Slides 210705

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Private copy for Filip Rabuzin, filip.rabuzin@advensys.hr
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www.siemens.com/protection
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SIPROTEC 5 @
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The new benchmark for protection, automation,
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and monitoring
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© Siemens AG 2014 All rights reserved. siemens.com/answers
Unrestricted
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From Requirement to
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Innovation
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Your ideas and requirements as driver
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for our innovations
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© Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

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Page 4 2013-03-20 Author / IC SG EA PRO

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under control?
operating costs
engineering and
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How do I keep my
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Our Answer is: SIPROTEC 5
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With SIPROTEC 5 we have the right answer
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to your questions.
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 Individually configurable devices
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to your questions.
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 Powerful communications modules
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to your questions.
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 IEC 61850 Edition 1 and 2:
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fully compatible and adaptive flexibility
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to your questions.
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 Optimum Smart Automation platform
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to your questions.
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 Optimum Smart Automation platform

 Only 1 tool for holistic and integrated
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engineering
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Foundation for Our Innovations
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The customers ideas and requirements have always been
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the foundation for our innovations.
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Foundation for Our Innovations
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And across several generations.
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Our Innovation Highlights for SIPROTEC 5
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SIPROTEC 5 devices
Navigation:
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Click on one of the Innovation Highlights or on the device for Task and Solutions
HW information
Online Configurator
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Perfectly tailored fit
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Individually configurable devices provide perfectly tailored

and cost efficient solutions over the entire life cycle.
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What does that mean for you?
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With SIPROTEC 5 you get your tailored device.
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 Flexible configuration of the
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device hardware
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 Flexible configuration of the
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device functions
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 Simple configuration of your

desired device
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Flexible Configuration of the Device Hardware
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With the SIPROTEC 5 modular system you get
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exactly the device that you need.
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Simply select from a multitude of

system components.
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 Base module with
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basic functionality
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system components.
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basic functionality
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 Expansion modules
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system components.
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 Basic module with
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basic functionality
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 Operation panels
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system components.
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basic functionality
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 Operation panels
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 Plug-in modules
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The simple SIPROTEC 5 equation:
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Base module with basic functionality
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+ Optional expansion modules
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+ bu
Operation panels for base and expansion
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modules
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+ Optional plug-in modules
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= Your individual SIPROTEC 5 device

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Supplied completely assembled by Siemens!

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Flexible Configuration of the Device Functions
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Expand the basic functionality

according to your needs.
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 At the beginning of the project, equip the
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SIPROTEC 5 DIGSI 5
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SIPROTEC 5 device with functions as
required for the application
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49T 50N 27 50 86 24
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 During the life cycle, add functions or 81 50 67 87L 51G 79 63 50
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substitute them 25 27 49 59 40 59 64 51N 49 64R

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
Complete functions, type tested
Function points instead of fixed functions

@ 67 67N 79 85 32R 21 67G 79 63 51V
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21 87 50 … 81 87T 51 87N 37 …
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Function Point System
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Function
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SIPROTEC 5 Points
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ns
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50BF 5
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67N
15
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Function Point Class:
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67 15 70
Base + 75 FP
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86
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Base @ • Instead of software packages a
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=0
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50 50N 51 51N
function point class is ordered
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• The software functions are later

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loaded into the device with DIGSI 5

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Simple Configuration of Your Desired Device
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The SIPROTEC 5 Configurator makes configuring

your device very easy.
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 Select main function or application
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 Put together the functional package
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 Specify expansion modules
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 Determine the communications features
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 Define the housing design

 Generate result as a PDF
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 Order
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Online Configurator
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Page 37
2013-03-20
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Hardware Overview
Author / IC SG EA PRO
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Hardware Overview
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Basic Modules and Expansion Modules
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• Basic modules with
1/3-width of a 19“ rack
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• Expansion modules with
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1/6-width of a 19“ rack
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up to 4 modules (19”)
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Seite 38 2013-03-20 Author / IC SG EA PRO

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Hardware Overview
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Basic Modules and Expansion Modules
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• For all SIPROTEC 5
devices, also a second row
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of expansion modules is
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possible:
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= max. 9 expansion
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modules
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Hardware Overview
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Various Operation Panels
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Basic modules
• With LEDs
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• With LEDs, keyboard and
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standard display
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• With LEDs, keyboard and
large display
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Expansion modules
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• Without operator elements

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or control elements
• With LEDs
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• With LEDs and key switch

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Hardware Overview
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Easy Module Connection
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• Plug in – press on – finished
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• Bus connection automatically
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establishes the data
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connection between the
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modules
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• No additional cables required
• At maximum expansion, a 19“ bu
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wide device possible
= max 4 expansion modules
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Hardware Overview
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Sufficient Process Inputs and Outputs
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Various input and output
modules
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Binary and analogue types
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Flexible assignment of inputs
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to function groups
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Hardware Overview
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Optimized Current Terminals for Protection and
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Measurement
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• Protection input transformer
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or measurement input
transformer
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• When configuring the
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SIPROTEC 5 device, select
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the appropriate transformer
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• When exchanging, pull
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current terminal and plug-on
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• SIPROTEC 5 device
automatically recognizes the
integrated transformer type @
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Hardware Overview
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Many Plug-in Modules for all SIPROTEC 5 Devices
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Plug-in modules for ...
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• Communication
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• Measured value acquisition
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Safety and security inside
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Safe Current Terminals
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This current terminal has everything!
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Safety and security inside
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Safe Current Terminals
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This current terminal has everything!
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 4 CTs are directly integrated in the
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terminals
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 No connection separation between
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device current transformers and the
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primary current transformers is

necessary
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 There are no open secondary @

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circuits during device exchange.
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This provides additional safety.

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3 types of current transformer terminals
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Modular devices:
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 4 protection CTs:
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C73334-A1-A87-1
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 3 protection-, 1 measurement CT:
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C73334-A1-A88-1
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 4 measurement CTs:
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C73334-A1-A89-1
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Non modular devices (7xx82):

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 4 protection CTs:
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C73334A 1A *5 1
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 3 protection-, 1 measurement CT:

C73334A 1A *6 1
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Seite 47 2013-01-21 SIPROTEC 5
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Current terminals
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Connection of ring-type lugs
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 single cables with ring type lug
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 cross connectors
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When using cross connectors, ring-type
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lugs are compulsory
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 2 single cables with ring type lug
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Current terminals
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Connections
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The following connections are possible
 Ring-type lugs
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 Solid conductors
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 Stranded conductors with ferrules
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Max number of lugs / cables per connection: 2
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For cables: both must have the same diameter
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Ring-type lugs Conductors

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D 5.0 mm Cable cross 2.0 mm2 to
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W 9.5 mm section 4.0 mm2
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L 7.1 to 7.7 mm Ferrule with L = 10 mm or

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plastic shroud L = 12 mm
Only solid
Without ferrule
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copper cables
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Voltage terminals
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Connections
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The following connections are possible
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 Solid conductors
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 Stranded conductors with ferrules
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Conductors
 Stranded conductors without ferrules
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Cable cross 0.5 mm2 to
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section 2.5 mm2
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Ferrule with L = 10 mm or
Max number of cables per connection: 2
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plastic shroud L = 12 mm
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Stripped length 12 mm, only
Both cables must have the same diameter
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without ferrule copper leads
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Combination of cross connectors and

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conductors possible
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Hardware Overview
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Many Plug-in Modules for all SIPROTEC 5 Devices
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Plug-in modules for ...
• Communication
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• Measured value acquisition
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Handling
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• Easy installation and
removal
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• SIPROTEC 5 device
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doesn‘t have to be opened

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Back to:
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I/O modules
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SIPROTEC 5:
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Device opening not necessary
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Nominal current: 1A – 5A
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changed via DIGSI 5
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BI thresholds:
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changed via DIGSI 5
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Battery exchange:
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access from outside
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Device is sealed: @
unbroken seal for warranty
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clear situation for manufacturer and customer

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Back to:
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I/O modules
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I/O Modules: Components
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• Relay Standard < 10 ms (Make contact, normally open)….................
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• Relay Standard (Change over contact)………………….................
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• Relay Fast < 5 ms (Make contact, normally open)…………..............
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• Relay Fast (Change over contact)…………………………..............
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• Power-Relay…………………………………………………..........….
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• High-Speed Relay 0.2 ms (semi-conductor speed-up)…...............

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• Binary Inputs (with and without common potentials)
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• Current Transformer Input (Protection or Measurement)

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• Voltage Transformer Input

• Measurement Transducer Input (20mA)
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• Plug-In-Modules (Communication, 20mA Input,…)

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I/O Modules:
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Power Supply - Communication Board
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PS 201
CB 202
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Life Contact
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Basic module:
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Interfaces
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Aux voltage
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.ra Time synchronisation
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Detached display
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Port E Port J
for plugin module @ for DIGSI / IEC61850
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Connection to CB
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Port F 202
for plugin module
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I/O Modules: 4CT - 8 CT
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IO201 IO203
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4CT, 0VT, 8 BI, 8CT, 0VT, 4 BI

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6 BO: 4 N/O (F), 2 C/O (F) 4 BO: 4 N/O (F)

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I/O Modules: 8 VTs
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IO211
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ad
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IO211
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8 VT
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8 BI
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1) Use for rooting

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I/O Modules: 4CT - 4VT
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IO208
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4CT 4VT
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4 BI
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11 BO:
- 3 N/O
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.ra - 6 N/O (F)
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IO202 - 2 C/O (F)
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4CT 4VT
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8 BI
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6 BO:
- 4 N/O (F)
IO214
- 2 C/O (F)
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4CT 4VT
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2 BI
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5 BO:
- 4 N/O (F)
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- 1 C/O (F)
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(AD converters)
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I/O Modules: 8 MT inputs
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IO211
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IO212
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8 MT inputs
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-10V to +10V DC
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-20mA to +20 mA DC
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meas rep: 62.5 μs
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8 BI
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1) Use for rooting

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I/O Modules: 4CT - 3VT – 4MT inputs
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ad
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IO210
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4CT 3VT 4MT
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8 BI
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6 BO:
- 4 N/O (F)
@ - 2 C/O (F)
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Specially designed for generator protection
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I/O Modules: BI / BO only
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IO205
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IO207
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16 BI
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BO: 8 N/O
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IO205
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12 BI,
BO:
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@ 16 N/O
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IO206
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6 BI
BO: 7 N/O
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A/D sampling: security against component faults
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 Cross-wiring of Current and Voltage
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Groups to different A/D Converters
I
U
5 Ranges
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Current Clamp 8 pol.
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U
A
 IF = IA+IB+IC+IN;
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5 Ranges
Istab = |ІA|+|ІB|+|ІC|+|ІN|
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I
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IFblock = f(Istab)
4 channel
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Sigma
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5 Ranges
Delta 1
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5 Ranges
 Fast error detection for A/D converters

EEPROM
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 Blocking of all functions using this MP
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5 Ranges
I
U
5 Ranges
I
A @D
 A/D converter 24 Bit
(SIPROTEC4: 22 Bit)
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U
4 channel
5 Ranges Sigma
 better accuracy
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Delta 2
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5 Ranges
 Calibration factor on current
EEPROM
transformer terminal
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. hr
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A/D sampling: security against component faults
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 Cross-wiring of Current and Voltage
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Groups to different A/D Converters
I
5 Ranges
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U
5 Ranges A  IF = IA+IB+IC+IN;
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Istab = |ІA|+|ІB|+|ІC|+|ІN|
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U 4 channel
IFblock = f(Istab)
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Sigma
5 Ranges
Delta 1
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I
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5 Ranges
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EEPROM
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 Blocking of all functions using this MP
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U
Voltage Clamp 14 pol.
U
U A
D
@  A/D converter 24 Bit
(SIPROTEC4: 22 Bit)
4 channel
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Sigma
U
U Delta 2
 better accuracy
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U  Calibration factor on current
transformer terminal
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© Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved. (I/O modules)

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IO230
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IO230
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BI: 48,
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6 groups a 8
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3 thresholds
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BO: 0
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IO233
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BI: 48,
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6 groups a 8
1 threshold
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(85V-105V)
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BO: 0
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IO230
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ad
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IO231
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BI: 24,
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6 groups a 8
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BO: 24 (S)
6 groups a 8
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I/O Modules: BI / BO (HS)
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IO209
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bu IO209
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8 BI
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BO: 4 N/O (HS)
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Accelerated tripping contacts via

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transistors
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Closing time 0.2 ms

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Make / Break: 1000W / VA

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I/O Modules: Motor Control
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IO204
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10 BI
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4 BO (N/O)
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2 BO (Motor control)
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• crosswise interlocked
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@ • control of motors for

disconnectors
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• 2 directions
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I/O Modules: Motor Control
ns
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ad
r
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n
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IO204
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bu
ns
10 BI
4 BO (N/O)
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2 BO (Motor control)
ad
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• crosswise interlocked
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@ • control of motors for

disconnectors
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• 2 directions
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r
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I/O Modules: Non expandable Devices 7xx82
ns
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PS101
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PS 101
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zi
ns
PS 101
bu
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3 BI
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ad
2 BO:
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-1 NC (S)
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-1C/O (S)
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1 life contact
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• DC 24 V to 48 V
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• DC 60 V to 125 V
• DC 110 V to DC 250 V and AC 100 V
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to AC 230 V (50 Hz and 60 Hz)

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r
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ns
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IO 101
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IO 101
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IO101
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8 BI
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6 BO:
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@- 4 N/O (S)
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ns
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IO 102
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IO 102
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IO102
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4CT, 4VT
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8 BI
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6 BO:
@
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- 4 N/O (S)
- 2 C/O (S)
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bu
.ra
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ns
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IO 110
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IO 110
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IO110
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12 BI
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7 N/O (S)
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@
n
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*NC: not connected

bu
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I/O Modules: Non expandable Devices 7SK82
ns
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IO 111
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IO 111
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@
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ns
IO111
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12 temperature
.ra
inputs
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@
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Back to:
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fil

r
.h
Communication Modules
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Serial Interfaces
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ve
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Electrical module with RS485 interface
• Serial asynchronous module
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@
.h
•1.2 kbits/s to 115.2 kbits/s
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• Standard Ethernet patch cables - saves cost
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ns
bu
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.ra
ad
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USART-AB-1EL: 2xRJ45, USART-AC-2EL: 4xRJ45,
@
one serial protocol
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n two independent protocols

zi
bu
.ra
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Serial Interfaces
ns
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ad
Fiber optical module 820 nm
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• 1.2 kbits/s to 115.2 kbits/s asynchronous
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• 64 kbits/s to 2 Mbits/s synchronous
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n
• 2 km with multimode 62.5 μm/125 μm
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bu
ns
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USART-AD-1FO: USART-AE-2FO:
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one serial protocol two independent protocols

@
n
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bu
.ra
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Serial Interfaces
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ns
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ad
Fiber optical long distance module 1300 nm
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• 2 Mbits/s synchronous for Protection Interface (PI)
.h
@
ys
n
ns
zi
bu
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.ra
USART-AG-1LDFO
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USART-AF-1LDFO
• 4 km (multimode) • 8 km (multimode)
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• 25 km (single mode) • 60 km (single mode)
@
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USART-AW-2LDFO • USART-AU-2LDFO:
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• 4 km (multimode) • 8 km (multimode)
.ra
• 25 km (single mode) • 60 km (single mode)

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fil

r
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Serial Interfaces
ns
Fiber optical long distance module
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1300 nm / 1550 nm
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• integrated WDM (wave division multiplexer)
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@
• 2 Mbits/s synchronous for PI
• 40 km (single mode)
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• 1 fibre for bidirectional communication
ns
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• saves one optical fibre
bu
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1300 nm
USART-AH-1LDFO USART-AJ-1LDFO
.
1550 nm
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• together only with • together only with

USART-AJ-1LDFO
@ USART-AH-1LDFO
fil
n
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USART-AX-2LDFO 1300 nm USART-AY-2LDFO

• together only with 1550 nm • together only with
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USART-AY-2LDFO 1300 nm USART-AX-2LDFO

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1550 nm
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r
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Ethernet Interfaces
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Ethernet modules
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• Hot standby if 2 ports connected to external switch
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• Integrated switch
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•Max. 40 devices in ring topology
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•RSTP, PRP, HSR
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ns
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bu
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Electrical Ethernet module (ETH-BA-2EL)
• 20 m with CAT5 double shielded cables
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ad
.
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@
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Optical Ethernet module (ETH-BB-2FO)

n
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• 2 LC-duplex connectors
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• 2 km (multimode)
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Optical Ethernet module (ETH-BD-2FO)

for process bus
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• 2 LC-duplex connectors
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© Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved. • 2 km (multimode)

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Plug In Module
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Measuring transducer interface
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Measuring transducer module
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4 input channels
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DC -24 mA to +24 mA
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meas rep: 200ms
ad
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ANAI-CA-4EL
@
n
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Plug In Module
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for arc protection
ns
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ad
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Arc protection module
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• 3 input channels for optical sensors
ns
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ad
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ARC-CD-3FO
@
n
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Back to:
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.ra
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fil

hr
.
SIPROTEC 5:
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Our current Portfolio*
ns
ve
Fault recorder 7SJ82
7SA82
ad
7SJ85
7SA84 Overcurrent protection
7SJ86
7SA86
Distance protection
@
7SA87
7SK82
Motor protection
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7SK85
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7SD82
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7SD84 Line
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7SD86
differential
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6MD85
7SD87 ra Bay controller 6MD86
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.
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7SL82 Generator prot
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7UM85
7SL86 Combined distance
& line differential
7SL87
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Synchronizing 7VE85
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Breaker- 7UT82
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7VK87
Management 7UT85
7UT86 7SS85
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7UT87
Transformer diff protection Busbar protection

