering of community life, respect for
persons of every class, race and colour, a quality of imagination that enables a man to assess the results of any
action or policy on people, far removed from his immediate surroundings.”
According to the Publication of a Ministry of Education, “Education for international understanding
and cooperation is something that cannot be pursued in vacuum, but that must pervade the whole of school life
and learning. As the spirit in which the school functions provides the very basis for the healthy growth of an
atmosphere for the promotion of education for international understanding and cooperation, it is extremely
important that the school itself should ‘live’ like an ideal compact human society. For it is here that the
loyalties and attitudes are first fostered through small familiar groupings which may progressively expand over
wider fields upto and beyond the national community.”

ROLE OF EDUCATION FOR INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING IN THE CONTEXT OF

GLOBALISATION
Assumptions Related to Globalization of Higher Education:-
Globalization/Internationalisation of higher education is based on certain assumptions. They are stated below:-
1. Higher education is related to the development of higher and universal consciousness in man.
2. Globalisation or internationalisation of higher education improves quality in education and of life.
3. It develops human values, goodwill, understanding and harmony among nations.
4. It promotes culture through interaction and interdiffusion.
5. Partnership and networking among the countries improves the quality of teaching and research.
6. Promotes and sustains world economics.

WAYS AND MEANS FOR INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING IN THE CONTEXT OF

GLOBALISATION

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 According to UNESCO, “Schools may, and generally do, represent the best elements in the
surrounding culture. They should be, and they generally are, above the average level of community in their
regard for truth and honesty and fair dealings. They contrive to raise appreciably standards and values of
people. “
Here below are suggested some ways and means to impart education for international understanding:-
1. Reformulating Aims of education:- The aims of education should be reformulated and accordingly the
curriculum be redesigned. In the curriculum, international studies may be included.
2. Realising the Importance of International Understanding:- The teachers should explain to the students
about the importance of international understanding. Students may be encouraged to read such books
which help in the attainment of the said objective.
3. Modifying the Text-books:- Text-books should be rewritten in the light of new objectives specified for
achieving international understanding. The textbooks may contain biographies of great men belonging
to different countries of the world. The books may provide material related to different races and
cultures.
4. Organizing International Conferences:- Conferences at international level be organized in the
institutions. It will provide a common platform to students and teachers of different nations to meet
each other. They will be able to share their experiences and learn many things from one another. It will
create mutual understanding between persons belonging to different nations.
5. Exchange of Teachers and Students:- Exchange of teachers and students between different countries of
the world need to be popularised. No doubt, this practice is already prevalent. But this activity should
be carried on in a big way and more enthusiastically. It will help in broadening the outlook of people
and make them open minded. It will enhance mutual understanding among persons belonging to
different countries.
In the worlds of Dr. C.D.Deshmukh, one important means of furthering international understanding is,
“International exchange of persons, directed not only with a view to facilitating the transmission of
knowledge, skills and experiences, but also to encouraging free and frank discussion of differences is
such a way as to minimise them. The programme in this behalf should lay stress on living together and
benefiting from direct contacts.
6. Celebration of International Days:- In the educational institutions, there should be more celebration of
festivals which may include festivals belonging to different nations. Celebration of anniversaries of
great leaders belonging to different countries should also be carried on in the educational institutions
with equal respect, regard, affinity and enthusiasm. Moreover, international days such as the UNO day ,
the Human Rights Day, the World Health Day, the World Peace Day, etc. should be celebrated with
great pomp and show.
7. Pen Friendship:- Students, teachers and parents should be encouraged to develop pen friendships with
their counterparts in other educational institutions should play a leading role. Addresses of concerned
persons may be collected, stored and supplied to students by the educational institutions. Some local
voluntary organisations may be associated with such projects.
8. Organizing International Games:- More importance should be given to international games. At present
a limited number of players get a chance to participate in this activity. Efforts should be made to have
more students associated with such programmes.
9. Radio Talks:- Radio talks may be organized by associating distinguished personalities belonging to
different nations. The talks may be arranged at different levels catering to the needs and requirements of
school and college learners. They may also be of non-formal type which may aim at benefiting the
public in general. Some professional radio talks may also be organized to improve general efficiency,
awareness and knowledge of the people.
10. Television Programmes:- T.V. programmes may be prepared by involving persons of different interests
which may help to impart education related to international understanding. Experts in different fields

