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STRUCTURE OF
ATOM
Ch 4| Class 9 Chemistry
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Presenting to you, hand-written notes!
Atoms and molester axe the fundamental building block
of matter .
> Ditjewent’ kind o element is formed due {O different atoms
covatituting them .
+ Atoms can be jwithee divided Wto sub atornic particles .
> Thee axe three sub-atomic particles of an atom ae +
a. Electrons
b Protons
c- Neutrons
+ Charged pouticles in mouttens
+ When we vub two objets together then they get elecically
Changed «
s This & due to atomic sub-atomic pawticles that u the Clectron
which axe tnvisible poxticles of an atom was discovered by
J.J. Thorngon im 1990.
» Further on suseaich, it was discovered that an atom consist of
Ueutrons and another Sub-atomic particle 1.¢. Proton.
+The protons in an atom is Opposite im charge and equal im
magnitude that & Uatrons. * lectron is wegatively changed and proton u& positively changed .
- Protons - present im the interior of atom.
- Cledrone — present im the exteria ¢ an atom.
+ | Thomson's Model of an Atom
+ In this model an atom it was told, 0s the dlettrons wow,
Spread in a Sphene of positive changes as can be sen im a
watermelon the whole ved pol will be supposed as the positive
Change and the Seeds ane supposed to be the deutrons.
+ DI Thomson's model 4 atom :
>In this model, it was told as the electrons wow spread tm a
Sphow positive Charge as Can be Sun im wadenmelon the whole
Yed pot will be supposed as the positive charge and the Seeds que
Supposed to be the eletvons.
> "An torn consists of O positively chaxged Sphere and the electrons
ave embedded itn it. ~ Negative and positive change are equal in magnitude and
make the atom neutral as a whole.’
~ This wos proposed by Jd Thomson.
Rutherxpord Model of Atom
*
» In this model, the scientist experimented by dropping Alpha
particles on a thin gold oil.
> Gold foil was selected becmue it Can be very thin, Layer which
was About {000 atoms thick.
> Apna pasties ove doubly chowged, Holium tons since they have an
atomic mass of “+ while yoving faut they will howe Considerable
amount of energy and it can be expeuted that the Alpha paxticles will
be depleted by the Sub atomic pontides tw Geld atoms.
& Obsenotions of the Expudment :
* Moving- fastest Alpha postive passed Straight Trough the gud it
* Some of Alpha ppowtioler gel depleted by the fpil by small angles.
+ Sweprisingly, out of eveey 12000 poxtides appeared 1 pawticle the
Yebounded at an angle of 160.
+ From the expoiment Rulnerford conduded that +
- Most of the space inside i empty because Apha pauticles passed
through the gold joll.
~ Veouy fav particler deftecled wicating positive change occupies vory Litle
Space im an alow. “As a very Smal fYoution of pavticles were flected by on angle of
180° it wdicales positive change were concentrated in smal volume
within. the atoms.
* Rutherford also _put formed the Aluclewe Model of Atom :
-Thexe is a positively charged center im an clom called the nucleus
ind the vucleus estes almost alk the mass of an atom.
~ Electrons vevolve around the vucleus wr well-defined orbits.
~ Sigo f mutts it very smalk companed to the size of alors.
- Size of rusleus is very small compand to tre Size f adorns.
* Drawback of Rutherford Model
- Orbital Revolution witt nol be stable.
- Becowe, partides in ciroular orbit would undergo acceleration and
during this acceleralion partides may vadiate energy thus ose energy
and finaly fall off ito vudeut of the atom.
~ Hence, matter would nol eit in the form we know.
+ Bohn Mode of atom
BOHR’S MODEL OF AN ATOM
*In his model he ducnibed : u lee
# shot
- Only cnrloin special of bils : + tsnel
known as disvrele or orbit ¢ + mana one
Uetron aye allowed wide the
atom . — While vevolving im diswte Orbit re elertvons do vol vadiale
energy «
~ Ovoits ov shel aye called the energy levels of atom.
~The orbits or shell are vepreented by the letters kA, M,N or by
the numbers 1,2.,3,4....
+ Neutron
> Neutrons are Subatomic paride discovered by J. Chadwik which haz
wo change and mass nearly equal to proton.
> Newtvon 8 generally represented by ‘n’.
» Therefore, the mass of an atom is the sum % moss of protons and vulvons
praeat im the nucle.
+ Rules for writing the number diyenent enevgy (eels are +
* The manimum numbor of elatron present tw a shell is given by the
formulae 2n?.
* Where ‘WB the ovbit’ number or energy tovel indere «
«The maximum numbers of electron that can be present in the outervnost
obit i 8.
x Cledtrons are nat actomodated im a given Shett unless the inne Shell are
fitted with elertvous .
+ Volency
The total number of elertvons present im the outmost shell ¥ On atom
axe known ou the valence eletvons and we alio know that he total vuunber ef eetrons in the outewmost sett Cannet be more than 8.
~ Valenay giver the combining Capouity of an afore So if outownost shett
has 3 electrons the combining Capaity is O.
+ Combining Capacity
~The combining Capadty of an olom vrcotes tendemy ef atom to veout
with another atom f same different clement to foun a moleuule.
~ Tendeny of his veaution is to attend full filled oulewmost she and adhiove
Can have 3 elections in outoumest shelt and achieve am octet that is ctable.
~ The rurroe. of Uetions gained [lost [shared from the outounost shell gives us
the combining copauity of thal Uement thal is very the valemy of atom.
~ Voleny Ctom is waitin in 2 ways +
1 When the vo. of electron is lees in outewmosl shell then , valu
W whiten os 1,2,3,4.
2 Ty wo of eledrons is close te 8 ie. 5,6,7.8, Valemy dotoualned tm
Sppwile divedion ; 1 for Folectrons £ O foc 8 elections.
¥ Atomic Number
* The Atomic number of alom is determin by wo. % protons procul Ww nucleus
Of that pawtiulas, fom.
Duoted ly Z.
+ For hydrogen Z= 4, for Carbon Z-6. «| Mass Number
> Moss umber § om afom can be determined by Subatomic particles of
atom .
The vewlrons and protons make up nuucon, thus, mass of alom vesides i
its vce.
+ Atomic umber, moss is witten as:
tA
Lsotopes
*
+ Moms of some clement have some atomic number but dipgerml rmnass
ruber , those cabled as Teotopes % Speuipie element «
+ Thee atomic Species protium, ceutstum tritium has Some Otomic wo,4 but
moss no. & 1,2,3 respectively
+The oe lola of Hychoqar -
Applicalion. :
~ Ltotope 9 Urarivm, is used as fusl im nuclear seater «
- Tolope of Cobalt is used tm Comur treatment:
- Lootope of Todine is used tn (robe tuatment.
* Leobar
> Two oloments like Calcium with 20 atomic wo and Argon with
18 atomic no. have dlipferout vo of Clertuone in there atoms but have same mass wo. 40.
> So, atoms of differ? emewts with differant atomic mo but the same
mos no an known as —Lcobars.