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& voltage regulator
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* as per 11/2019
Unrestricted © Siemens 2020

fil fil
Function Architecture
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SIPROTEC 5
.ra .ra
bu bu
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ad ad
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siemens.com/siprotec5
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SIPROTEC 4: Signal Processing
ns
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21 50/51 87L
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settings settings settings
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ns
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tripping tripping tripping
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BO1 trip CB
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BO2 @
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BO3
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Matrix
.ra

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Page 2 02 / 2021 C. Wagner SI DG EA-P&R PF&P PROM / Energy Automation Products

fil
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ns
Function structure concept: modularity
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ad
The functions are grouped to primary objects like Line, CB, …
@
via ‘so called’ Function Groups
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.h
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bu
ns
Device
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Function groups (FG)
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FG Line 51 FG CB
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21
81 25
@ 49 trip
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79
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59
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Next click ► next page

.ra

ip
fil
r
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ns
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A device will incorporate different function groups, e.g. a distance protection device:
 Line: includes protection functions related to a line
r
@
 CB: includes functions related to a CB
.h
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 Further function groups: transformer, motor, disconnector, …
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ns
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Device
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FG Line FG CB
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51 49
@ 79 25
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trip
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How do functions receive their measurement values?
 The Function Groups (FG) incorporate Interfaces for current / voltage
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measurement values
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 The functions in the FG are assigned automatically to these interfaces
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Device ra
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FG Line FG CB
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IF 21 79
IF 51 49
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 The Function Groups (FG) receive measured values from Measuring Points
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(MP) via the interfaces
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 The connection between FG and MP is configurable by DIGSI 5
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 MP can have different connection types
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Device
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MP-I
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1ph FG CB
3ph + FG Line
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MP-I
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IF IF 21
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3ph 79
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MP-V IF IF trip
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IF 81 59
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MP-I IF
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 The Measuring Points (MP) are routed to the analogue input terminals
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 The connection between MP and terminal is configurable by DIGSI 5
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Device
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FG Line FG CB
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IF IF 21
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MP-V IF IF trip
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How do functions process
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 FG are connected via Interfaces, to process this data, and again: functions are assigned to
.h
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these interfaces automatically
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 The connection is made using DIGSI 5
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Device
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FG Line FG CB
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MP-I IF IF 21 79
MP-V IF IF 51 49
IF @
IF
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How do functions process
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 FG are connected via Interfaces, to process this data, and again: functions are assigned to
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these interfaces automatically
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FG Line FG CB FG
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IF CB
MP-I IF IF FG
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IF @
IF
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How are commands and signals processed to device terminals?
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 Commands & signals are routed to the BOs (terminals) by DIGSI 5
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FG Line FG CB
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MP-I IF IF 21 79
MP-V IF IF 51 49
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Editors
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Device
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FG Line FG CB
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MP-I IF IF 21
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Measuring points routing @

Function Group Connections Information Routing
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(Matrix)
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Assignment Assignment Assignment

Terminals - MP MP – FG Signals – BO
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FG - FG
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CT connection 3 phase
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CT connection 3 phase + IN
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CT connection 3 phase + IN sep
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CT connection 3 phase, 2 primary CTs
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CT connection 3 phase, 2 prim CTs + IN sep
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CT connection 2 phase, 2 prim CTs + IN sep
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VT connection: 3 ph-to-gnd voltages
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VT connection: 3 ph-to-gnd volt + VN
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VT connection: 3 ph-to-ph voltages
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VT connection: 3 ph-to-ph volt. + VN
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VT connection: 2 ph-to-ph voltages
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VT connection: 2 ph-to-ph volt. + VN
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. hr
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Disclaimer!
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Subject to changes and errors. The information given in this document only contains
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general descriptions and/or performance features which may not always specifically reflect
ad
those described, or which may undergo modification in the course of further development of
fil
the products. The requested performance features are binding only when they are expressly
agreed upon in the concluded contract.
@
n
All product designations, product names, etc. may contain trademarks or other rights of
Siemens AG, its affiliated companies or third parties. Their unauthorized use may infringe
zi
the rights of the respective owner.

bu
.ra
ip
fil
r
.h
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Contact
ns
ve
ad
Claus Wagner
@
Technical Consultant Transformer, Generator
r
.h
and Motor Protection
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zi
ns
bu
SI DG EA-P&R PF&P PROM
Humboldtstr. 59
ve
.ra
90459 Nuremberg, Germany
ad
Mobile: +49 172 3265910
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@
E-mail:
claus.m.wagner@siemens.com
n
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bu
siemens.com
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Restricted © Siemens 2020

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SIPROTEC 5
.ra .ra
bu bu
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@ @
Transformer Differential Protection 7UT8x ad ad
ve ve
ns ns
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.h .h
r r
Page 2
Juni 2021
fil fil
ip ip
.ra .ra
bu bu
zi zi
n n
@ @
ad ad
ve ve
ns ns
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87T Differential Protection
.h .h
r r
SI DG EA-P&R PF&P PROM / Wagner
Page 3
Juni 2021
fil fil
ip ip
.ra .ra
bu bu
zi zi
n n
@ @
ad ad
ve ve
ns ns
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.h .h
r r
SI DG EA-P&R PF&P PROM / Wagner
r
.h
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Kirchhoffs node rule
ns
ve
Basis for Differential-Protection:
ad
I1
r
i1
.h
i2 I2
ys
n
i4 I4
zi
ns
bu
i3 I3
ve
.ra
ad
i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 = 0  ∑i=0 I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 0  ∑I=0
ip
@
fil
Definition:
Currents, which flow into the node (protected object), are counted positive.
n
zi
Currents, which flow out of the node (protected object), are counted negative.
bu
Protection objects:
.ra
Line, Transformer, Generator/Motor, Bus bar

ip
Page 5 Juni 2021 SI DG EA-P&R PF&P PROM / Wagner

fil
r
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Basic principles: current comparison
ns
ve
IP1 IP2 IP1
IP2
ad
I1F I2F IF
Protected Protected
object object
r
I1 I2 I1
.h
I2
@
I1 I2
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∆I IDiff =│I1 + I2│ ∆I IDiff =│I1 + I2│
ns
zi
internal fault external fault or load
bu
ve
.ra
ad
Assumption: ideal CT, ratio: 1/1 Assumption: ideal CT, ratio: 1/1
IP1 = IF
ip
IP1 = I1F
@
IP2 = I2F IP2 = -IF
fil
IDiff = │IP1 + IP2 │ = │I1F + I2F │ IDiff = │IP1 + IP2 │ = IF - IF = 0

 no Trip
n
 Trip
zi
bu
Requirements for Differential Protection:

1) Internal faults ( faults between CT-sets )  Trip
.ra
2) External faults  no Trip

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fil
r
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Basic principles : restraint current comparison (1/2)
ns
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ad
Example: external fault with linear CT-errors

assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1
@
CT 1: CT 2:
IP1 ε1= - 5% ε2 = +5% IP2 = -IP1
r
Protected IF IDiff = │I1 + I2 │= │(1+ε1)· IP1 + (1+ε2)·IP2 │=│0.95· IP1 – 1.05· IP1│= 0.1·IP1
.h
n
object
zi
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bu
I1= normal operation: IP1 = IN
I2=
IDiff = 0.1·IP1
ns
0.95·IP1 1.05·IP2 IDiff = 0.1·IP1 = 0.1·IN
∆I
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external fault: assumption: IP1 = 10·IN
ve
IDiff = 0.1·IP1 = 1·IN
ip
ad
fil
As the setting IDiff> for usual applications lies below nominal

@
current, it would cause a wrong trip in case of external faults with Additional criterion necessary!
n
big currents!
zi
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.ra

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Basic principles : restraint current comparison (2/2)
ns
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ad
External fault with linear CT- errors

Linear error due to different
@
Setting due to magnetising or
r
charging currents CT transformation
.h
CT 1: ε1= -5% CT 2: ε2 = + 5%
IP1 IP2 = -IP1 Idiff =│I1+I2│
ys
Protected Resulting
zi
object characteristic
IF IN
ns
bu
IRest IRest Trip
=│I1│+│I2│
ve
.ra
IRest = 2·IP1
I2=
I1= 1.05·IP2 Block
ad
0.95·IP1 Idiff = │I1+ I2│
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IDiff IDiff>
Idiff = 0.1·IP1
fil
@ 2 10 IRest =│I1│+│I2│
SIP5: IRest = max (| I1 | , | I2 |)

n
zi
Under the following assumption │ε1 │ = │ε2 │ and I1 = I2

bu
the result for a conventional differential Prot. Characteristic should be: IDiff = IDiff> + ε1·I1 + ε2·I2 = IDiff> + 2·ε1 ·I1
.ra

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Transformer Differential Protection special requirements
ns
ve
Different current values of the CT- sets on the high voltage side (HV) and on the low voltage side (LV)
ad
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Transformer tap changer, magnetizing current
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n
ns
Angle shifting N·30°due to vector group (0 ≤ N ≤ 11) for 3-phase transformers.
zi
bu
ve
Zero sequence current in case of external faults will cause differential current
ra
ad
.
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Inrush currents
fil
n
CT-saturation
zi
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.ra
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Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching (1/2)
ns
ve
SN = 100 MVA
ad
UN2 = 20 kV UN1 = 110 kV

3000/1A 750/1A
r
@
.h
IP2 = 2750A
Side 2 Side 1 Measured secondary currents do not match:
InO1 = 525A IP1 = 500A
ys
InO2 = 2887A
Ratio between CTs on HV and LV side different
n
(load current)
(load current) to transformer ratio
zi
ns
Nominal currents of CTs are different to the side
bu
ve
IS2 = -0.916A IS1 = 0.66A nominal currents of the transformer
7UT8x
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7UM8x
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𝐼𝑃
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𝐼𝑥𝑚 = ⋅ 1𝐴
𝐼𝑂𝑏𝑗
@
fil
n
The matching currrent is the secondary current of a CT with a primary
zi
current equivalent to the object current and a secondary nominal current
bu
of 1A.
.ra
Idea behind: if the CTs on both sides have a nominal current identical to
the side nominal currents, the secondary currents match.
ip

fil
. hr
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Matching factor
ns
ve
ad
The matching current is the secondary current of a (fictitious) CT with INCTp = IObj
The secondary current of 1A of such a CT corresponds to a primary current of IObj
@
It can be calculated as:
IP
r
I mx  I * S  1A Example: IP= 1200A; Iobj= 800A; Imx = 1200A/800A*1A = 1.5 A
n
(1)
.h
I Obj
zi
ys
bu
IP INCTp INCTp
 IP  IS
ns
For a real CT applies (2):
IS INCTs ra INCTs
ve
.
I NCTp IS
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(2) in (1): I mx  I * S   1A
ad
I Obj I NCTs
fil
IS
I mx  k mx
I NCTs
1A
@
n
We call kmx the matching factor for side x, (or sometimes the mismatch factor or adaptation factor) and Imx the matching current. It is the
zi
reference current on all sides of a transformer for the differential current calculation.
bu
The correction eliminates the mismatch of CT nominal and power transformer nominal current.
.ra

ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching (2/2)
ns
ve
SN
1. Calculation of the transformer nominal current I Obj 
3  U NT
ad
2. Matching factor for each measuring point I NCTprim
r
k mx 
.h
I Obj
@
3. Matching current IS
ys
I mx  k mx 1A
I NCTsec
n
4. Calculation of the differential and restraint current
ns
(7UT8x: IRest = max(|I1*|;|I2*|) IDiff = |Im1 + Im2| IRest = |Im1| + |Im2|
zi
bu
ve
Calculation example:
ad
.ra
SN = 100 MVA UN1 = 110kV UN2 = 20kV
IN1_CT = 750A IN2_CT = 3000A
ip
@
IObj1 = 524.86A IObj2 = 2886.75A IDiff = 0A
fil
Matching factors: km1 = 1.429 km2 = 1.039 IRest = 1.9A

n
Load conditions: Ip1 = 500A Ip2 = -2750A IDiff = 0 * I/IObj
zi
Secondary currents: Is1 = 0.666A Is2 = -0.916A IRest = 1.9 * I/IObj
bu
Matched currents: Im1 = 0.953A Im2 = -0.953A

.ra
ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Matching currents, 3 sided transformer
ns
ve
347 kV / 250 MVA SNTx
INTx 
ad
ILd1 = 416 A INT1 = 416 A 3  UNTx
r
.h
@
2 00000 kVA
ys
2 50000 kVA
I NT1   416 A I NT2   7355 A
3  347kV 3  15.7kV
ns
zi
ILd2 = ? A
10000 kVA
INT2 = 7355 A INT3 = 916 A I NT3   916 A
ve
bu
3  6.3kV
15.7 kV / 200 MVA 6.3kV / 10 MVA
ad
.ra
ip
@
Assumption: on side 3 no current is flowing: ILd1 = 416 A => ILd2 = ? (load current on side 2)
fil
U NT1 3 47 kV
n
I Ld2  I Ld1  416 A  416 A  22 .1  9194 A
U NT2 15.7kV
zi
bu
The currents needed for the Kirchhoff law do not correspond with the nominal currents on each side.
ra
Why?
.
ip

fil
hr
.
ys
Matching currents, 3 sided transformer
ns
ve
ad
Reason: The nominal powers on the various sides are different but for a through flowing current, the powers in reality are always equal.
@
S NT1  3  U NT1  I NT1 S NT2  3  U NT2  I NT2
r
.h
n
U NT1 I
If S NT1  S NT2  3  U NT1  I NT1  3  U NT2  I NT2 =>  NT2
zi
ys
U NT2 I NT1
bu
ns
Solution: We define one side as a reference side and based on the power of this side all the side currents are calculated.
ra
ve
.
The side with the highest power is the reference side. All corresponding currents are called object currents.
ip
ad
fil
They can be calculated as follows:
Object current of each side

@
Nominal current of each side
n
zi
𝑆𝑁𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑁𝑇𝑥
𝐼𝑂𝑏𝑗𝑥 = 𝐼𝑁𝑇𝑥 =
bu
3 ⋅ 𝑈𝑁𝑇𝑥 3 ⋅ 𝑈𝑁𝑇𝑥
.ra

ip
fil
. hr
ys
Adaptation factor, situation
ns
ve
ad
Selection of current transformers
2000A / 5A 2000A / 5A
IF = 20 kA
@
400 kV IObj1 = 144 A CTs are normally selected so, that they are close to the nominal currents on each side.
100 MVA
r
IObj2 = 1749 A
n
33 kV
.h
On side 1 the CT nominal current is very high compared to the object current because of
zi
strong fault currents on primary side.
ys
1000A / 1A
bu
ns
.ra
Measurement error of CTs on side 1 for small currents is relatively high. A setting of 0.2 I/IObj results in a value of 0.2 *144A / 2000 A
ve
which is 1.4% of the nominal current.
ip
ad
fil
Therefore we consider the mismatch of CT primary current and object current and define a so called adaptation factor:
fad 
INR
for IP  IObj
@
INR : secondary nominal current setting in the relay
IS
n
zi
If fad = 1, a primary object current is also seen as a nominal current in the relay. If the INCTp is big compared
bu
to the IObj , the relay sees a small secondary current compared to its nominal current. fad is big.
.ra

ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Adaptation factor, big values
ns
ve
ad
2000A / 5A 𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑇𝑝 𝐼𝑁𝑅

fad can also be written as: 𝑓𝑎𝑑 = ∗
IF = 20 kA 𝐼𝑂𝑏𝑗 𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑇𝑠
@
400 kV
IObj1 = 144 A
r
100 MVA
.h
IObj2 = 1749 A
n
For SIP4 a maximum of fad = 8 is allowed.
33 kV
ys
zi
1000A / 1A
Here: fad = 2000A / 144A * 5A / 5A = 13.9
bu
ns
Remedy:
.ra
ve
1. Secondary adaptation transformer to increase the secondary current of the CT. Not recommended, because the CT error is amplified
ad
and the burden is increased.
ip
2. Secondary setting of INR to 1A instead of 5A (2000A/5A = 400A/1A). Verify that the permanently flowing current does not overheat the
fil
CT input (here we could estimate: Iloadmax = 1.2 IObj1 = 173A. Equivalent secondary current is: 173A/400A = 0.43A.
@
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Adaptation factor, big values
ns
𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑇𝑝 𝐼𝑁𝑅 𝐼𝑝> 𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑇𝑝 𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑇𝑝 𝐼𝑠> 𝐼𝑁𝑅
ve
𝑓𝑎𝑑 = ∗ 𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓> = 𝐼𝑝> = 𝐼𝑠> 𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓> = 𝐼𝑠> ∗ 𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓> = 𝑓𝑎𝑑 ∗ 𝐼𝑠> = 𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓> ∗
𝐼𝑂𝑏𝑗 𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑇𝑠 𝐼𝑂𝑏𝑗 𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑇𝑠 𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑇𝑠 ∗ 𝐼𝑂𝑏𝑗 𝐼𝑁𝑅 𝑓𝑎𝑑
ad
Ip>: Idiff> setting value in primary A; Is>: Idiff> setting in secondary A
r
Remedy:
.h
3. Increase the Idiff> stage to a value of Idiff> = 0.025…0.05*fad.
ys
With a setting of Idiff> = 0.2 (Ip>/IObj) and fad = 8 the pick up value will be Is> = 0.2 *1A/fad = 0.025A sec. If fad is bigger than 8 the threshold in
n
secondary amps could be kept at the same value which means Idiff> = 0.025A/1A*fad. This means the Idiff> value increases. Considering
zi
ns
the increased error of the primary CT at these low values one can consider to increase the pick up value in sec amps for example to
bu
0.05A. The corresponding Idiff> stage then is 0.05*fad.
ve
With SIP4 devices you cannot have a fad>8. So increasing the Idiff> value will not work. Instead of this you can increase the IObj which
.ra
has the same effect. To do this in SIP4 you can increase the nominal power setting or decrease the nominal voltage setting of the
ad
respective side to avoid the error message. Not recommended, because you lose sensitivity.
ip
@
fil
4. Recommended solution: select a more adapted CT (increased performance and not increased primary current). Instead of e.g. a CT
2000A/5A, 60 VA, 5p20 use a CT 800/1A 5p40 and adapt the power to the required value defined by the overall resistance of the wiring
n
to the relay. For a lower burden of the CT use 1A secondary. Instead of 30VA you maybe end up with only 5VA. This CT would lead to a
zi
fad = 800A/144A*1A/1A = 5.55.