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 may be identified and they may be given opportunities to display their gifted knowledge to others. Such
programs may be organized to enhance the quality of education.
11. Invitation to Foreigners:- Visitors from other countries may be invited to the institutions to address the
students. The talk may be followed by discussion. It will help the students to understand the foreign
nationals and also inculcate in them love and regard for their nation.
12. Educational Tours:- Educational tours to different countries can help in the development of international
understanding.
13. Organizing International Youth Festivals:- International Youth Festivals may be organized. That will
bring the teachers and students of different countries in closer contact with one another. It will certainly
develop fellow-feeling and ultimately enhance international understanding.
14. Organizing Exhibitions:- Exhibitions showing life and culture of different nations may be organized in
educational institutions. Students of different countries should be encouraged to participate actively in
these programmes by giving due recognition to all.
15. Dramatic Presentation:- All the members of the school club, dramatic societies, etc. should select
subjects in the folk-Lore, music, literature and traditional drama of other countries. As a result, the
students can learn to appreciate and understanding about other countries.
16. School Assembly:- By using the school assembly, a wider knowledge of the world's problems can be
developed among the students. Assembly meetings, inter-class debates panels and similar activities
enable the various school groups to develop their knowledge for international understanding. A model
meeting of the United Nations Assembly may be organized in the educational institutions with the active
participation of teachers and students.
17. Drawing and Painting:- Drawing and painting should be encouraged in the schools with the aim of
developing the pupil’s interest in international cooperation . They should prepare posters or charts to
illustrate social and economic life of different parts of the world.
According to a statement, recently prepared by UNESCO a programme of teaching for international
understanding should:-
(i) Make it clear that unless steps are taken to educate mankind for the world community, it will be
impossible to create an international society, conceived in the spirit of the Charter of the United
Nations.
(ii) Make clear that states, whatever their difference to creeds and ways of life, have both a duty to
co-operate in international organisations and an interest in doing so.
(iii) Make clear that civilization results from the contributions of many nations and that all nations
depend very much on each other.
(iv) Make clear the underlying reasons which account for the varying ways of life of different people
both past and present-their traditions, their characteristics, their problems and the ways in which
they have been resolved.
(v) Make clear that throughout the ages, moral, intellectual and technical progress has gradually
grown to constitute a common heritage for all mankind. Although the world is still divided by
conflicting political interests and tensions, the inter-dependence of people becomes more evident
on every side. A world international organization is necessary and it is now also possible.
(vi) Make clear that the engagements, freely entered with by the Member States of International
Organisations, have force only insofar as they are actually and effectively supported by these
people.
(vii) Arouse in the minds, particularly of young people, a sense of responsibility to this world
community and peace.
(viii) Encourage the development of healthy social attitudes in children so as to lay the foundation of
improved international understanding and cooperation.
Thus, a number of programmes may be organized in the educational institutions. It will help in
popularising international understanding. Once it is started vigorously, it will have far reaching effects on the
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people belonging to different nations. It will strengthen the bondage of love and affections and thus help to
have universal brotherhood. Now the trend of life all around is towards growing internationalism. Surely, in a
vast country like ours, almost everything will be under the influence of internationalism. If we don’t care for it
whole-heartedly, we shall be losers. So it is in the light of things that we should participate according to the
time and the prevailing situation. Our national leaders now frequently visit other countries and they are making
efforts to have close associations with the countries. This trend is discernible since 900 s which was not so
strong curlier. Our national efforts have already started for the enhancement of international relations.
Educational institutions should play a constructive role to develop the spirit of international understanding.
That way we and our nation would be moving with the fast developing nations and in no way shall we be
backward or lagging behind.