bu
SIPROTEC 5 has a better current measurement. Therefore the limit 8 is not valid any more. DIGSI5 allows a mismatch of 100, in
.ra
practice such a high mismatch is not recommended. In practice a maximum mismatch of around 15 should be sufficient.
ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Adaptation factor, small values
ns
ve
ad
347 kV / 250 MVA Selection of current transformers
1000A / 1A INT1 = 416 A CTs are selected so, that they are close to the nominal currents on
@
IObj1 = 416 A each side.
r
.h
n
Short circuit estimation for external fault on side 3:
zi
ys
9000A / 5A 1000A / 1A
bu
usc = 0.2 => Isc = 22911A/0.2 = 114555 A
ns
INT2 = 7355 A INT3 = 916 A
.ra
=> CT 1000A/1A is very weak. ISCs = 114.5 A. > 100A (measuring
ve
IObj2 = 9193 A IObj3 = 22911 A
range).
15.7 kV / 200 MVA 6.3kV / 10 MVA
ip
ad
fil
𝐼𝑁𝑅 𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑇𝑝 1𝐴 1000𝐴

𝑓𝑎𝑑 = ∗ = ∗ = 0.044𝐴
Remedy:
@ 𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑇𝑠 𝐼𝑂𝑏𝑗 1𝐴 22911𝐴
n
1. Select a CT with a higher primary nominal current, so that the measurment range of the relay is not exceeded (100INs for 7UT85,6,7 and
zi
50 INs for 7UT82).

bu
2. Secondary adaptation transformer to decrease the secondary current of the CT to get into the measuring range.
3. Secondary setting of INR to 5A instead of 1A. Set 5000A/5A for the CT instead of 1000A/1A and keep the secondary settings for the
.ra
threshold (fad = 5A/5A*5000A/22911A = 0.218 ca 1/4.6)

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
87T: Including a tap changer in the differential current calculation
ns
ve
ad
Add a tap changer function group
r
(FG) from the library
.h
ys
n
zi
ns
bu
Select the tap changer in the transformer side FG
ve
Set the basis (middle) position and the voltage
.ra
ad
difference per step
ip
@
fil
Set use tap changer position to yes in the general

n
settings of FG Transformer Diff
zi
bu
.ra
ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Adaptation to tap changer position
ns
Tap changer position connected to the 7UT8x
ve
ad
Differential Protection 87T considers variable transformer ratio (UNTr,prim / UNTr,sec)
=> High sensitivity for all tap positions
@
Variable ratio of transformer, assumption: U2=U2N; U1 depends on pos of the tap changer: U1N(pos)
r
.h
n
ys
zi
For the matching factor with nominal 𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑇𝑝 𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑇𝑝
𝑘1𝑚𝑁 = = 3𝑈1𝑁
transformer ratio we can write: 𝐼𝑂𝑏𝑗1𝑁 𝑆𝑁𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
bu
ns
ra
ve
For the matching factor with non nominal 𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑇𝑝 𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑇𝑝
𝑘1𝑚 (𝑝𝑜𝑠) = = 3𝑈1𝑁 (𝑝𝑜𝑠)
.
transformer ratio we can write: 𝐼𝑂𝑏𝑗1 (𝑝𝑜𝑠) 𝑆𝑁𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
ip
ad
fil
and so:
𝑘1𝑚 (𝑝𝑜𝑠) 𝑈1𝑁 𝑝𝑜𝑠
= 𝑘1𝑚 (𝑝𝑜𝑠) = 𝑘1𝑚𝑁
@ 𝑈1𝑁 𝑝𝑜𝑠
𝑘1𝑚𝑁 𝑈1𝑁 𝑈1𝑁
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
ns
ve
ad
n 1
V1 1 V2 𝑈1𝑁 𝑝𝑜𝑠 = 𝑈1𝑁 + (𝑝𝑜𝑠 − 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑠)∗ Δ𝑈1𝑁 V1 n V2 𝑈1𝑁 𝑝𝑜𝑠 = 𝑈1𝑁 − (𝑝𝑜𝑠 − 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑠)∗ Δ𝑈1𝑁
@
s1 s2 s1 s2
r
n
.h
zi
ys
𝑈1𝑁 𝑝𝑜𝑠 𝑘1𝑚 (𝑝𝑜𝑠) Δ𝑈1𝑁 𝑈1𝑁 𝑝𝑜𝑠 𝑘1𝑚 (𝑝𝑜𝑠) Δ𝑈1𝑁
bu
= = 1 + (𝑝𝑜𝑠 − 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑠) = = 1 − (𝑝𝑜𝑠 − 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑠)
𝑈1𝑁 𝑘1𝑚𝑁 𝑈1𝑁 𝑈1𝑁 𝑘1𝑚𝑁 𝑈1𝑁
ns
.ra
ve
Δ𝑈1𝑁 Δ𝑈1𝑁
𝑘1𝑚 (𝑝𝑜𝑠) = 𝑘1𝑚𝑁 (1 + (𝑝𝑜𝑠 − 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑠) ) 𝑘1𝑚 (𝑝𝑜𝑠) = 𝑘1𝑚𝑁 (1 − (𝑝𝑜𝑠 − 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑠) )
ip
𝑈1𝑁 𝑈1𝑁
ad
fil
 (pos  pos bas )  ΔU 

Formula in the manual: k i  k bas  1  i

@  U bas 
n
pos: current tap position
zi
baspos : basic position: nominal tap position for which the nominal Summary: knowing the real tap position the correct matching current
values are valid
can be easily calculated.
bu
∆U1N : voltage difference for 1 tap step

U1N : nominal voltage side 1
.ra

ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
ve
ad
In case the tap position acquisition fails, an average adjustment factor is calculated
r
@
.h
Current value adaptation according to:
ys
n
zi
ns
 U ref  2 U min U max
bu
k ref  k bas    U ref 
ve
U
 bas  U min  U max
.ra
ad
ip
kref : reference current correction factor
@
kbas : current correction factor in middle (base) position
fil
Ubas : voltage at middle (base) tap position

n
Uref : reference voltage
zi
Umin : minimum voltage
Umax : maximum voltage
bu
e.g.; Umin = 0.8 Umiddle; Umax = 1.2 Umiddle => Uref = 0.96 Umiddle
.ra
ip

fil
r
.h
ys
3-phase Transformer: primary values
ns
ve
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: Yd5
side 2: 20kV, 2887A side 1: 110kV, 525A
3000/1A
750/1A
ad
2L1 1L1
I2L1
I’2L1 I1L1 nv = V1N/V2N = 110kV/20kV = 5.5
r
2L2 1L2
.h
@
I2L2 I1L2
I’2L2 nw = w1/w2 = nv/√3
2L3 1L3
ys
I2L3 I1L3
I’2L3
ns
zi
I’2L3
bu
ve
I1L1nv/√3
I1L1
.ra
ad
ip
5·30 I’2L1 = -I1L1·nv /√3 + I1L2· nv /√3
@
I’2L2 °
fil
n
I1L2nv /√3
I1L3 I1L2
zi
bu
-I1L1nv /√3
.ra
I’2L1
ip

fil
r
.h
ys
3-phase Transformer : secondary values
ns
ve
ad
I1L1sec= 0.7A , 0°
r
.h
@
SN I
I L1sec   NCT1sec
ys
3  U N I NCTlprim
ns
zi
100MVA 1A
ve
I1L1sec  
3 110kV 750A
 0.7A
bu IDiff L1 = │I1L1sec+ I2L1sec│
= 0.5A
ad
ra
.
100MVA 1A
ip
I2 L1sec    0.96A
3  20kV 3000A
@
fil
I2L1sec = 0.96A , -150°

n
zi
bu
.ra
ip

fil
. hr
ys
ns
Vector group and current value adaptation in case of (1/2)
conventional Transformer Differential Protection
ve
ad
100MVA , YNd5
side 2: 20kV side1: 110kV
3000/1A 750/1A ILoad=

525A
@
L1
2887A
L2
r
n
.h
L3
zi
ys
bu
ns
0.96A 0.7A
ra
ve
.
ip
ad
29 23
fil
Diff.
IR Wdg. Wdg. Matching transformer
-Vector group adaptation
@ -Current value adaptation
-Zero seq. current handling
n
Rest. current
zi
Conventional
Differential Prot.
bu
nominal load (no fault): 0.70A ·23Wdg = 0.555A ·29Wdg, IR = 0.555·√3 = 0.96A
.ra

ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Vector group and current value adaptation in case of (2/2)
ns
conventional Transformer Differential Protection
ve
100MVA , YNd5
ad
3000/1A 750/1A
~ L1
@
13654A
r
~ L2
.h
~
n
L3
ys
zi
3I0
ns
bu
I P=
4.551A 5.73A 4300A
ve
. ra
ad
ip
29 23
Diff.
Wdg. Wdg. Matching transformer
fil
IR
@ -Vector group adaptation

-Current value adaptation
n
zi
Rest. current
Conventional
bu
Differential Prot.
.ra
single pole fault HV side: 5.73A ·23Wdg = 4.550A ·29Wdg , IR = 4.55A

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Vector group and current value adaptation in case of (1/2) numerical
ns
Transformer Differential Protection
ve
ad
100MVA , YNd5
CT 2 side 2: 20kV side 1: 110kV CT 1
3000/1A 750/1A
r
I2L1P 
@
I1L1P
.h
 I1L2P
ys
I2L2P
n
I2L3P  I1L3P
zi
ns
bu
ve
ra
ad
.
ip
@
fil
I2L1S I2A I1A I1L1S

Current Io – Vector Vector Io – Current
I2L2S value handling group
I2 comparison I1B
group handling value
I1L2S
adaptation adaptation B adaptation adaptation
∆I
n
I2L3S CT 2 CT 1
I2C I1C I1L3S
zi
bu
Numerical Transformer Differential Protection

.ra
ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Transformer Differential Protection 87T
ns
Logic diagram
ve
ad
r
.h
n
ys
zi
bu
ns
.ra
ve
ip
ad
fil
@
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
87T Differential protection
ns
Basic principle for 7UT8x
ve
ad
Idiff = |I1+I2|
@
Istab = max(|I1| , |I2|)
r
.h
n
ys
zi
Internal short circuit, fed from both sides
bu
ns
I2 = I1
Idiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 + I1| = 2*I1
ve
.ra
Istab = max (|I1| ; |I2|) = |I1| = |I2|
ad
ip
-> Idiff twice as big as Istab

Normal operation
fil
I2 = -I1
Idiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 – I1| = 0
@ Internal short circuit, fed from one side
I2=0
n
Istab = max (|I1| ; |I2|) = |I1| = |I2|
zi
Idiff = |I1 - 0| = |I1|

-> no tripping quantity,
bu
stabilisation = flowing current Istab = max (|I1| ; |I2|) = |I1|

-> Idiff as big as Istab
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Saturation stabilization for external faults
ve
ad
r
Idiff High current faults
.h
Unequal saturation of CTs on the sides of the transformer
ys
zi
High current fault Apparent differential current on secondary side
ns
bu
Tripping
ve
Low current faults
ra
charactectistic
Low current fault Due to the long time constant of the transient DC component
.
ad
ip
also smaller currents can lead to unequal CT saturation on

different sides
fil
@ -> Trajectory can enter the tripping area

n
Istab
zi
bu
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Tripping Characteristic Idiff>
ns
ve
ad
Section a: constant fault currents
magnetizing currents
r
.h
@
ys
Section b: linear fault currents
CT errors
ns
adaptation errors (tap changer, only if the tap position is not connected)
zi
bu
ve
Section c: non linear fault currents
transformer saturation
.ra
ad
Add on stabilization area:
ip
@
if the trajectory passes here first and then enters the tripping area, the
fil
tripping signal will be blocked

n
(setting: Time of add-on stabiliz.)
zi
SIP5: ALF' >= 2 * Iextmax / Ipr

bu
SIP4: ALF' >= 3…4 * Iextmax / Ipr

.ra
ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Equations for tripping characteristic
ns
ve
Idiff
ad
y
r
.h
n
ys
𝑦1 = 𝑠𝑙1 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖1 + 𝑦𝑖1
zi
ns
bu
𝑦2 = 𝑠𝑙2 𝑥 + (𝑠𝑙1 −𝑠𝑙2 )𝑥𝑖2 − 𝑠𝑙1 𝑥𝑖1 + 𝑦𝑖1
sl2
ve
.ra
ad
ip
fil
sl1 Legend:
yi1
@ Istab
y1 : straight 1 ; y2 : straight 2
sl1: slope of straight 1; sl2: slope of straight 2
n
x (xi1; yi1) : intersection point 1 ; (xi2; yi2) : intersection point 2
xi1 xi2
zi
X: Istab ; y: Idiff
bu
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
87T: Demonstration of add-on stabilisation
ns
ve
ad
Fault
r
Characteristic
.h
@
ys
No Trip
ns
zi
bu
Trip
ve
.ra
ad
ip
@
fil
Add-on
n
Stabilisation
zi
bu
.ra
ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Transformer Differential Protection 87
DC Component Recognition
ns
ve
ad
Small external faults can cause CT saturation due to their
r
DC component
.h
@
They might not pass through the add on stabilization area
ys
n
Remedy:
ns
zi
DC content in the stab current is evaluated
ve
If a DC component is detected the
bu
ad
ra
characteristic is raised (section a and b)
.
(setting: Factor increasing char. DC)
ip
@
fil
Small saturated currents do not reach tripping area add on stab area
n
If the DC component falls below a certain value, the tripping
zi
characteristic falls back
bu
.ra
ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Transformer Differential Protection 87
ns
DC Component Recognition
ve
ad
Criteria to raise the characteristic
r
@
.h
Jump in the restraint current
No pick up or external fault detection via add on stabilization
ys
n
area
zi
ns
I rest DC > 0.6 Irest
bu Idiff < drop off limit of characteristic
ve
.ra
ad
Criteria to lower the characteristic
ip
@
fil
If the DC component drops below a certain value, the

tripping characteristic returns
n
after a certain delay time depending on the up time
zi
bu
.ra
ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Motor differential protection 87M
Start Up Recognition
ns
ve
ad
r
Differential currents during start up can occur due to different
.h
remanence points after switching off the motor
ys
Off time of motors are often short and motors are more often
ns
switched than other devices
zi
Criteria to raise characteristic
ve
bu
All 3 phase currents fall under a certain threshold -> motor is
ad
.ra
switched off
(setting: Thresh. startup detection)
ip
@
With this, a motor startup current coming directly after
fil
switching on the motor, is immediately seen with the raised,

n
less sensitive characteristic.
zi
bu
.ra
ip

fil

r
.h
ys
Motor differential protection 87M
ns
Start Up Recognition
ve
Criteria to lower characteristic
ad
If at least one phase current exceeds the a.m. threshold (typical value: 0.1 I/INObj)
r
for a settable drop off time, the original charact. returns, the motor is running
.h
@
(setting: Max. perm. Start. Time)
ys
n
ns
zi
bu
ve
.ra
ad
ip
@
fil
n
zi
bu
.ra
ip

fil
r
.h
ys
87T Inrush blocking: Inrush curves
ns
ve
i1 iDiff = i1
Inrush even
ad
2. Harm.
Y Y
t=0
i1 i2 = 0
r
.h
t
ys
zi
Inrush even i1 iDiff = i1
ns
bu
2. Harm.
∆
Y
ve
t=0
i1 I2 = 0
ra
ad
t
.
ip
Connecting -T2 in parallel with -T1

fil
(Sympathetic Inrush –T1)

-T1
i1
@ -T1: iDiff = i1
n
i1 I2 = 0
zi
-T2
bu
t=0
Inrush -T2 t=0
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Inrush blocking: 2nd harmonic detection and cross block
ns
ve
filter window I2har
1 cycle
ad
IDiff
block
iRush
= iDiff Inrush current Setting
in one phase 15 %
r
value
.h
no block
ys
n
0
t
zi
0
1P 2P 3P t
ns
bu
Cross-block = Yes (blocking of all phases)
ve
Cross-block = No (phase separate blocking)
.ra
L1-block
L1-block IDiff, L1 > trip blocking
ad
L2-block IDiff > trip blocking
ip
L2-block IDiff, L2 > trip blocking OR

for an adjustable time
L3-block
fil
@
L3-block IDiff, L3 > trip blocking n
 Recognise inrush condition by evaluating the ratio 2nd harmonic I2har to 1st harmonic IDiff.
zi
 Time limit for cross-block. Reliable reaction to the inrush condition with cross-block.
bu
Trip of a short circuit after the set time delay.

 Recognise over excitation [V/Hz] by evaluating the ratio 3rd or 5th harmonic to 1st harmonic
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Inrush blocking: Current wave form analysis (CWA)
ns
ve
ad
r
.h
ys
n
zi
ns
bu
ve
.ra
ad
ip
Flat areas in all 3 phases at the same time are typical for transformer inrush currents
fil
Works as a supplement to the second harmonic method

Blocking of all 3 phases automatically @
n
No special settings necessary
zi
bu
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Inrush current blocking: logic diagram
ns
ve
Inrush blocking by 2nd harm. CWA blocking
ad
r
@
.h
ys
n
zi
ns
bu
ve
.ra
ad
CWA internal fault detection
ip
Blocks all inrush blockings
@
fil
n
zi
Inrush blocking is a 1 of 2 selection (2nd harmonic or CWA)
bu
The 2 methods work in parallel and complement each other

General recommendation: start with both methods activated.
.ra
ip

fil
hr
.
ys
87T: Demonstration of inrush with evolving fault (7UT6x)
ns
ve
ad
r
n
.h
zi
ys
bu
ns
.ra
ve
ip
ad
fil
@
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip
fil
. hr
ys
87T Overexcitation blocking
ns
ve
ad
Overexcitation of the transformer can lead to primary differential currents which might cause
overfunction of the 87T differential protection.
r
n
.h
Odd harmonics like 3rd or 5th harmonic in the differential current
zi
ys
bu
3rd harmonic often eliminated by the transformer itself (e.g. delta winding), therefore 5th
ns
harmonic is mainly used
.ra
ve
ip
Blocking of all phases possible via built in cross blocking function
ad
fil
Overexcitation blocking resets if the fundamental component of the differential current

exceeds the threshold _11041:127: Limit Idiff 3., 5. harmonics @
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip
fil
r
.h
ys
87T Overexcitation blocking: setting
ns
ve
ad
Above 130% V/Vrated the I50/Irated,Tr exceeds the standard setting
r
@
for Idiff> of 0.20 => risk of tripping
.h
ys
n
At 140% V/Vrated the I250/I50 ratio is ca 35%. Therefore a setting
zi
ns
(_:11041:125) 5th harmonics content = 30 % is normally
bu
adequate.
ve
The blocking is activated only if the differential current exceeds
ra
the tripping characteristic.
ad
.
ip
For internal faults no blocking, because the ratio of I250/50 is not

high enough.
@
fil
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Overexcitation blocking: logic diagram
ns
ve
ad
r
.h
n
ys
zi
bu
ns
.ra
ve
ip
ad
fil
@
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
87T: tripping logic of Idiff> stage
ns
ve
ad
r
.h
n
ys
zi
bu
ns
ve
.ra
ad
ip
fil
@
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
87T: Idiff>> stage (fast stage)
ns
ve
Main task: switch off high internal fault currents in a very short time
ad
r
.h
Additional to Idiff> stage
ys
n
ns
Stable against CT saturation, also for external transversal faults (1.5 CB topology)
zi
ve
Combination of 2 methods:
bu
ad
.ra
Momentary samples
Filter based operation
ip
@
fil
n
zi
bu
.ra
ip

fil

r
.h
ys
87T: Idiff>> stage (fast stage)
ns
ve
ad
Momentary samples method
r
@
.h
Tripping conditions
ys
n
dIstab(t) / dt > internal threshold
zi
ns
Idiff(t) > 0.8 * Istab(t)
bu
ve
Idiff(t) > _11071:3 : Threshold
.ra
ad
All 3 conditions fulfilled => immediate tripping
ip
@
fil
Only 1st condition fulfilled => blocking of stage for 300ms

n
zi
bu
.ra
ip

fil
r
.h
ys
87T: Idiff>> stage internal fault
ns
ve
ad
r
.h
n
ys
zi
ns
bu
ve
.ra
ad
ip
dIrest / dt > internal setting

fil
Idiff > k*Irest

@
n
zi
=> Immediate tripping
bu
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
87T: Idiff>> stage external fault
ns
ve
ad
r
@
.h
ys
n
zi
ns
bu
ve
.ra
ad
ip
@
fil
dIrest / dt > internal setting

Idiff = 0 at the beginning, some ms later saturation
n
zi
=> Blocking of the stage for 300ms

bu
.ra
ip

fil
. hr
ys
87T Idiff>> stage: tripping characteristic
ns
ve
ad
r
Idiff >>> from V7.50 on
.h
zi
Slope = 0.8
ys
bu
ns
ra
ve
.
ip
ad
fil
Compared to SIPROTEC 4 the Idiff>> stage also contains a slope for high stabilising currents
@
Adapted for stabilisation against high bypassing external fault currents in 1.5 CB topology
n
From V7.50 on, a Idiff>>> stage is added.
zi
same algorithm as the Idiff>> stage

bu
-> not faster, only unstabilized, on request of some customers.

.ra

ip
fil
. hr
ys
ns
ve
ad
@
Disclaimer!
r
n
.h
zi
ys
bu
ns
ra
ve
.
ip
ad
fil
@
n
zi
bu
.ra
ip
fil
r
.h
Contact
ys
ns
ve
Claus Wagner
ad
r
.h
ys
ns
zi
ve
bu
Humboldtstr. 59
ad
.ra
Mobile: +49 172 3265910
@
ip
fil
E-mail:
n
zi
bu
siemens.com
ra
.
ip

fil


7UT8x
fil fil
ip ip
.ra .ra
Overview and applications

bu bu
zi zi
n n
@ @
ad ad
ve ve
ns ns
ys ys
.h .h
r r
r
.h
ys
SIPROTEC 5
ns
Transformer differential protection devices
ve
ad
Two winding transformers
(2 sides, 2 measuring points)

7UT82
r
.h
 1 differential protection for standard and auto transformers
ys
 1 generator, 1 motor differential protection
zi
non expandable HW
ns
bu
 2 restricted earth fault protections
ve
ra
 Number of measuring points (MP)
.
ad
ip
 2 three phase current MPs

fil
 2 single phase current MPs
1/3 Device with IO103

@
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip
Page 2 June 2021 SI DG EA-P&R PF&P PROM / Wagner

fil
r
.h
ys
SIPROTEC 5
ns
ve
Two winding transformers
ad
(2 sides, expandable to 3 sides

5 measuring points) 7UT85
r
.h
ys
n
 1 differential protection for standard and auto transformers
expandable
zi
ns
bu
ve
.ra
ad
ip

fil

 5 three phase voltage MPs
@
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
SIPROTEC 5
ns
ve
Three winding transformers
ad
(3 sides, expandable to 4 sides

6 measuring points) 7UT86
r
.h
n
ys
 1 differential protection for standard and 2 for autotransformers
zi
expandable
ns
bu
ve
ra
ad
.
ip

fil

@
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
SIPROTEC 5
ns
ve
Multiple winding transformers
ad
(10 sides, 11 measuring points)
7UT87
r
.h
@
 Multiple winding differential protection
ys
n
expandable
ns
 3 differential protections for standard and
zi
autotransformers
bu
ve
ra
ad
.
ip
@
fil

n
zi

bu

.ra
ip

fil
r
.h
ys
SIPROTEC 5
ns
ve
Protection functions
ad
7UT8x
r
 Transformer Differential protection
.h
@
 Restraint characteristic and fast trip stage
ys
 Flexible vector group adaptation
n
 Inrush and over excitation detection
ns
zi
 CT saturation detection
bu
ve
 Motor differential protection
ad
.ra
ip
 Restricted earth fault protection
@
fil
 Thermal overload protection

n
zi
bu
 Sensitive E/F protection

.ra
ip

fil
r
.h
ys
ns
SIPROTEC 5
ve
ad
Protection functions
@
7UT8x
 Directional O/C protection
 Voltage and frequency protection
r
n
.h
zi
 Distance protection
ys
bu
 Tap changer
ns
.ra
 Voltage regulator
ve
 2w, 3w, grid coupling transformer
ip
 Parallel mode (from V7.50 on)
ad
fil
 leader follower principle

 circulating current principle @
n
 Adaptive differential protection (considering the tap position)
zi
 Line Differential protection (together with 7SD8, 7SL8, 7UT8,SIPROTEC4)

bu
.ra

ip
fil
r
.h
ys
SIPROTEC 5: 7UT8x
ns
Integrated Line Differential Protection
ve
ad
r
.h
Line Differential Protection 87L:
ys
7UT
87 T
zi
8x
Any combination of the following devices
ns
bu
ve
 7SD8x, 7SL8x, 7UT8x
.ra
Protection
ad
ip
interface FW versions do not need to be identical

fil
87 L
@ Combination of SIPROTEC 5 with SIPROTEC 4
possible ( from V7.90 on)
n
7SD
zi
8x
bu
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Transformer differential protection 7UT8
ns
Improved restraint algorithm
ve
 High sensitivity also at low fault currents
ad
Idiff IMP1 IMP2
requirement
Customer
 Sensitivity at 1,5 CB application with small

power transformers
@
trip area
r
 High stability against external faults
.h
n
IMP3
ys
zi
 87T uses the conventional restraint
restraint
Siemens
solution
ns
characteristic with modified settings Idiff>
bu
area Idiff = | IMP |
 New is the calculation of the restraint current Irest = Max MP|
ve
Irest
ra
(Maximum of the phase currents)
.
ad
ip
 87T restraint characteristic has three straight  Higher sensitivity in 1,5 CB

fil
lines application
 Flexible setting of the characteristic @  More stability at signal distortion
functions
Benefits
Device
(e.g. CT saturation)
n
 Increased system availability
zi
bu
.ra
 Increased system availability

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Improved Idiff- fast stage
ve
 Short tripping time at high internal fault
ad
IMP1 IMP2
requirement
Idiff
Customer
currents
 Robust at CT saturation (internal faults) trip area
r
 Stable at external faults in 1,5 CB appl.
.h
Idiff>>
ys
n
k=0,8 IMP3
 87T fast stage evaluates instantaneous
zi
i(t)diff = | iMP(t) |
ns
values of the differential current
Siemens
solution
bu
 New: Fast differentiation between internal and i(t)rest = Max iMP(t)|
ve
external fault based on few samples (proven Irest
.ra
idiff, irest trajectory
busbar prot. method)
ad
evaluation
ip
 87T fast stage in addition to the standard  Fast tripping time at internal faults
fil
restraint characteristic
 Adaptive algorithm for differential current @ also at saturated currents
 Stable at heavy external faults with
functions
Benefits
Device
evaluation: first instantaneous values and CT saturation (transverse currents

n
zi
after 1 cycle filtered values in 1,5 CB application)
bu
.ra
 Increased system availability

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Improved inrush stabilization
ve
 Stable at inrush currents (switching ON
ad
requirement
Customer
of a transformer)
 Stable at sympathetic inrush currents
r
@
(switching ON of a parallel transformer) IMP1 IMP2
.h
ys
Method 1: I2,Harm/I1,Harm > 15%
n
 Inrush detection function blocks the
zi
Method 2: CWA  Flat area evaluation
ns
Siemens
solution
differential protection
bu
 New is the one out of two decision of
ve
two different inrush algorithms
.ra
ad
ip
 Inrush detection function with two  Avoiding of false trip in the case of
fil
different measuring principles

 Second harmonic evaluation with @ an inrush or sympathetic inrush
 Increased system availability
functions
Benefits
Device
n
the cross block option
zi
 Curve waveform analysis (CWA)
 At high VTR blocking of the differential
bu
protection with the 5th harm. current

.ra
 Increased stability at inrush currents

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Faster detection of external faults
ve
ad
 Protection must be stable at external faults Idiff
requirement
Customer
with CT saturation
 CT requirements regarding transient
@
trip area CT = ?
r
performance must be as low as possible
.h
n
ys
IMP1 IMP2
zi
 New algorithm based on instantaneous
bu
Siemens
solution
values detects very fast external faults Idiff> Add-on Stabilization
ns
 Missing samples due to saturation are
.ra
Irest
ve
predicted via an estimation method
ip
ad
 Add-on stabilization characteristic for external  Stable at external faults with CT
fil
fault detection with CT saturation saturation

@
 Handling of evolving faults (if after an external  Lower CT requirements
functions
Benefits
Device
fault an internal occurs)  Secure handling of evolving faults

n
 Reduced transient dimensioning factor (Ktd =  Increased system availability
zi
2; SIP4-factor was 3
bu
 Cost reduction through lower CT requirements

.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Wide range of CT mismatching
ve
 Using of protection on 3-wind. with a low
ad
requirement
Customer
power tertiary winding or 2- wind. transf. with

high ISC on the busbar
r
 Matching transformers must be avoided I CT
.h
 10
I OBJECT
ys
zi
 High resolution of the measured phase
ns
Siemens
solution
currents via 24 ADC
bu
 Each measured current can be adapted to a
ve
I CT
ra  0,104
reference current IOBJECT
ad
.
ip
 No limitation regarding CT mismatching  Improved transient CT

fil
performance via lower burden

@  No matching transformer
functions
Benefits
Device
 Flexible applications
n
zi
bu
.ra
 Increased application flexibility

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Two winding transformer
ve
ad
Requirement
 Two winding transformer differential protection

 additional functions
r
 Protection with one device only
.h
 Flexible hardware and communication
ys
zi
Solution
bu
ns
 Transformer differential device 7UT85
ve
.ra
 Standard hardware (base module)
 Application template: Two winding basic
ad
ip
 Communication modules
fil
@
n
Benefit
zi
 One device for different applications, easy adaptation

bu
 Simplified engineering, reduced wiring, shorter commissioning

.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Application template:
ns
Two winding transformer basic (87T)
ve
ad
r
52 A-QA
.h
n
FG Transformer side 1 FG Circuit breaker A-QA
zi
ys
MP
I-3ph I-3ph
bu
I-3ph 1
ns
49
.ra Ctrl
ve
Measured values
BI
CB
BO
ip
ad
fil
FG Transformer side 2 FG Transformer Diff FG Circuit breaker B-QA

MP
I-3ph 2
I-3ph
50 51 @ 87
I-3ph
Ctrl
n
52 B-QA Measured values
BI
zi
CB
BO
bu
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Two winding transformer and REF
ve
ad
Requirement
 Two winding transformer differential protection
@
 additional functions
r
 High sensitivity at 1-phase ground faults
.h
n
zi
ys
49 50BF
bu
Solution
ns
 Transformer differential device 7UT85 87N
.ra
 Functions 87T and 87T N 87
ve
 Standard hardware (base module)
ip
ad
 Application template: Two winding with REF 50BF
50 51
fil
Benefit
@
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Two winding transformer with REF (87T, 50BF, 87N)
ve
ad
52 A-QA
@
FG Transformer side 1 FG Circuit breaker A-QA
r
MP
.h
I-3ph I-3ph 50BF
I-3ph 1
n
49 87N Ctrl
ys
zi
Measured values
BI
bu
CB
ns
.ra BO
ve
FG Transf. neutral point 1 FG Transformer Diff
MP
I-1ph
ip
I-1ph 1
ad
50N 51N 87
fil
Measured values
@
n
FG Transformer side 2 FG Circuit breaker B-QA
MP
zi
I-3ph I-3ph 50BF

I-3ph 2
bu
50 51 Ctrl
52 B-QA Measured values

BI
.ra
CB
BO
ip

fil
.hr
ys
ns
Two winding transformer 1.5 CB topology
ve
ad
Requirement
 Two winding transformer differential protection in 1.5 CB
@
application
r
n
.h
zi
ys
bu
Solution
ns
ra
 Functions 87T and 87T N
ve
.
 Standard hardware (base + expansion module)
ip
 Application template: Two winding for 1,5 CB application
ad
fil
@
Benefit
n
zi

bu
.ra

ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Two winding transformer 1.5 CB (87T, 50BF, 87N)
ve
ad
52 52
B-QA A-QA FG Transformer side 1 FG Circuit breaker A-QA
@
MP
r
I-3ph I-3ph 50BF
.h
I-3ph 1
49 87N Ctrl
MP
ys
I-3ph 2 Measured values
BI
zi
CB
BO
ns
bu
ve
FG Transf. neutral point 1 FG Transformer Diff FG Circuit breaker B-QA
ra
I-1ph I-3ph 50BF
MP
ad
50N 51N 87 Ctrl
.
I-1ph 1
ip
Measured values
BI
fil
CB
@
BO
FG Transformer side 2 FG Circuit breaker C-QA

n
MP
I-3ph I-3ph 50BF
zi
I-3ph 3
50 51 Ctrl
bu
52 C-QA Measured values

BI
CB
.ra
BO

ip

fil
.hr
ys
ns
Three winding transformer
ve
ad
Requirement
 Three winding differential protection for different vector
@
groups
r
n
.h
zi
ys
bu
Solution
ns
.ra
ve
 Application template: Three winding basic
ip
ad
fil
Benefit
@
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Three winding transformer 1.5 CB (87T, 50BF, 87N)
ns
ve
Requirement
ad
 Three winding differential protection for 1,5 CB application
r
.h
ys
ns
Solution
zi
ve
bu
ad
.ra
 Application template: Three winding for 1,5 CB application
ip
@
Benefit
fil
n
zi
bu
.ra
ip

fil

r
.h
ys
7UT86- Application template
ns
Three winding transformer 1.5 CB (87T, 50BF, 87N)
ve
ad
7UT86
52 52
B-QA A-QA FG T ransformer side 1