Question: - Explain the concept of modernization. Give its advantages and disadvantages in detail.(KUK
2020)
Answer: - Introduction: - Modernisation is the characteristic feature of modern society. Infact, it is a process
of change. In the words of S.N.Eisenstadt, “Historically, modernization is the process of change towards those
type of social, economic and political systems that have developed in western Europe and north America from
the seventeenth century to the nine tenth and have been spread to other European countries and in the 19th and
20th centuries to the south American, Asian and African continents. It is a movement from a traditional order to
a new order based on new processes in science and technology and associated forms of social structure, value
oriented and norms. It is a complex process involving all aspects of human life.
Meaning of modernization: - The term of modernization does not denote any philosophy or movement but it
only symbolises a process of change. The term modernization was used previously to refer
only to change in economy and its related effect on social values and practice.
Meaning of modernization in different spheres: -
1. Intellectual sphere: - On the intellectual front , it means more awareness in the society and a change in
the thought process of the individuals. The people gradually leave orthodoxy, views and belief and
superstitions and become logical, empirical and rational.
2. Religious sphere: - Means leaving fundamentalism and rigidity and moving towards secularism.
3. Sphere of philosophy: - Social mobilisation and differentiation and specialization in individual and
institutional activities.
4. Political sphere: - Stand for democratic values and principles.
5. Ecological field: - Characterised by advancing degree of urbanisation.
6. Agricultural field: - In the field of agriculture, modernization stands for green revolution.
7. Dairy farming: - Here modernization stands for white revolution.
8. Cultural field: - In the cultural sphere modernization is characterised by spread of literacy and secular
education, emergence of new cultural outlook.

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 9. Educational field: - In this field modernization stands for new and broader aims, diversified and flexible
curriculum, improved and innovative methods of teaching, new evaluation procedure and new concept
of supervision and discipline.
Definitions of modernization:-
❖ Common man’s view: - Modernisation means industrialization and automation.
❖ Moore, “Modernisation means a revolutionary change leading to transformation of a traditional and pre
modern society into an advanced economically prosperous and relatively politically stable society.
Characteristics of modernization: -
1. Social mobility: - Social mobilisation is a peculiar component of modernization.
2. Social differentiation: - In this process there is an increase in the complexity in social, political and
economic activities and there is progress in the activities of individuals in various fields.
3. Structural differentiation and changes: - Modernisation is characterized by structural differentiation and
continuous change.
4. Process of identification: - Modernisation is not a process of imitation but a process of identification
with the advanced countries in the matter of material affluence and physical abundance.
5. Science and technology: - Modernisation involves either adoption or adaptation of the modern scientific
and technological characteristics into the emerging patterns of modern nations.
6. Developing proper behavioural system: - Modernisation is not just acquisition of superficial traits but it
involves development of proper behavioural systems through assimilation of the characteristics feature
of the urban. Literate industrial and participant societies of the advanced west and U.S.
7. Value change: - No process of modernization can be regarded as successful unless it is accompanied by
a radical modification in the traditional value system.
8. Material prosperity: - Material prosperity is to be attained by the progressive for the utilization of
science and technology.
9. Scientific attitude: - Development of scientific temper and attitude is an important component of
modernization.
10. Industrialization: - The adoption of science based technology and mechanisation leads to
industrialization.
11. Urbanisation: - The phenomena of urbanisation and modernization are interlinked one leads to another.
12. International cooperation: - Modernisation aims at the development of international cooperation.
13. Education: - Comprehensive and multi-sided education is an important feature of modernization.
14. Respect for the dignity of others: - Modernisation believes in the essential dignity of all human beings.
15. Emphasis on present and future: - Modernisation believes in living in present and planning for the
future. A modern person tries to improve his present in order to secure and ensure a bright future.
Advantages of modernization
General advantages:- Generally modernisation has been referred to as a process whereby less developed
societies acquire characteristics common to more developed societies.
1. Industrialisation of economy and adopting scientific technology in industry, agriculture, dairy farming
etc. to make them highly productive.
2. Secularisation of ideas that is diffusion of secular rational norms in culture.
3. A spread of scientific and technical education.
4. A transition from ascribed to achieved status.
5. An increase in material standard of living.
6. A remarkable increase in geographic and social mobility including occupational mobility.
7. High expectancy of life at birth.
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 8. An increment of mobility in the society, understood in terms of urbanisation spread by literary and
media participants.
9. High proportion of the working force employed in secondary and tertiary rather than primary
production.
10. Relatively greater measure of public participation in the polity or at least democratic representation in
defining and choosing polity alternatives.
Advantages in different fields:- Generally following types of advantages of modernization are seen on
developing societies (Like india)
A. Economic field
1. Industrialisation:- There is an increase in industrialization. Industries are taking the place of any
culture.
2. Urbanisation:- Urbanisation is the result of industrialization.
3. Improvement of women:- Modernisation has given special power to women.
B. Social field
1. Single and planned family:- The joint family is replaced by single and planned family.
2. Socialisation:- Family main obligation centred upon its role as an agent of socialization.
3. Caste and changes:- In India the bonds of caste relationships begin to be all.
4. Social awakening:- Many social evils like ‘Sati’ disappeared from the social scene.
5. Employment:- Due to industrialization work was available.
6. Transfer of responsibilities:- Family transferred its many responsibilities to school and economic
institutions.
C. Political field
1. Democratic system:- Democratic system of government, based upon, adult franchise was
developed in place of feudalism and aristocratic government.
2. No discrimination:- Political system free from any discrimination based on caste, sex, class, etc.
was evolved and every adult was given the right to vote and to contest elections.
3. Political freedom:- Political freedom was granted to all individuals.
4. Multiparty system:- As a result of modernization the multiparts political system has come into
existence.
D. Education field
1. Universal, free and compulsory education.
2. Eradication of mass illiteracy and growth of adult education programmes.
3. A common school system.
4. Science base education.
5. Admission on the basis of merit.
6. Inculcation of right values and attitudes in the educational system.
7. Diversified curriculum.
8. Vocationalisation of education.
9. Relating education to economic development.
10. Expansion of social education through non formal education.
11. Education of democracy
12. Education for national and international integration.
E. Indian socio-cultural field
1. Impact on institutions:- Modernisation has brought the following benefits to the institutional
system.
i. Education system:- Modernisation has broadened the vision and outlook of the people
which has made them to become conscious of their rights and freedom.