MP
I-3ph
@
I-3ph 1 FG Circuit breaker A-QA
49 87NT
MP I-3ph 50BF
r
.h
I-3ph 2
V-3ph 59 81 Ctrl
n
MP
Measured values
ys
V-3ph 1 BI
zi
CB
BO
bu
ns
FG Transf. neutral point 1 FG Circuit breaker B-QA
MP
I-1ph I-3ph 50BF
I-1ph 1
50N 51N
.ra Ctrl
ve
Measured values
BI
CB
BO
ad
ip
FG T ransformer side 2 FG Transformer Diff FG Circuit breaker C-QA

fil
MP
I-3ph I-3ph 50BF
I-3ph 3
Measured values @87T

Ctrl
CB
BI
BO
n
zi
FG T ransformer side 3 FG Circuit breaker D-QA
MP
I-3ph I-3ph 50BF
bu
I-3ph 4
Ctrl
52 52 Measured values
D-QA C-QA BI
.ra
CB
BO

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
Autotransformer
ns
ve
Requirement
ad
 Autotransformer bank with delta winding in 1,5 CB
application
r
.h
 High sensitivity at ground faults
@
ys
ns
zi
Solution
bu
ve
.ra
 Two differential protection function in parallel: 87T + 87Node
ad
 Application template: Autotransformer for 1,5 CB
ip
application
@
fil
Benefit
n
 Higher sensitivity for ground faults
zi

bu

 Reduced investment
.ra
ip

fil
r
.h
ys
SIPROTEC 5
Auto transformer: node protection
ns
ve
ad
r
.h
@
ys
n
ns
zi
ve
bu
ad
ra
.
Additional MPs at the secondary and
ip
tertiary side
@
fil
n
zi
I1 + I2 + Ig = 0
bu
.ra
ip

fil

r
.h
ys
7UT86- Application template
ns
Auto transformer 1.5 CB (2 x 87T, 50BF, 59, 81)
ve
B-QA A-QA
7UT86
ad
I1 FG CB A-QA
FG Autotr. autoside 1
I2 MP
U-1ph
r
I3 I-3ph 1 I-3ph
U-3ph
.h
@
I1 49
I-3ph 50BF
I2 MP U-3ph 59 81
I3 I-3ph 2 FG Autotransformer Diff Ctrl
ys
Measurements
U1 Autoside BE
D-QA 87T CB
n
U2 MP BA
Com p. side
U3 U-3ph 1
87TNode FG CB B-QA
ns
zi
Auto groun d side
I1 FG Autotr. autoside 2 U-1ph
Auto starpoint side
I2 MP U-3ph
I-3ph 51
bu
50
I3 I-3ph 3
I-3ph 50BF
ve
I4
U-3ph Ctrl
C-QA
ra
Measurements BE
CB
ad
BA
FG CB C-QA
I1 FG Autotr. comp. side
.
I2 MP U-1ph
ip
I-3ph 50 51
I3 I-3ph 4 U-3ph
@
I4 I-3ph 50BF
U-3ph
fil
Ctrl
Measurements
BE
CB
BA
n
I1 FG Autotr. groundside FG CB D-QA
I2 MP
zi
I-3ph
I3 I-3ph 5 U-1ph
U-3ph
I4
bu
Measurements I-3ph 50BF
Ctrl
BE
.ra
CB
BA
ip

fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Step-up transformer with 6 measuring points
ve
Requirement
ad
 Protection of step-transformer with 6 measuring points

r
.h
n
ys
Solution
zi
ns
bu
 Standard hardware (base + 2 expansion modules)
 Application template: Three winding for 1,5 CB
ve
.ra
application
 Additional MPs at the secondary and tertiary side
ad
ip
fil
Benefit @
n
zi

bu
 Reduced investment
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
7UT87 – Protection of Transformers in parallel
ys
(4 sides, 2 transformer FGs and 4 measuring points)
ns
ve
ad
r
.h
@
ys
n
ns
zi
ve
bu
ad
.ra
@
ip
fil
n
zi
bu
Shown is only one protection group:

Backup protection: 2nd 7UT87 or one 7SJ85 (separate FGs and
ra
8 CTs)
.
ip

fil

r
.h
ys
ns
ve
ad
r
Disclaimer!
.h
n
ys
zi
bu
ns
ra
ve
.
ad
ip
fil
@
n
zi
bu

.ra
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Contact
ns
ve
ad
Claus Wagner
r
.h
@
ys
ns
zi
ve
bu
Humboldtstr. 59
ad
ra
Mobile: +49 172 3265910
.
ip
@
fil
E-mail:
n
zi
bu
siemens.com
.ra
ip

fil
Restricted © Siemens AG 2021

fil fil
ip ip
Vector Groups
.ra .ra
bu bu
zi zi
n n
@ @
ad ad
siemens.com/digitalgrid
ve ve
ns ns
ys ys
.h .h
r r
. hr
ys
ns
Vector Group Definition
ve
ad
Definition of the phase shift angle φ for a positive seq system: φ is positive, if the voltage of side 2 is lagging.
@
I1L1 I'2L1
U1L1 U1L1 U2L1
r
n
.h
I1L2 I'2L2
zi
U1L2 U2L2
ys
φ
bu
I1L3 I'2L3
U1L3 U2L3
ns
U2L1
ra
ve
.
ip
ad
fil
The same angle and orientation is given for

currents which go out of the transformer on side 2
I1L1
@
The vector group n is the phase shift angle φ
n
divided by 30°
φ
zi
bu
n = φ / 30°
I'2L1
.ra
Page 4 June 2021 SI DG EA-P&R PF&P PROM / Wagner Restricted © Siemens AG 2021
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Vector Group
ve
ad
Side 1: 110kV Side 2: 20kV
I1A I2A
I1L1 I2L1 U2L1
@
U1L1
r
.h
U1A U2A
I1B
ys
n
I2B
I1L2 I2L2
zi
U2L3
ns
U1L3 U1B U2B
bu
I1C I2C
I1L3 I2L3
ve
U1L2 U2L2
.ra
U1C U2C
ad
ip
YNyn 0
fil
I1L3
@ I2L2
n
zi
I1L1 I2L1
bu
Current phasors as seen in the SIPROTEC devices

.ra
I1L2 I2L3
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Vector group matrix of a star-delta transformer (1/2)
ve
ad
How to find the line currents on the LV side? I1A I2A

I1L1 I'2L1
r
@
.h
I1B I2B
I1L2 I'2L2
We calculate the LV side line currents depending on the HV side line currents.
ys
n
According to the definition we have to consider that the currents on the LV side I1C I2C
zi
I1L3 I'2L3
ns
must point out of the node. First step: calculate the line currents depending on
bu
the winding currents on side 2.
ve
.ra
Therefore we consider I‘2Lx (x  1,2,3)
ad
ip
@
fil
I‘2L1 = I2A – I2B ′

𝐼2𝐿1 𝐼2𝐴
1 −1 0 The node equations give a relation between the side 2
′
I‘2L2 = I2B – I2C or 𝐼2𝐿2 = 0 1 −1 𝐼2𝐵
line currents I‘2Lx and the side 2 winding currents I2y.
n
′ −1 0 1 𝐼2𝐶
I‘2L3 = I2C – I2A 𝐼2𝐿3
zi
(For a delta-star connection with the same vg, the
node matrix has the same coefficients, however it has
bu
Mnvg
a factor of 1/3 in front of the matrix.)
.ra
Mnvg : vector group matrix for the node

ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Vector group matrix of a star-delta transformer (2/2)
ve
V1
ad
w1 : w2 V2
I1A I2A
Second step: Calculate the amplitude relation between I‘2Lx and I1L1 I'2L1
@
I2y, between the line currents and the winding currents on side 2
I1B I2B
r
I1L2 I'2L2
.h
n
vg = 11
I‘2L1 = I2A - I2B
zi
I1C I2C
ys
|I‘2L1| = √3 |I2A| (see phasors) I1L3 I'2L3
bu
I2C
I‘2L1
ns
= √3 * nW * |I1A| = √3 * nW * |I1L1|
.ra
I2B
ve
|I‘2L1| = nV |I1L1| = √3 * nW * |I1L1| nW = w1 / w2 nV = V1 / V2
I2A
ip
ad
1 1 −1 0
nV = √3 * nW or nW = nV /√3
fil
I2B vg = 11 ′
𝐼2𝐿𝑥 = 𝑛𝑣 0 1 −1 ∗ 𝐼1𝐿𝑥
3 −1 0 1
′
𝐼2𝐿𝑥 = 𝑀𝑛𝑣𝑔 𝐼2𝑦 = 𝑀𝑛𝑣𝑔 𝑛𝑤 𝐼1𝑦 = 𝑀𝑛𝑣𝑔
𝑛𝑣
𝐼
@ Mnvg11
3 1𝐿𝑥
n
Mvg11
zi
bu
The vector group matrix of a transformer Mvg describes the currents I‘2Lx depending on I1Lx for a ratio of nv=1.
.ra
For the same vg, the vg matrix is identical, independent of the connection type. Exception: amount of
zero seq. system.
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Idiff Calculation: Vector Group Settings in each FG (YNd11)
ve
Vg setting side 1: 2
ad
Vg setting side 1: 0
1:1
I1L1 I*1L1
r
I*1L1 = I1L1 e-300° I1L1
.h
I*1L1
ys
zi
I*1L1 = I1L1
bu
ns
Vg setting side 2: 11 Vg setting side 2: 1
ve
.ra
I1L1
ad
ip
I*2L1= 11*30°
I1L1 I*2L1
I‘2L1 = 1/ nv* I2L1 ∗ 𝑒 −𝑗30°
fil
I*2L1= nv I1L1 𝑒 −𝑗330°

1/ nv* I2L1 ∗ 𝑒 −𝑗30°
@
n
11*30°
I*2L1
zi
1/nv
bu
-30° I2L1 = nv I1L1 𝑒 −𝑗150°

1/nv
.ra
I2L1 = nv I1L1 𝑒 −𝑗150°

ip
fil
. hr
ys
ns
Calculation with matched currents
ve
ad
So far we have calculated all with primary values, the SIPROTEC devices calculate with matched currents.
@
Matrix for VG calculation: Matrix for Idiff* calculation:
r
n
1 −1 0
.h
1 with (4): 𝐼2𝐿𝑥𝑚 = −𝐼 ′ 2𝐿𝑥𝑚 = −𝑀𝑣𝑔𝑡𝑟 ∗ 𝐼1𝐿𝑥𝑚
zi
𝐼′2𝐿𝑥𝑝 = 𝑛𝑣 0 1 −1 ∗ 𝐼1𝐿𝑥𝑝
ys
3 −1 0 1
bu
−𝑀(12−𝑣𝑔𝑡𝑟) ∗ 𝐼2𝐿𝑥𝑚 = (−𝑀 12−𝑣𝑔𝑡𝑟 ) ∗ (−𝑀𝑣𝑔𝑡𝑟 ) ∗ 𝐼1𝐿𝑥𝑚
ns
ra 𝐼1𝐿𝑥𝑚 = (−𝑀 12−𝑣𝑔𝑡𝑟 ) ∗ 𝐼2𝐿𝑥𝑚 (5)
Mvg11
ve
!
.
∗
𝐼2𝐿𝑥𝑚 = − 𝐼1𝐿𝑥𝑚 (1)
ip
𝐼′2𝐿𝑥𝑝 = 𝑛𝑣 ∗ 𝑀𝑣𝑔𝑡𝑟 ∗ 𝐼1𝐿𝑥𝑝
ad
fil
𝐼 ′ 2𝐿𝑥𝑚 𝐼1𝐿𝑥𝑚 𝐼𝑂𝑏𝑗2 (5) in (1):

𝐼𝑂𝑏𝑗2 = 𝑛𝑣 ∗ 𝑀𝑣𝑔𝑡𝑟 ∗ ∗ 𝐼𝑂𝑏𝑗1 𝑛𝑣 =
1𝐴 1𝐴 @
𝐼𝑂𝑏𝑗1 ∗
𝐼2𝐿𝑥𝑚 = −(−𝑀 12−𝑣𝑔𝑡𝑟 ) ∗ 𝐼2𝐿𝑥𝑚
n
(4) 𝐼′2𝐿𝑥𝑚 = 𝑀𝑣𝑔𝑡𝑟 ∗ 𝐼1𝐿𝑥𝑚
zi
∗
𝐼2𝐿𝑥𝑚 = 𝑀(12−𝑣𝑔𝑡𝑟) ∗ 𝐼2𝐿𝑥𝑚 (7)
bu
.ra
Using matched currents, the ratio nv between HV and LV side voltages disappear.
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
3-phase transformer: primary values
ns
ve
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: Yd5
side 2: 20kV, 2887A side 1: 110kV, 525A
3000/1A 750/1A
ad
2L1 1L1
nv = V1N/V2N = 110kV/20kV = 5.5
r
I2L1 I1L1
I’2L1
.h
2L2 1L2
@
I2L2 I1L2
I’2L2 nw = w1/w2 = nv/√3 ≈ 3.175
ys
2L3 1L3
I2L3 I1L3
I’2L3
ns
zi
I’2L3
ve
I1L1nv/√3
bu I1L1
ad
.ra
ip
@
5·30 I’2L1 = -I1L1·nv /√3 + I1L2· nv /√3
°
fil
I’2L2
n
I1L2nv /√3
zi
I1L3 I1L2
bu
ra
-I1L1nv /√3
.
I’2L1
ip

fil

r
.h
ys
ns
3-phase transformer: secondary values
ve
ad
SN I
I L1sec   NCT1sec
3  U N I NCTlprim
r
.h
n
100MVA 1A I1L1sec= 0.7A , 0°
ys
I1L1sec    0.7A
zi
3 110kV 750A
bu
ns
100MVA 1A
ve
.ra
I2 L1sec    0.96A
3  20kV 3000A
ad
ip
IDiff L1 = │I1L1sec+ I2L1sec│

fil
= 0.5A
@
n
zi
bu
I2L1sec = 0.96A , -150°

.ra
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Vector group and current value adaptation with conventional
ns
transformer differential protection
ve
100MVA , YNd5
ad
3000/1A 750/1A Iload = 525A

L1
2887A
r
@
.h
L2
L3
ys
n
zi
ns
bu
0.96A 0.7A
ve
.ra
ad
ip
29 23
Diff.
fil
@
n
zi
Rest. current
Conventional
bu
Differential Prot.
.ra
nominal load (no fault): 0.70A ·23Wdg = 0.555A ·29Wdg, IR = 0.555·√3 = 0.96A
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Vector group and current value adaptation with conventional
ns
ve
100MVA , YNd5
ad
3000/1A 750/1A
~ L1
r
13654A
.h
~ L2
ys
~ L3
n
3I0
zi
ns
I P=
bu
4.551A 5.73A 4300A
ve
.ra
ad
ip
29 23
Diff.
@
fil

n
zi
Rest. current
bu
Conventional
Differential Prot.
.ra
single pole fault HV side: 5.73A ·23Wdg = 4.550A ·29Wdg , IR = 4.55A

ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Vector group and current value adaptation with numerical
ns
ve
ad
100MVA , YNd5
CT 2 side 2: 20kV side 1: 110kV CT 1
3000/1A 750/1A
r
I2L1P  I1L1P
.h
I2L2P  I1L2P
ys
I2L3P  I1L3P
zi
ns
bu
ve
ra
ad
.
ip
fil
I2L1S
I2L2S
Current
value
adaptation
Io –
handling
Vector
group
I2A
I2
adaptation B
comparison
∆I
@I1A
I1B
Vector
group
adaptation
Io –
handling
Current
value
adaptation
I1L1S
I1L2S
n
I2L3S CT 2 CT 1
I2C I1C I1L3S
zi
Numerical Transformer Differential Protection

bu
.ra
ip
fil
. hr
ys
ns
7UT8x: External Fault L1-L2 , Principle
ve
1L1 1L2 1L3
ad
∗
𝐼1𝐿1 1 0 0 𝐼1𝐿1 I1L1 = -IF ∗
𝐼1𝐿1 1 0 0 −𝐼𝐹 −𝐼𝐹
I1L2 = IF ∗
@
∗ 𝐼1𝐿2 = 0 1 =
𝐼1𝐿2 = 0 1 0 𝐼1𝐿2 0 𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹
IF ∗ I1L3 = 0 ∗
𝐼1𝐿3 0 0 1 𝐼1𝐿3 𝐼1𝐿3 0 0 1 0 0
r
.h
n
I1L1 I1L2
zi
ys
∗
𝐼2𝐿1 I2L1 = -IFw1/w2 - IFw1/w2 = -2 IF/3
1 𝐼2𝐿1
bu
1 −1 0
I2L2 = IF/3
ns
∗
𝐼2𝐿2 = 1 −1 0 𝐼2𝐿2
Yd5 ∗
𝐼2𝐿3 3 0
ra 1 −1 𝐼2𝐿3 I2L3 = IF/3
ve
Ratio: 1/1
.
S1: w1=N
ip
S2:
ad
2𝐼𝐹 2𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹
w2=3N − +0+
fil
∗
𝐼2𝐿1 −1 0 1 𝐼2𝐿1 −1 0 1 3 3 3 𝐼𝐹
∗ 1 1 𝐼𝐹 1 2𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹
𝐼2𝐿2 = 1 −1 0 𝐼2𝐿2 = 1 −1 0 = − − + 0 = −𝐼𝐹
∗
𝐼2𝐿3
3
0 1 @
−1 𝐼2𝐿3
3
0 1 −1
3
𝐼𝐹
3
3
0+
3
𝐼𝐹
3
3
− 𝐹
𝐼
3
0
n
zi
I2L1 I2L2 I2L3

bu
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿1 𝐼1𝐿1 𝐼2𝐿1 −𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹 0 𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝐿1 𝐼1𝐿1 𝐼2𝐿1 𝐼𝐹  no Trip
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
2L1 2L2 2L3 𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿2 = 𝐼1𝐿2 + 𝐼2𝐿2 = | 𝐼𝐹 + −𝐼𝐹 | = 0 𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝐿2 = max( 𝐼1𝐿2 ; 𝐼2𝐿2 )= 𝐼𝐹
(correct)
.ra
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
~ ~ ~ 𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿3 𝐼1𝐿3 𝐼2𝐿3 0 0 0 𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝐿3 𝐼1𝐿3 𝐼2𝐿3 0
Page 40
ip
June 2021 SI DG EA-P&R PF&P PROM / Wagner Restricted © Siemens AG 2021

fil
r
.h
ys
7UT8x: Internal Fault L1-E ,
ns
without Io-Elimination / Correction
ve
1L1 1L2 1L3
ad
∗
𝐼1𝐿1 1 0 0 𝐼1𝐿1 I1L1 = 0 ∗
𝐼1𝐿1
∗ 0
𝐼1𝐿2 = 0 1 0 𝐼1𝐿2 I1L2 = 0 ∗
𝐼1𝐿2 = 0
r
@
∗ 𝐼1𝐿3
𝐼1𝐿3 0 0 1 I1L3 = 0
.h
∗
𝐼1𝐿3 0
ys
n
zi
IF
ns
bu
𝐼𝐹
∗
𝐼2𝐿1 I2L1 = -IFw1/w2 = -IF/3 ∗ −
1 𝐼2𝐿1 𝐼2𝐿1
ve
YNd5 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1 3
∗ I2L2 = 0 ∗
.ra
Ratio: 1/1
𝐼2𝐿2 = 1 −1 0 𝐼2𝐿2 𝐼2𝐿2 = 1 −1 0 0
∗
𝐼2𝐿3 3 0 1 −1 𝐼2𝐿3 I2L3 = -I2L1= IF/3 ∗ 3 0 𝐼𝐹
ad
S1: w1=N 𝐼2𝐿3 1 −1
ip
S2: w2=3N 3
fil
𝐼𝐹
2
@ 𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹
n
3 ∗ ∗ ∗ 2 2
∗
𝐼2𝐿1 𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿1 𝐼1𝐿1 𝐼2𝐿1 0 3 3
zi
∗
𝐼2𝐿2 = −
𝐼𝐹 ∗
𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿2 = ∗
𝐼1𝐿2 ∗
+ 𝐼2𝐿2 = 0 + −3
𝐼𝐹
=
𝐼𝐹  Trip, Correct
I2L1 I2L3 3
bu
∗
𝐼2𝐿3 3 ∗
𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿3 ∗
𝐼1𝐿3 ∗
𝐼2𝐿3 0 𝐼 𝐼𝐹
𝐼𝐹 − 𝐹
− 3 3
3
.ra
2L1 2L2 2L3

~ ~ ~
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
7UT8x: YNd5 transformer, External Fault L1-E ,
ns
without Io-Elimination / Correction 7UT8x transfomer side 1:
ve
Neutral point = isolated
1L1 1L2 1L3
ad
∗
∗
𝐼1𝐿1 1 0 0 𝐼1𝐿1 I1L1 = -IF 𝐼1𝐿1 −𝐼𝐹
@
∗
∗
𝐼1𝐿2 = 0 1 0 𝐼1𝐿2 I1L2 = 0 𝐼1𝐿2 = 0
∗
IF ∗
𝐼1𝐿3 0 0 1 𝐼1𝐿3 I1L3 = 0 𝐼1𝐿3 0
r
.h
n
I1L1
zi
ys
bu
𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹
2
ns
∗ − 3
𝐼2𝐿1
1 −1 0 1 3
.ra 𝐼𝐹
YNd5 As on previous slide ∗
𝐼2𝐿2 = 1 −1 0 0 = −
ve
Ratio: 1/1 ∗
𝐼2𝐿3 3 0 1 −1 𝐼𝐹
3
𝐼𝐹
ip
S1: w1=N
3 −
ad
S2: w2=3N 3
fil
@
n
𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹
∗ 2
zi
I2L1 I2L3 𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿1 −𝐼𝐹 3 3

∗
𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿2 = 0 + −3
𝐼𝐹
=
𝐼𝐹  False Trip
bu
∗ 3
𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿3 0 𝐼 𝐼𝐹
2L1 2L2 2L3 − 𝐹
3 3
.ra
~ ~ ~
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Component Currents: Zero Sequence Current
ve
ad
I2A I1A
I2L10 I1L10
r
.h
I2B I1B
ys
n
I2L20
I1L20
zi
ns
bu
I2C I1C
ve
I2L30
.ra
I1L30
ad
ip
fil
@
n
A zero sequence current measured on the starpoint line side Where does a zero seq current flow in case of a 1ph fault?
zi
cannot be measured on the delta line side, because it runs in

bu
the delta winding.

.ra
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
7UT8x transfomer side 1:
7UT8x: External Fault L1-E , with I0-Elimination Neutral point = grounded
ve
Meas. Gnd. Current side 1 = no
1L1 1L2 1L3
ad
∗ I1L1 = -IF
𝐼1𝐿1 𝐼1𝐿1 1 𝐼1𝐿1 −1 𝐼1𝐿1
1 0 0 1 1 2 −1
∗ 1 1
𝐼1𝐿2 = 0 1 0 𝐼1𝐿2 − 1 1 1 𝐼1𝐿2 = 3 −1 2 −1 𝐼1𝐿2 I1L2 = 0
3
@
∗ 𝐼1𝐿3
𝐼1𝐿3 0 0 1 1 1 1 𝐼1𝐿3 −1 −1 2 𝐼1𝐿3 I1L3 = 0
IF
r
.h
n
I1L1
𝐼𝐹
zi
ys
−2
∗
𝐼1𝐿1 3
1 2 −1 −1 −𝐼𝐹
bu
𝐼𝐹
ns
∗
𝐼1𝐿2 = −1 2 −1 0 =
∗ 3 3
𝐼1𝐿3 −1 −1 2 0
.ra
YNd5 𝐼𝐹
ve
Ratio: 1/1 3
S1: w1=N
ip
ad
𝐼𝐹
S2: w2=3N ∗ −
I2L1 = -IFw1/w2 = -IF/3
fil
∗
𝐼2𝐿1 1 𝐼2𝐿1 𝐼2𝐿1 −1 0 1 3
1 −1 0 ∗
𝐼2𝐿2
1
∗
𝐼2𝐿2 = 1 −1 0 𝐼2𝐿2 I2L2 = 0 = 1 −1 0 0
∗
𝐼2𝐿3 3 0 1 @
−1 𝐼2𝐿3 I2L3 = -I2L1= IF/3
∗
𝐼2𝐿3 3 0 1 −1 𝐼𝐹
3
n
zi
I2L1 I2L3 𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹
2 ∗ −2 2
bu
∗
𝐼2𝐿1 3 𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿1 3 3 0
∗ 𝐼𝐹 ∗
𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿2 =
𝐼𝐹
+ −
𝐼𝐹
= 0  no Trip (correct)
2L1 2L2 2L3 𝐼2𝐿2 = − ∗ 3 3
.ra
∗ 3 𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿3 𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹 0
~ ~ ~ 𝐼2𝐿3 −
𝐼𝐹 3 3
−
3
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
7UT8x: Internal Fault L1-E , with I0-Elimination Neutral point = grounded
ve
Meas. Gnd. Current side 1 = no
1L1 1L2 1L3
ad
∗
𝐼1𝐿1 −1 𝐼1𝐿1 I1L1 = 0 ∗
𝐼1𝐿1
1 2 −1 0
∗ I1L2 = 0
@
𝐼1𝐿2 = −1 2 −1 𝐼1𝐿2 ∗
𝐼1𝐿2 = 0
∗ 3 I1L3 = 0
𝐼1𝐿3 −1 −1 2 𝐼1𝐿3 ∗
𝐼1𝐿3 0
r
.h
n
ys
zi
IF 𝐼𝐹
bu
𝐼𝐹
−
ns
∗
𝐼2𝐿1 2
As on previous slide ∗ 1 −1 0 1 3 ∗
𝐼2𝐿1 3
𝐼2𝐿2 = 1 −1 0 0 𝐼𝐹
YNd5
ra ∗
ve
∗ 3 0 𝐼𝐹 𝐼2𝐿2 = −
Ratio: 1/1 𝐼2𝐿3 1 −1 ∗ 3
𝐼2𝐿3
.
S1: w1=N 3 𝐼𝐹
ip
ad
S2: w2=3N −
3
fil
∗
𝐼𝐹
3
2
@ 𝐼𝐹
2
3
𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿1
n
0 𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹 Trip, (2/3 sensitivity, = IF *0,66)
I2L1 I2L3 ∗
𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿2
zi
= 0 + − =
∗
𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿3 0 3 3
bu
𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹
2L1 2L2 2L3 −
3 3
~ ~ ~
.ra
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
7UT8x: External Fault L1-E , with I0-Correction Neutral point = grounded
Meas. Gnd. Current side 1 = yes
ve
1L1 1L2 1L3
ad
𝐼𝐹
∗ I1L1 = -IF ISp = IF ∗ −2

𝐼1𝐿1 1 0 0 𝐼1𝐿1 𝐼𝑆𝑃 𝐼1𝐿1 1 0 0 −𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹 3
∗
𝐼1𝐿2 = 0 1 0
1
𝐼1𝐿2 + 𝐼𝑆𝑃 I1L2 = 0 ∗
𝐼1𝐿2 = 0 1 0
1
0 + 3 𝐼𝐹 =
𝐼𝐹
@
3 3
r
IF
∗
𝐼1𝐿3 0 0 1 𝐼1𝐿3 𝐼𝑆𝑃 I1L3 = 0 ISp = -3I0 ∗
𝐼1𝐿3 0 0 1 0 𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹
.h
3
I1L1
ys
n
zi
ns
𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹
bu
∗ − 2
𝐼2𝐿1 ∗ 3
1 −1 0 1 3 𝐼2𝐿1
ve
YNd5 ISp
∗
𝐼2𝐿2 = 1 −1 0 0 ∗ 𝐼𝐹
.ra
𝐼2𝐿2 = −
Ratio: 1/1 ∗
𝐼2𝐿3 3 0 1 −1 𝐼𝐹 ∗ 3
𝐼2𝐿3
ad
S1: w1=N 𝐼𝐹
3 −
ip
S2: w2=3N 3
fil
@
n
𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹
−2 2
zi
I2L1 I2L3 ∗
𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿1 3 3
𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹 0
 no Trip (correct)
bu
∗
𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿2 = + − = 0
∗
2L1 2L2 2L3 𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹
.ra
~ ~ ~ −
3 3
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
7UT8x: Internal Fault L1-E , with I0-Correction Neutral point = grounded
ns
Meas. Gnd. Current side 1 = yes
ve
1L1 1L2 1L3
𝐼𝐹
ad
∗
𝐼1𝐿1 1 0 0 𝐼1𝐿1 𝐼𝑆𝑃 I1L1 = 0 ISp = IF ∗
𝐼1𝐿1 1 0 0 0 𝐼𝐹 3
∗ 1 I1L2 = 0 ∗ 1 𝐼𝐹
r
𝐼1𝐿2 = 0 1 0 𝐼1𝐿2 + 𝐼𝑆𝑃 𝐼1𝐿2 = 0 1 0 0 + 3 𝐼𝐹 =
.h
3 3
∗
𝐼1𝐿3 0 0 1 𝐼1𝐿3 𝐼𝑆𝑃 I1L3 = 0 ∗
𝐼1𝐿3 0 0 1 0 𝐼𝐹
@
𝐼𝐹
ys
3
ns
zi
IF
𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹
ve
2
bu
∗ − 3
𝐼2𝐿1 −1 0 1 3 ∗
𝐼2𝐿1
YNd5 ∗ 1 𝐼𝐹
ISp 𝐼2𝐿2 = 1 −1 0 0 ∗
𝐼2𝐿2 = −
ad
.ra
Ratio: 1/1 3 0
∗
𝐼2𝐿3 1 −1 𝐼𝐹 ∗
𝐼2𝐿3 3
S1: w1=N 𝐼𝐹
S2: w2=3N 3 −
ip
@
fil
n
𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹
zi
2
∗
𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿1 3 3
𝐼𝐹  Trip,(full sensitivity)
bu
I2L1 I2L3 ∗ 𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹
𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐿2 = + − = 0
∗
𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐹
ra
2L1 2L2 2L3 −

3 3
~ ~ ~
.
ip

fil

r
.h
ys
7UT8x: Io-Elimination and Io-Correction:
Difference in Restraint
ns
ve
Io-Elimination Io-Correction
~ ~ ~  I1A   2  1  1  I1L1  I1L1 = -I0  I1A   1 0 0   I1L1  I  I1L1 = -I0 ISp = 3I0
  1           1  Sp 
ad
I1L2 = -I0
 I1B      1 2  1   I1L2  I1L2 = -I0  I1B   1  0 1 0    I1L2     ISp 
 I1  3   1  1 2   I1   I1   0 0 1   I1  3  I  I1L3 = -I0
r
 C    L3  I1L3 = -I0  C    L3   Sp 
.h
@
IF = 3I0
ys
 I1A   2  1  1   I 0   0   I1A   1 0 0    I0   3I   0 
  1             1  0  
 I1B      1 2  1    I 0    0   I1B   1  0 1 0     I 0     3I 0    0 
ns
I1L1 I1L2 I1L3  I1  3   1  1 2    I   0   I1   0 0 1    I  3  3I   0 
 C    0    C    0  0  
zi
ve
-T1
 I2 A   0 
   
 I2 B    0  bu  I2 A   0 
   
 I2 B    0 
ad
.ra
… MVA  I2   0   I2   0 
ISp  C    C  
…/… kV 3I0
ip
YNd5
@
 Idiff A   I1A   I2A   0   Idiff A   I1A   I2A   0 
               
 Idiff B    I1B    I2B    0   Idiff B    I1B    I2B    0 
fil
 Idiff   I1   I2   0   Idiff   I1   I2   0 
 C  C  C    C  C  C  
n
zi
 I1A.Rest   1 0 0    I0   3I   2I 
      1  0  0
 I1B.Rest    0 1 0     I 0     3I 0    2I 0 
bu
 I1   0 0 1    I  3  3I   2I 
 C.Rest     0  0  0
ra
 Irest A   I1A   I2A   0   Irest A 

 I1A.Rest   I2A   2I 0 
        7UT8x: max of
       
 Irest B    I1B    I2 B    0 
.
 Irest B  
 I1B.Rest    I2 B    2I 0  all sides
ip
 Irest   I1   I2   0   Irest 
 I1     
 C  C  C     C.Rest   I2C   2I 0 
C
fil

r
.h
ys
Neutral point handling
ns
ve
ad
No neutral point:
r
.h
@
ys
n
ns
zi
bu
ve
.ra
ad
Both transformer sides must be set to: Neutral point = isolated
ip
@
No I0 treatment necessary
fil
n
zi
bu
.ra
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
ve
Neutral point on side 1, no starpoint CT:
ad
r
@
.h
ys
n
zi
ns
Resistive grounded Peterson Coil
bu
ve
.ra
ad
Side one must be set to: Neutral point = grounded Neutral point = grounded Neutral point = grounded
ip
@
fil
No starpoint is connected to FG transformer side 1 If the ground fault current can lead
to a pick up of the Idiff> stage
n
or starpoint is connected to FG transformer side 1 and
zi
setting meas. gnd. current side 1 = no
bu
=> I0 elimination will be applied