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 ii. Legal System:- Due to modernization, India came under one system of common law and
legislation.
iii. Introduction of new schemes:- In place of joint families, local communities, caste
fraternities etc, there came in new institutional arrangements, such as welfare schemes,
life insurance schemes, social security schemes etc, in order to provide protection and
security to people wherever required.
2. Miraculous changes in the field of technology:- The modernization of the age old Indian
technology, agriculture, entrepreneurship and industry led to the economic advancement of the
country.
3. New values and ideologies:- The process of modernization implied certain value preferences
also.
i. Humanitarianism:- It includes “ A system of belief regulated by reason, not authority”
nor dogma.
ii. Secularism:- It is an ideology which believes that the state morals, education etc should
be independent of religion.
iii. Egalitarianism:- It upholds the principles of equality, that is equality of sex, caste, class,
colour, creed, race and religion etc.
4. Restructuring of political values:- The hierarchy of political values has been restructured.
Democratic model of politics was introduced. The Monarchic form of government which existed
in India for centuries came to an end. Common constitution, legislative and judicial system came
to be practiced. Feelings and sentiments of nationalism became stronger in Indian people.
5. New lifestyle:- Modernisation has a great impact on the lifestyle of Indian people. They have
adopted western style of dressing and dining. Restrictions on food habits got released.
Disadvantages of modernization:-
1. Materialistic attitude:- The use of technology and the scientific equipment and gadgets and the
acceptance of the western model of industrialism created new aspirations and ambitions in the minds of
the people.
2. Imitation:- Due to modernization, western way of life became so attractive that it made some educated
Indians imitate the west indiscriminately. Everything from the west was considered good and worthy of
imitation, including the western values, customs, tastes, choices, selection, preferences etc.
3. Slum areas:- The process of industrialization is normally associated with the growth of towns and cities,
which started attracting people from the rural areas.
4. Social field:-
i. Loosening the family bonds:- The joint families were close knit and had strong family bonds.
ii. High divorce rate:- Divorce rate has increased and there are more of pre martial relationship.
iii. Transfer of responsibilities:- In the past, families had the responsibility of providing moral and
sex education at home.
iv. Child labour:- More and more children have started working outside home at a tender age inspite
of the strong legislations.
v. Brain drain:- More and more youngsters have started migration to western countries in search of
greener postures.
5. Economic field:-
i. Competition and trade unions:- Competition has increased in the capitalist economy. Trade
unions have come up and this has resulted in strikes and lockouts.
ii. The economy has moved away from socialism toward capitalism.
iii. The modern capitalist mode of economy has given a fatal blow to the economic self-reliance of
the villages.