.ra
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
ve
Neutral point on side 1, with starpoint CT:
ad
r
@
.h
ys
n
zi
ns
bu
ve
ra
ad
.
ip
Side one must be set to: Neutral point = grounded
@
fil
Starpoint is connected to FG transformer side 1 and

n
setting meas. gnd. current side 1 = yes
zi
bu
=> I0 correction will be applied

.ra
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
ve
Neutral point isolated, with surge arrester:
ad
r
.h
@
ys
n
ns
zi
bu
ve
.ra
ad
ip
Side 1 should be set to: Neutral point = grounded
@
fil
If the surge arrester is active a current through the star point flows which can lead to an overfunction.
With the setting „neutral point = grounded“ the I0 is eliminated.
n
zi
bu
.ra
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
ve
Neutral point on side 1, with starpoint CT:
ad
r
.h
@
ys
n
ns
zi
bu
ve
.ra
ad
ip
Please note:
@
Starpoint CT must be designed so strong that almost no saturation occurs. Internal single phase faults
fil
can lead to very high starpoint currents. The harmonics can lead to blocking the tripping command.
n
zi
bu
.ra
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
ve
Neutral point transformer on side 1:
ad
r
.h
@
ys
n
ns
zi
ve
bu
ad
. ra
ip
@
If the starpoint transformer is inside the protection zone neutral current treatment must be activated.
fil
n
zi
If a starpoint CT is available I0 current correction should be preferred.
bu
.ra
ip
Page 64
fil
June 2021 SI DG EA-P&R PF&P PROM / Wagner Restricted © Siemens AG 2021

r
.h
ys
ns
ve
ad
Neutral point transformer on side 1:
r
.h
n
zi
ys
bu
ns
.ra
ve
ip
ad
fil
@
If the starpoint transformer is outside the protection zone neutral current treatment does not need to be
activated.
n
For an external fault no zero sequence current is measured by the side 1 CTs.
zi
bu
.ra

ip

fil
r
.h
ys
ns
ve
ad
@
Short cable or OHL
r
.h
ys
n
zi
ns
bu
ve
.ra
ad
ip
fil
@
A cable has the same amount of ground current on both ends for an external fault or a
load situation.
n
Both sides should be set to isolated, so that the sensitivity of the diff protection is not
zi
reduced.
bu
.ra
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Matrices for all vector groups (zero seq system eliminated)
ve
ad
1 1 0 −1 1 −1 0 1
vg=1: 𝐼′2𝐿𝑥 = 𝑛𝑣 −1 1 0 𝐼1𝐿𝑥 vg=7: 𝐼′2𝐿𝑥 = 𝑛𝑣 1 −1 0 𝐼1𝐿𝑥
@
3 0 −1 1 3 0 1 −1
r
.h
−1 1 0 1 1 −1 0
n
1
ys
vg=5: 𝐼′2𝐿𝑥 = 𝑛𝑣 0 −1 1 𝐼1𝐿𝑥 vg=11: 𝐼′2𝐿𝑥 = 𝑛𝑣 0 1 −1 𝐼1𝐿𝑥
zi
3 1 3 −1 0 1
0 −1
ns
bu
0 −1 1 1 0 1 −1
1
vg=9: 𝐼′2𝐿𝑥 = 𝑛𝑣 1 0 −1 𝐼1𝐿𝑥 vg=3: 𝐼′2𝐿𝑥 = 𝑛𝑣 −1 0 1 𝐼1𝐿𝑥
ve
.ra
3 −1 3 1 −1 0
1 0
ad
ip
1 1 1 −2 1 −1 −1 2
fil
vg=2: 𝐼′2𝐿𝑥 = 𝑛𝑣 −2 1 1 𝐼1𝐿𝑥 vg=8: 𝐼′2𝐿𝑥 = 𝑛𝑣 2 −1 −1 𝐼1𝐿𝑥

3
1 −2 1
1 −2 1 1
@ 3
−1 2 −1
1 2 −1 −1
n
vg=6: 𝐼′2𝐿𝑥 = 𝑛𝑣 1 −2 1 𝐼1𝐿𝑥 𝐼′2𝐿𝑥 = 𝑛𝑣 −1 2 −1 𝐼1𝐿𝑥
3 vg=0: 3
zi
1 1 −2 −1 −1 2
bu
1 1 −2 1
vg=10: 𝐼′2𝐿𝑥 = 𝑛𝑣 1 1 −2 𝐼1𝐿𝑥 1 −1 2 −1
3 vg=4: 𝐼′2𝐿𝑥 = 𝑛𝑣 −1 −1 2 𝐼1𝐿𝑥
−2 1 1 3
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2 −1 −1
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Disclaimer!
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ad
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bu

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ad
Claus Wagner
r
@
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n
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ns
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Humboldtstr. 59
ve
.ra
Mobile: +49 172 3265910
ad
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@
E-mail:
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Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2020

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Page 70 09.2020 SI DG EA-P&R PF&P PROM /Wagner

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© Siemens AG 2021 Restricted

fil fil
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Introduction to the Generator Protection
siemens.com/energy-automation-products
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Table of content
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• Introduction into the machine protection
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• Typical plant structures
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• Quick introduction in synchronous generators
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• Discussion of possible faults in a power plant
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• Necessary protection functions
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• Selection of functions
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• Tripping concept
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• Basic redundancy structures

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© Siemens AG 2021 Restricted.

Page 2
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What are Machines and what is Machine Protection?
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Rotating Machines:
 Generators (synchronous and asynchronous)
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 Motors (asynchronous and synchronous)
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.h
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Stand still Machines:
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 Transformers (variable design and vector groups)
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The machine protection includes all numerical devices which are able to detect faults and
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abnormal operating conditions on machines and react according to the situation. It protects the
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objects against inadmissible stress and is indirectly also a human protection.
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The protection devices must fulfil the following 3S criteria:
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 Selectivity (switch off only the faulty system)
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 Speed (as fast as necessary)

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 Security (high security and reliability)

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Page 3
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Typical power plant circuits
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Unit connection
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 Unit connection is used on large generators
 The interface to the grid is the unit transformer
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• Typical vector groups (Yd5, Yd1 or Yd11)
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 The generator is galvanically isolated from the network
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a) Basic connection b) Additional infeed into the c) Like b) but with generator CB
auxiliary power supply
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Unit Note:
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transformer Different achievement of the

@ auxiliary power supply design is
possible.
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- 2winding transformers
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- 3winding transformers
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Page 4
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Typical power plant circuits
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Busbar connection
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 Used on smaller generators, mostly in the industry

 More generators feed to the busbar
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 In the industry also motors are connected to the busbar
 All machines are galvanically connected
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Page 5
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Power plant
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Typical structure of the electrical part
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Main supply system External supply system
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Auxiliary power supply

Step-up transformer
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@
transformer
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Emergency diesel
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generator
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.ra
Generator with
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excitation
system
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.ra

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Page 6
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Principal design of a synchronous generator
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Induction Rotor Stator slots,
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stator winding
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coils
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Rotor
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Rotor
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Slip rings,
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bubrushes
Excitation
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winding
(DC circuit) Excitation
Stator Stator
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@
winding
Generator AC
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Driving shaft voltage

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Cylindrical rotor Salient pole
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Electrical
machine machine
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energy (turbo generator)

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2 poles  1 pole pair 4 poles  2 pole pairs

.
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Page 7
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Synchronous Generator
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The rotor („magnet wheel“) has an excitation winding in which a DC current is injected. The rotor is driven by
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a turbine. The rotating excitation winding generates a rotating field.
r
This rotating field induces a voltage in the stator windings. The rotating field is following the rotor
.h
@
synchronously.
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The necessary speed of the rotor depends on the required frequency f and number of pole pairs p
ns
nsyn [min-1] = 60 * f [Hz]/p
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Example: f=50 Hz p=1 (2 poles of a cylindrical generator)  nsyn = 60 * 50 Hz / 1 = 3000 min-1 (rpm)
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(3000 revolutions per minute); f = 60 Hz  3600 min-1
.
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@
This type of generators is mostly used, because the voltage and frequency can be better controlled. Phase
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shift operation is also possible (reactive power contribution).

n
zi
Hydro generators are designed as salient pole types (with multiple poles) due to the lower rotational speed of
bu
the turbines.
.ra
Example: f=50 Hz p=10 (20 poles)  nsyn = 60 * 50 Hz / 10 = 300 min-1

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Page 8
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Asynchronous (Induction) Generator
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The rotor consists of a so called squirrel-cage rotor. The rotor winding is

short circuited and has no power supply.
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@
.h
Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotors faster
than synchronous speed. The turbine runs faster than the synchronous
ys
n
speed of the stator winding. The generator draws its excitation power from
zi
ns
the electrical grid (consumption of reactive power).
bu
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The rotor speed is unequal to the stator speed (synchronous speed).
.ra
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The deviation is the slip s = (nsyn – nRotor)/nsyn.
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The slip for generator operation: s < 0 (negative).

@
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This type of generators is used at very small plants (hydro power station
zi
(kW)) and also in wind turbine application (in combination with converter
bu
systems, e.g. doubly fed induction generator).

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Page 9
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Some pictures
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Cylindrical rotor generator Salient pole generator
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turbine Francis
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turbine
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generator
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Generator
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ns
(1000 MVA) exciter .ra
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Stator of a large hydro generator
Stator winding
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+ cooling system
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Slip rings,
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carbon brushes
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Source: Wiki: Drehstrom-Synchronmaschine

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Page 10
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Faults in Synchronous Generators (1)
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buInternal Faults:
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.ra
Stator: Rotor, Excitation Circuit:
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 Ground Faults  Ground Faults
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 Short Circuits (single, double)

(two and three phase)  Failure in the Excitation
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 Interturn Faults
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(partly or loss of excitation)
(at separate stator windings)
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 Voltage Rise
 Overload
 Overexcitation (U/f)
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Page 11
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Faults in Synchronous Generators (2)
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External Faults:
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Grid/Transformer: Turbine, Regulation:
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 Ground Faults  Loss of Prime Mover
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 Short Circuits (Reverse power)

 Overload @  Over- and Undervoltage
 Unbalanced Load  Over- and Underfrequency
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 Asynchronous Conditions  Overexcitation (U/f)
zi
(cap. load, long short circuit duration) (Wrong regulation)

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 as a consequence torsion Stress

 Underfrequency (PGen < PLoad)
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Page 12
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Main Components of Machine Protection (Part 1)
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 Generator - Differential Protection 87G
 Transformer - Differential Protection 87T
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 Overcurrent Time Protection 50, 51V
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.h
 Impedance Protection 21
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 Stator Ground Fault Protection for:
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Generators directly connected to the busbar 67N
ns
Generators connected to the busbar via
.ra
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unit transformer
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Protection Range 90 % 64
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Protection Range100 % 64 100%

 Rotor Ground Fault Protection @ 64R (64F)
 Unbalanced Load (Negative Sequence)
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Protection 46
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 Reverse Power Protection 32R

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Main Components of Machine Protection (Part 1)
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 Overvoltage Protection (Undervoltage) 59, (27)
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 Over- and Underfrequency Protection 81
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 Underexcitation (Loss of field) Protection 40
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 Stator Overload Protection 49
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 Overexcitation (U/f) Protection 24
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 Out of Step Protection 78
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 Breaker Failure Protection 50BF
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 Rotor Overload Protection 49R
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(Overcurrent at excitation transformer)

 Interturn Fault Protection @ 87G,IT
(separate Stator windings - hydro generators)
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 Tripping matrix (Software matrix) 94

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Page 14
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Brief overview to the protection functions
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Note: for more information please read the chapter of manual (7UM85 and 7UT8)
Protection function Application
@
Generator differential Detects mainly 2 phase and 3 phase short circuits in the generator stator. It is a fast protection
(87G) (20 to 30 ms) and a sensitive protection (0,2 I/Irated, Gen.). Also turn to turn differential protection
r
.h
application is possible at generators with split phases.
n
Transformer differential Detects short circuits in the transformer windings (phase to phase and phase to ground and
ys
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(87T) interturn faults). It is a fast protection (20 to 30 ms) and sensitive protection (0,2-0,3 I/Irated, Trans.).
bu
Overall differential is possible (generator + transformer).
ns
Overcurrent time Detection of short circuits in the power plant as well as in the network. A grading with the network
.ra
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protection (50, 51V) is necessary. The function is mainly back-up protection functionality. A fast tripping at an open
generator CB is possible.
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ad
Impedance protection Detection of short circuits in the generator, transformer as well as in the network. An impedance
(21) and time grading is necessary. It’s a back-up protection for the generator and transformer
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differential protection. The grading with network is difficult due to the unit transformer (impedance
Stator ground fault

@
transformation and vector group has an influence at unsymmetrical high voltage faults)
Detects ground faults in the generator. The measuring principle depends on the plant design (unit
n
protection (59N, 67N, or busbar connection). The design of the load equipment and capacitive fault current has an
zi
64, 64-100%) influence on the sensitivity. For more details see the following presentations.
Rotor ground fault Detects ground faults in the generator rotor circuit (rotor, excitation equipment, cabling).
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protection (64F, (64R)) Sensitivity depends on the used measuring principle; two stages are recommended (alarm, trip)
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Page 15
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Brief overview to the protection functions (2)
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Unbalanced load This function evaluates the negative sequence current (I2) of the generator. The negative
protection (46) sequence current leads to a thermal stress of the rotor winding. The thermal limits are given via a
@
characteristic from the generator manufacturer and these setting values are used in the function.
r
Reverse power Detects a motor operation of the generator due to “steam” loss. The positive sequence of the
.h
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protection (32R) active power is evaluated. This value can be very small. The angle error of the current
ys
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transformer has a strong influence. Please consider the recommendation from the manual.
bu
The shutdown of the plant is mainly released via reverse power protection (sequential tripping).
ns
Overvoltage protection Evaluates the phase-to-phase voltage of the generator and avoids overvoltage stress for the
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(59) generator as well as for the transformer. Two stages are mainly used. The time delay must be
ve
coordinated with the regulation speed of the voltage regulator.
.
Undervoltage protection Detects undervoltage situation of the plant. Undervoltage is not critical for the generator. The
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ad
(27) main application is at pump storage stations at motor operation. The motor can start secure if the
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voltage is high enough (V2 <–> T (torque)). Positive sequence voltage is used.
@
The function is also used as a back-up function for detection short circuits in the network and for
decoupling tasks (phase-to phase voltage is required).
Frequency protection Evaluates the frequency of the generator and trips the HV-CB if the limits are exceeded. The
n
(81U, 81O) limits are given from the Grid code. In Europe there are the following limits (f>: 51,5 Hz; f<: 47,5
zi
Hz). After the decoupling the plant the speed regulation must bring the plant in a safe state. If not
bu
a further frequency stage initiates the shut down. The coordination is mainly done via a time
grading. Time delay is from 10s to 40 s (influence of customer philosophy).
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Page 16
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Brief overview to the protection functions (3)
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Stator overload Evaluates the phase currents of the generator and works with a thermal model. A user defined
ad
protection (49S) curve is possible. Limits are given from the generator manufacturer. The curve is according to the
standard (IEC 60034-3).
r
.h
Rotor overload The function operates at generators with static excitation. A simplified solution is the evaluation of
@
protection(49F,(49R)) AC current on the excitation transformer side. Another solution is the direct measurement of
ys
excitation current via measuring transducer (7UM85 with V7.5). A thermal model is the basis of
n
supervision (user defined curve).
ns
zi
Overexcitation The function evaluates the ratio of (V/Vrated)/(f/frated). For the voltage the maximum of the phase to
protection (volt per phase voltage is used. Overexcitation of the generator or transformer means thermal stress for
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Hertz) (24) the iron (high magnetizing current, magnetic reversal losses). The protection considers this
behavior and a user defined characteristic is evaluated. The limits are given by the generator and
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transformer manufacturer.
Underexcitation The underexcitation limits of the generator (power system) are supervised. These limits are
.
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protection (loss of field determined by the generator capability characteristic (or parameter xd, x’d). Siemens uses the
protection) (40)
@
evaluation in the admittance plane via evaluation of the admittance trajectory. The admittance is
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calculated from positive sequence phase current and phase voltage of the generator.
n
An asynchronous operation of the synchronous generator and network instability is avoided.
zi
Out of step protection The protection detects a power swing between the power plant and the network. An impedance
(87) trajectory is evaluated. If this trajectory moves through a region described by the transformer and
bu
generator reactance a torsion stress as well as a winding stress (end winding) for the generator or
shaft is the consequence. The power plant manufacturer allows only low number (typical 1) of
.ra
power swings. To protect the power station the HV-CB will be opened. Additional instability of the
grid is avoided.
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Page 17
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Proposal for Selection of Protection Functions
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Protection ANSI Generator – Rated Power (MVA)
<5 5 - 50 50 - 200 > 200
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Stator ground fault 90 % 64, 59N, 67N X X X X
Stator ground fault 100 % 64(100%) X X
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Differential 87G, 87T o X X X
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Overcurrent time 50, 51V X X o o
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Impedance 21 X X
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Interturn fault X X
ns
Rotor ground fault 64R
.ra o X X X
Unbalanced load 46 X X X
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Underexcitation 40 o X X X
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Out of step 78 o X
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Stator overload 49 X X X X
Rotor overload 49R X
Overvoltage 59 X
@ X X X
Frequency f > 81 X X X X
n
Y: Pump storage
Frequency f < 81 X X X X
zi
stations (motor /phase

Reverse power 32 X X X X shift operation);
bu
Undervoltage 27 Y Y Y Y
o option
Overexcitation (U/f) 24 o X X
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Page 18
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Tripping Concept
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In case of unit protection several trips and breakers must be executed.
ad
It depends on the fault type, the plant design and plant operation, generator operation
and general operation philosophy.
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@
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Breakers
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 Generator Breaker
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 Excitation Breaker
ns
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 Turbine Rapid Shut Down
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 HV Network Breaker
Protection Functions
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 Auxiliary Supply Breaker 1
.
HW tripping matrix 7UW50 (old principle)
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 Auxiliary Supply Breaker 2
@
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 Aux. Supply Changeover

 SEE/SFC, Unit transformer
n
 SEE/SFC, Auxiliary transformer
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 Reserve
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 Special Trips at Hydro stations

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(e.g. braking) Information routing in DIGSI 5 (nowadays)

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Page 19
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Redundancy Concepts (Large Units)
Each Object is protected via 2 Devices
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Protection Group A Protection Group B
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ns
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7UM
@ 7UM
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G
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Page 20
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Alternatives to the Full Redundancy
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Without Redundancy Partial Redundancy

(also limitations at the CT’s and VT’s and trip circuits)
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7UM
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7UM
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@
7UM
G
G
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Invest cost optimisation System/-cost optimisation

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Page 21
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Contact
ns
ve
Claus Wagner
ad
r
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@
Technical Consultant for Generator, Transformer, Motor Protection
ys
EM DG PRO S PROM
ns
zi
Humboldtstrasse 59
bu
91459 Nuremberg
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.ra
ad
Mobile: +49 (172) 3265910
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@
E-mail:
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siemens.com/answers
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Page 22
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@ Short Circuit Protection @
ad ad
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ns ns
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.h .
r hr
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Table of content
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ad
• Short circuit currents
• Overcurrent time protection
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• Impedance protection
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• Differential protection
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• Basics
ns
• Transformer application
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• Generator application
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© Siemens AG 2021. Restricted.