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 6. Political field:- Multi party system in politics is the result of modernization. The political scenario of
today has changed due to the multi-party system and mostly no party is able to win a clear majority.
7. Degradation in human values:- Due to modernity, social, moral and religious values are disintegrated.
Knowledge and power are used for selfish interest.
8. Education field:-
i. Formal education is essential:- Education, modernization, advancement in science, technology
and industry normally go together.
ii. Modern schools, colleges and universities do not give much emphasis on transmitting a way of
life to the students.
iii. Heavy study material:- Modern education, that is the result of modernity, includes heavy study
material on modern science and technology into the syllabus.
iv. Values losing their importance:- Due to the impact of modernization on modern studies of
science and technology, many of the cherished values of the past have lost their previous
importance.
Prof:- Ram ahuja has given the following limitations of modernization
1. Modernity demands that society must change in all ways at once. But such a regular and co-ordinated
pattern of growth cannot be planned and materialised. Some amount of social unrest, hence is bound to
be there. For eg. Discrepancy between mass education and employment opportunities.
2. During the period of modernization, structural changes mostly remain uneven. For example, industries
may be modernised but the religious system, family system etc remain conservative.
3. Modernisation of social and economic institutions may create conflicts with the traditional way of life.
4. Most often roles adopted by the people are modern, but their values continue to be traditional. For eg.
New business firms and industrial establishments etc. are inaugurated by mahurat ritual.
5. There is a lack of cooperation among agencies which modernise and among those institutions and
systems which are already modernised. This is more or less like the problem of cultural lag.
6. Finally though modernization raises the aspirations of people, the social system does not provide
chances to materialise them. This creates frustration, disappointment and social unrest.
Conclusion
By summing up, we can conclude that modernization is a change in economics and its related
effect on social values and practice. “Social change involving the elements of science and technology.” In
nutshell modernization means a revolutionary change leading to transformation of a traditional society or pre
modern society into an advanced economically prosperous and relatively politically stable society.

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Q. Explain Sustainable Development Goals(UN) 2015(NEW TOPIC ADDED)
Ans Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while
simultaneous(ly sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on
which the economy and society depend. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and
resources are used to continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural
system. Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainability goals, such as the current
UN-level Sustainable Development Goals, address the global challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate
change, environmental degradation, peace and justice.

Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere

Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030
achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable.
By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and
vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and
disasters

Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations,
including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round.
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By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on
stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls,
pregnant and lactating women and older persons.

Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births.
By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to
reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as
25 per 1,000 live births
By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat
hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases
By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and
treatment and promote mental health and well-being
Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of
alcohol
By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents
By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning,
information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes
Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care
services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all
By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and
soil pollution and contamination
Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in
all countries, as appropriate
Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and noncommunicable
diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and
vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms
the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to
medicines for all
Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health
workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States
Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and
management of national and global health risks

Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for
all
By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and
vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in
vulnerable situations
Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe,
nonviolent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all

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Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including
trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation.
Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation
Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with
the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing
Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences

Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation,
paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations

Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services

Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment
and decent work for all
By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young
people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value
Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking
and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of
child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms
Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant
workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment

Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries

By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex,
disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status
Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the
implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies

Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums
By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road
safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable
situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons
By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially
decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including
water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations
By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for
women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities

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By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing
integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate
change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels

Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life
cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water
and soil in order to minimise their adverse impacts on human health and the environment

Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation,
adaptation, impact reduction and early warning

Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice
for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children
By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration

Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable
development
By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries
and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable
data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and
other characteristics relevant in national contexts

CONCLUSION

Many of the challenges facing humankind, such as climate change, water scarcity, inequality and
hunger, can only be resolved at a global level and by promoting sustainable development: a
commitment to social progress, environmental balance and economic growth.

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Q. Write a detail note on road safety (KUK 2020)
Ans. Road Safety Education is vital for people of all ages. As a responsible citizen you should be aware
of each citizen. You should be aware of each and every road safety rule. Observation is the key skill
you need in ensuring road safety. Safety education begins right from your school. By obeying safety at
your school. By obeying safety rules & regulations you can save yourself & others on the road. Road
safety refers to methods and measures used to prevent road users from being killed or seriously
injured. Typical road uses include pedestrians, cyclists, motorists ,vehicle passengers, horse rides and
passengers on road.
Road Safety measures
● Keep To Your Left – Always drive or ride on the left side of the road and let other vehicles
overtake you from the right side.
● Stay Left When You Turn Left – When turning towards left, start with approaching the curb
from the left-most lane and ensure there’s enough distance for oncoming vehicles to pass.
● Turn Right – Come to the centre of the road before you start turning right but when going
around the curb, try to stay towards the left-most part of your lane to avoid contact with
oncoming traffic.
● Always Overtake from the right side.
● When being overtaken by another vehicle, never increase your speed to prevent the other driver
from overtaking you.
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● Be extra careful on intersections. Also, when passing through them, ensure your vehicle doesn’t
cause inconvenience to other road users.
● Right of Way- Always give a right of way to vehicles on intersections by letting them continue
without stopping in that particular direction in which you are about to proceed.
● Emergency Vehicles – It is your responsibility to give way to emergency services vehicles such
as fire engines and ambulances.
● Pedestrians have the right of way at pedestrian crossings or zebra crossings.
● “U” Turns- U-turns can only be taken when there is no warning sign nearby you give a proper
indication to other vehicle drivers that you are going to take a U turn
● Indicators – Always use indicators to let other road users know about the planned change in the
direction of travel. If your vehicle indicators get damaged without any warning, use hand signals
● Parking – Make sure you don’t park your vehicle in a way it causes any hurdle or disturbance to
any other road users.
● Registration – Your vehicle’s registration plate should be visible at all times. In case it is broken
or damaged, you need to get it replaced at the earliest. Driving a vehicle with its registration
number not being visible is a serious offence.
● One way Roads – Always drive only in the permissible direction on a one-way road. Also,
never park your vehicle in reverse on a one way street.
● Stop Lines – Always stop your vehicle behind the stop lines. On roads with no stop lines, make
sure your vehicle comes to a halt before the Zebra-crossing.
● Towing – No vehicles should be towed closer to other vehicles on the road. However, vehicles
that are mechanically disabled and those confiscated by the police are exceptions to this rule.
● Noise – Drivers should not horn needlessly or excessively or use them in no-honking zones like
hospital zones and school zones, etc. Also, one should not drive with non-OEM-spec silencers
● Traffic Lights and Signs should be always obeyed. One should respect instructions given by a
traffic cop when there are no traffic lights available.
● Following Distance – Always keep a safe distance from the vehicle in front of you as this will
give you enough time to come to a stop in case the vehicle in front brakes suddenly.
● Right of way on Steep Roads – When going up on an incline, you have the right of way as it
might be difficult for you to stop and regain momentum. The vice versa holds true when you’re
driving downhill.
● Obstruction of View – You should always have a clear view of the road ahead. Therefore, your
car’s windshield shouldn’t have stickers that might obstruct your view.
● Passing Pedestrians Do not drive at more than 25 km/hr, when you are passing a procession,
meeting, strike, or a march.
● Tractor and Goods Carriages – It is prohibited to carry passengers on a tractor or a goods
carrier
● Loading – Overloading a vehicle is not only dangerous but even illegal. Therefore, one should
not carry more than a permissible number of passengers or excessive luggage that the vehicle
isn’t designed to carry.
● Dangerous Materials – One should not carry explosives, inflammable or harmful substances as
they are a fire hazard.
● Driving in Reverse – When driving in reverse, you should make sure you do not cause
annoyance to any other people on the road.

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 ● Essential Documents – Always carry the following documents – Driving licence,  Registration
certificate of the vehicle, Insurance certificate, fitness certificate (in case of commercial
vehicle), tourist permit (in case of commercial vehicle) and PUC certificate.
● Additional Regulations – In addition to the above, the drivers should be aware of al the road
safety rules, such as those of speed limit, one-way streets, etc.
●
IMPORTANCE OF ROAD SAFETY

Awareness of Traffic Signs

There are different types of traffic signs you should know about. Some of them are discussed below:

Hand Signals

Hand signals help you to avoid so many confusions as well as accidents. Some of the basic
hand signals are: right hand swinging up and down with your palm facing downwards to
slow down the vehicle, raising your forearm vertically outside to stop the vehicle and
swinging the right arm forward and backward in a semicircular motion to allow the vehicle
behind you to overtake.

Direction Indicators

Direction indicators are very much useful for you, especially during night time travelling.
One of the greatest advantages of direction indicators is that it is easier to recognize.

Traffic Signs and Symbols

Every important junction has traffic lights indicating different meanings that allow safe
walking and travelling. You should be able to know some of the essential traffic signs for
u-turn, one way, hospitals, schools, prohibited zones, no horn area etc. to avoid hazards.

Lanes of the Road

It is better for you to stay on the left side of the road at all times. When you are changing
lanes, signal others by means of hand signals and direction indicators. Also you can avoid
regular lane changing.

2. Speeding Limit

By setting permissible speed limit, you will be able to control traffic and thus ensure student road
safety. Police officials are now making use of automated machines to track the speed of vehicles. And
they can impose penalties on people who are violating the speed limit.

In addition to this, you can install speed witness radars in high traffic areas and highways which works
on the Doppler effect principle which gives the exact speed of every moving vehicle.

3. Always Wear your Shields

Seat belts should be made compulsory for ensuring student road safety. You can persuade students
using two wheelers to use helmets to avoid unwanted head injuries.
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4. Maintenance of Your Vehicle

Before taking a vehicle to the road, it is necessary for you to check the condition of vehicles. You
should check out the petrol/diesel limit, bald tyres, glass wipers etc. carefully.

5. Implement the Driver Violation Point System

This system is designed to identify and take action against high risk drivers. Certain points are given
for various traffic violations such as reckless driving, speeding, use of cell phones while driving,
inadequate brakes, not using seat belts etc. and also it is recorded in the driving record. Based on these
records, you can suspend or revoke licence of drivers who violate traffic regulations.

6. Awareness through Hoardings

You can make use of hoardings to display traffic rules as it easily grabs people's attention. When people
see it everyday, even the ones who don’t have much education on road safety will come to know about
it. Such messages prove effective and help to avoid careless accidents.

7. Benefit of Drivers

Vehicle insurance is having more importance and should be made mandatory for driving on the road.
This helps you to claim for accident recovery and offer you another vehicle in times of damage or fire.
Public transport drivers will be given a regular eye check up free of cost. When you provide benefits,
they will try to drive carefully.

8. Design of the Vehicle

Safety design of the vehicle helps to reduce accidents and is necessary at the time of choosing a
vehicle. Some vehicles will be designed in a way that helps you to absorb the crash impact. This helps
you to ensure student road safety.

9. Proper road Maintenance and Warnings

It is difficult for you to drive on Indian roads during the rainy season. Hence roads should be
constructed by keeping in mind a lifespan of at least 5 to 6 years. This can help to reduce the amount
spent for repairing roads. Warning signs in vehicles should be shown in big letters so that others can see
it properly and move accordingly.

10. Time management

Improper time management can lead you to speed driving, which in turn results in serious injuries to
yourself as well as others on the road. Hence it is better to reach your destination earlier than the
scheduled time so as to avoid the dangers.

Rules are created to maintain uniformity in people and hence you should strictly follow safety rules and
regulations to lead a safer and happier life. Proper guidance and support can help you ensure student
road safety.

ROAD SAFETY RULES & REGULATIONS

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● Never Drink & Drive.
● Always Wear a Seat Belt.
● Keep a Safe Distance from the vehicle ahead.
● Always Avoid Distractions.
● Never Break Red Signal.
● Always Drive Within the Speed Limit.
● Avoid the Drowsiness While Driving.
● Watch Out For Drivers On the Road
TRAFFIC SIGN
There are basically three types of traffic signs which are Red, Yellow & Green.
● Red Means stop
● Yellow means caution
● Green means go

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 ●

Legal Mandates in road safety

1. Wear seat belt always:
Wearing a seat belt at all times while driving is the most basic rule to follow. A seat belt saves you in
case of not just major accidents but also sudden brakes in rush hour traffic. It prevents you from being
pushed forward due to the momentum when the car comes to a sudden halt, or another vehicle hits you
from behind. Thus, you should always strap in your seat belt while driving a car.
2. Avoid the intake of alcohol or narcotics while driving:
Driving your vehicle under the influence of alcohol or any other drug is a punishable offence, including
the possibility of imprisonment or licence cancellation. Also, if your vehicle meets with an accident
and you were found to be intoxicated, your insurance claim will be rejected. Thus, one must avoid the
consumption of alcohol or narcotics while driving.
3. Drive slowly and follow the rules:
This is yet another important thing that you need to consider while driving. Driving at high speed could

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