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Page 24
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Short circuit faults
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A) Internal Faults
B) External Faults
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1) Isolated star point
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(or high ohmic grounded)
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ns
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Interturn fault Phase to phase 3phase short circuit
.ra
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short circuit
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2) Low ohmic grounded star point
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Generator is the e.m.f. for the short circuit
(or solid – low voltage)
fil
currents and becomes stressed, if the fault is

n
not cleared
zi
 Back-up protection is necessary

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Single phase short

.ra
circuit (Resistor limits the

fault current)
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Page 25
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Typical short circuit current curves
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- t ISC= Sub transient short-circuit current
ad
2   Ι ' ' - Ι '   e T' 'd

 SC SC  ISC = Transient short-circuit current
r
- t
.h
2  Ι '' ISC = Steady state short-circuit current
SC 2   Ι ' -Ι e T' d

 SC SC  2 Ι
ys
SC
n
zi
ns
bu
- t
ve
T
2  I '' e DC
SC Combinations:
.ra
U  p < U p < Up
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Driving Voltages
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Actual reactance X  d < X d < Xd
@
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Time Constants T  d < T d < Td

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Short circuit current:
zi
Sub transient part Transient part Steady state DC – offset current
bu
short circuit current

 t t t 
 
 - - - 
 2   I' '  I'   e T' ' sin  t -    I '  e T' sin  t -    I sin  t -    I' '  e T DC sin  
.ra
i d
-I d
SC  SC SC  SC SC SC SC
 
 AG 2021. Restricted. 
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© Siemens
Page 26
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Example of short circuit currents
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Data: SN = 200 MVA (cylindrical synchronous generator)
xd = 1,78 x’d = 0,24 x’’d = 0,16
@
TDC = 0,097s T’d = 1,125s T’’d = 0,05s
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n
.h
Rotor (e.m.f.) voltages Short circuit currents (Excitation voltage constant)
zi
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bu
Up Up´ Up´´
1,07 1,11 2,25
ns
.U
Turbo generator 2,25 1,11 1,07 N I ' 'SC  I N,G  6,7 I N,G I 'SC  I N,G  4,6 I N,G I SC  I N,G  1,26 I N,G
.ra .U x ' 'd x' d xd
Salient pole generator 1,8 1,2 1,13 N
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Fully asymmetrical DC component ( = 90°) Without DC offset ( = 0°)
ad
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I/ING @ I/ING
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t/ s
t/ s
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Page 27
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Short circuit current within the generator
ns
(Three phase fault)
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ISC
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R, Xd
 Driving voltage (e.m.f.) increases linearly
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@
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 Synchronous direct-axis reactance increases
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 to the square with the number of windings ( 2 ·Xd)
zi
ns
 Wiring resistance increases linearly
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 Fault resistance is constant
.ra
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@
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n

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0,5 1
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 Short-circuit current on the terminals is lower than inside the generator

.ra
 Short circuit near the star point has small short-circuit currents
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Page 28
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Short circuit protection functions
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Overcurrent time protection (with additional undervoltage consideration)
r
Reaction at over currents
.h
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Back-up protection with the grid via time grading
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ns
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Impedance protection
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Reaction at impedances below a threshold
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Back-up protection with the grid via time grading
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Differential protection
@
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Evaluation of first Kirchhoff's law and reaction at deviations

n
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Detects only faults between the CT’s, no back-up with is grid possible
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Page 29
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Overcurrent time protection (50)
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t: grading time (approx. 0,3 s to 0,25 s)
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
 Pick-up value I>; Ipick-up  (1,2.....1,4) IN,G @
Protection is connected to the star-point-CT (detects internal faults – also in case of an open circuit breaker)
n
 Co-ordination of grading time with the network protection
zi
 I>>-stage: responsible for faults near or within the generator with a short tripping time (0,1s)
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• Busbar connection: reverse interlocking is recommended for radial network or active at open CB
• Unit transformer connection: Ipick-up > 1,5 ISC(3, G) t  0,1 s
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Page 30
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Overcurrent time protection with undervoltage seal-in (51V)
ns
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Logic:
I>, t
ad
U< I> >1 Pick-up
&
r
S Q
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@
G U< R
ys
1
ns
zi
bu
T-Seal-in
ve
 The excitation cannot maintain the short-circuit current, because the excitation voltage is too low.
.ra
ad
 At long fault durations the short-circuit current can be close or lower than the rated current ISC< IN
ip
Settings: U<  (0,75....0,8) UN

@
fil
U: positive sequence
T- seal-in > T-I>
n
Attention: If the generator breaker is open a blocking of the undervoltage seal-in function is
zi
necessary at units with generator and HV circuit breakers.

bu
.ra
Advantage of Seal-in: No Overfunction at VT Failures

ip

Page 31
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
O/C prot. with U/V seal-in (51V): With Generator Breaker
ve
I>,t
ad
U<
r
@
G
.h
I>,t
ys
n
U<
zi
ns
bu
G
ve
2. Local line protection clears the fault, the voltage
ra
comes back and the U< seal in drops off.
ad
.
ip
I>,t
U<
@
fil
G
n
Fault on the line:
zi
1. I> picks up, U< seal in starts.

bu
.ra

3. Local line protection fails, then timer TI> of I>,t U<
ip
Page 32 elapses and trips the HV CB

fil
r
.h
ys
ns
O/C prot. with U/V seal-in (51V): With Generator Breaker
ve
I>,t
ad
U<
@
G
r
.h
n
I>,t
ys
zi
U<
ns
bu
G
ve
.ra
ad
ip
2. Generator diff (87G) clears the fault, generator

fil
breaker opens. Excitation is switched off. the

@ voltage does not come back and the U< seal in
remains.
n
Fault on the generator:
=> Blocking of U< seal in, otherwise the HV breaker
zi
1. I> picks up, U< seal in starts. will be tripped and the aux power from the grid
bu
switched off.
.ra

ip
Page 33
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Inverse time overcurrent protection
ve
In ANSI or English speaking regions very often the inverse time overcurrent protection is used. The trip
ad
time depends on the amount of current. In the applications different types of characteristics are available.
r
.h
The same characteristic is used Example: Very Inverse (ANSI)
n
t
ys
zi
bu
ns
 
ra  
3.922
t   0.0982  D
ve
 
2

.
Grading time   I I  -1 
ip
ad
 P  
fil
@ d IP - Pick-up current
G
n
(General pickup is fixed at 1,1 IP)
zi
D - Time multiplier (0,5s to 15s)

bu
.ra

ip
Page 34
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Inverse time overcurrent protection influenced via undervoltage (51V)
ve
The voltage dependency of the short circuit current is considered
ad
Voltage controlled (released):
@
If there is an undervoltage pick-up, the inverse time characteristic
r
.h
will be released with a low pick-up value (IPICK-UP < IN,G)
n
(Used at generator-busbar schemes)
ys
zi
Factor
Voltage restraint (dependant):
bu
ns
1,0
The pick-up threshold of inverse time overcurrent protection depends
ve
.ra
on the voltage level. Low voltage reduces the pick-up threshold by a
ad
factor (see figure).
ip
There is a linear dependency of the generator voltage.

fil
0,25
(Used at generator-transformer schemes) @ 0,25 1,0 U/UNG

n
Note:
zi
To avoid an overfunction in the case of a fuse failure (voltage circuit interruption), a blocking is
bu
recommended via an external m.c.b. or the internal fuse failure monitor function.
.ra

ip
Page 35
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Impedance protection
ve
ad
r
.h
n
 Correct measuring of the transformer
zi
ys
reactance
bu
 Measuring of a fictitious generator
ns
.ra
reactance
ve
(short circuit at the generator terminals:
ip
ad
U  0, I =ISC,G  Z  0)
fil
@
n
zi
 Settings value of the protection is the step-up transformer reactance

bu
(Requirement: Z1  0,7 · XT)

.ra

Page 36
ip
fil
hr
.
ys
ns
Impedance protection: which impedance is measured?
ve
ad
r
Generator Transformer
.h
zi
ys
Lines
bu
ns
ra
ve
.
ip
ad
fil
@
n
zi
bu
.ra

Page 37
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Estimation of the fault impedance
(3-phase fault, SN.G = SN,T; E = 1p.u (constant)
ns
ve
Generator Transformer
ad
xd‘= 0.31 p.u. *) rG  0 p.u. xT = 0.17 p.u. rT  0 p.u.
UVT
Fault resistance rF = 0.01 p.u.
r
.h
Z<
@
*) xd’ is used because due to a
ys
trip time delay t(Z<)> ≥ 0.1 s
n
I UVT Z
p.u. p.u. p.u.
ns
zi
12 1.2 1.2 X = L ; L ~ winding²
bu
For internal generator faults: (a < 1)
ve
xd’*) = a²·x‘d
10 1.0 1.0
.ra
ad
8 0.8 0.8
ip
@
fil
6 0.6 0.6
n
zi
4 0.4 0.4 Fault impedance
bu
2 0.2 0.2
.ra
0 0 0
fault location a
ip

Page 38
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Calculated fault impedance shown in the impedance characteristic
ve
Im(Z)
ad
[p.u.]
2 fault location a
r
.h
ys
n
Zone Z1 = 0.7·xT
zi
1.837
ns
bu
ve
.ra
ad
0.2
ip
0.1
fil
@ 0.05
n
zi
1 Re(Z)
[p.u.]
bu
.ra

ip
Page 41
fil
r
.h
ys
Z2 –Setting
ns
Impedance measurement via the transformer
ve
Three-phase fault Additional Infeed
ad
r
.h
ys
n
zi
ns
bu
ve
1
 ISC2 
.ra
ZMeas  ZT   ZL 1
Ratio2Tr ZMeas  ZT  1    ZL
ad
Ratio2Tr  ISC1 
ip
 Correct measurement of the

fil
impedance
@  Through the additional infeed
the impedance is measured
n
 Setting problems at short
always too large
zi
lines because:
bu
1  Underreach of the protection

ZT  ZL RatioTr : Transformer Ratio (Trip in a longer time)
.ra
Ratio2Tr
ip
Page 44
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Grading of the impedance protection
ve
X
ad
X2 t(I>)
t
r
X1B
.h
t(Z2)
ys
n
X1
t(Z1) t(Z1B)
zi
ns
R1 R1B R2 Z1 Z2 Z1B
bu
R
ve
.ra
ad
ip
fil
Z1  0,7XT @  At open generator circuit breaker the stage Z1B can

be activated
n
No direction element is necessary
zi
 Co-ordination of zone Z2 with the network protection
because the star point CT is used. (Measuring errors cause an underreach)
bu
Grading is difficult  trip in the higher time

.ra

ip
Page 46
fil
r
.h
ys
Scheme with Impedance and Distance protection
ns
(Fast back-up protection for the whole system)
ve
ad
r
.h
n
zi
ys
bu
ns
.ra
ve
ip
ad
fil
@
n
zi
bu
ZG: Generator ZT: Transformer ZL: Line

Transformer, Line Line
.ra

ip
Page 47
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Exercise: Setting zone Z1 of the impedance protection
ve
ad
Given data:
Transformer: SN = 100 MVA VT: 15,75 kV/ 100 V
@
usc = 12% CT: 4000A / 1A
r
.h
n
ULV = 15,75 kV
zi
ys
(generator side)
bu
ns
.ra
Formula: Calculation: Z1 secondary setting for the impedance protection
ve
ip
ad
U 2N CT Ratio
fil
Z T  u SC Z sec  Z prim
SN VT Ratio
@
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip
Page 48
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Contact
ve
ad
Claus Wagner
r
.h
n
EM DG PRO S PROM
ys
zi
Humboldtstrasse 59
bu
ns
91459 Nuremberg
ve
.ra
ad
Mobile: +49 (172) 3265910
ip
fil
E-mail:
@
n
zi
bu
siemens.com/answers
.ra

ip
Page 57
fil

fil fil
ip ip
.ra .ra
bu bu
zi zi
n n
@ @
ad ad
ve ve
ns ns
ys ys
Stator Ground Fault Protection
.h .h
r r
r
.h
ys
Table of content
ns
ve
• Introduction, Methods of grounding
ad
• Basics of ground fault protection
r
.h
@
• Unit connection (U0 measurement)
ys
• Protection range
ns
zi
• Reason for load resistor
bu
ve
ra • Load resistor solutions
ad
• Busbar connection (directional ground fault protection)
.
• Basic principle
ip
@
• Source of ground fault currents
fil
• Load resistor and ground current measurement

n
zi
bu
.ra
ip

Page 59
fil
•
hr
.
ys
ns
Effects of Arc burning on stator core laminations
ve
ad
To avoid large damages
@
the fault current must be
r
limited
.h
zi
ys
Practice:
bu
Fault current < 10A
ns
ra
Special applications:
ve
.
ip
Fault current < 20A
ad
fil
@
Higher fault currents
n
requires a shorter
zi
tripping time
bu
.ra

Page 60
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Methods of neutral-point connection (1)
ve
ad
 Isolated or high ohmic grounded
@
Advantage: Small fault currents
r
.h
Disadvantage: High transient overvoltage for intermittent
ys
zi
ground faults (2.5 – 3.5 ) Uph-E < 10 A
bu
ns
Standard application
.ra
ve
ip
ad
 Compensated or reactive grounded
fil
Advantage: Small fault currents at the fault

location @
< 10 A
n
Disadvantage: Transient overvoltage (< 2.5Uph-E)
zi
Higher costs
bu
Very seldom; used in older plants

.ra

ip
Page 61
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Methods of neutral-point connection (2)
ve
ad
 Low ohmic grounded
Advantage: Lower transient overvoltage,
@
95 to 98% protective range of
r
.h
SEF protection
n
zi
ys
Disadvantage: Great damages of generators < 200 - 400 A
at longer fault duration
bu
ns
Application in industrial plants
.ra
ve
ip
ad
 Solidly (effective) grounded
fil
Advantage: Low transient voltage, better

@
measuring conditions for the
protection
n
zi
Disadvantage: Great damages of generators,

bu
Leakage zero sequence currents

Application at low voltage generators
.ra

ip
Page 62
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Voltages in case of a ground fault (isolated network)
ve
VL1
ad
VL2 L1 (A)
N VL3 L2 (B)
@
L3 (C)
r
V0
.h
n
zi
ys
E
bu
ns
Voltage without a ground fault .ra Voltages at the point of a ground fault (phase L1 (A))
ve
V0 = -VL1
 VLx,E voltage decreases in the faulty
ip
ad
VL3 VL3 VL3,E = VL31= VL3- VL1 phase (min  0)
fil
 VL,E voltage in both “healthy”

N N E
phases are increased
VL1 @ VL2
VL1
(max phase-to-phase)
 V0 displacement-voltage
n
VL2
(can be measured at star point to
zi
VL2,E = VL21 = VL2- VL1 ground)

bu
 no displacement voltage (V0 = 0)

.ra

ip
Page 63
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Currents in the case of a ground fault (isolated network)
ve
Measuring location
ad
3I0= IC2 + IC3

3I0= IC2 + IC3
IFault
@
3I0= - IC2 - IC3
r
VL3E
.h
L1 (A) IC2 IC3
ys
backward
zi
L2 (B)
V0 V0
bu
ns
L3 (C)
VL2E
ve
.ra
V0 CE
ad
ip
IC,2 IC,3 IFault

VL3E
fil
VL2,E VL3,E
IC2
The fault current is created by the capacitances
of the healthy phases
@ IC3
V0
forward
n
V0
zi
3 U0
I Fault   3 U 0 j ω CE VL2E
bu
1
j ω CE 3I0= - IC2 - IC3
.ra
=> Forward and backward refers to counting direction of 3I0

ip
Page 64
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Currents in the case of a ground fault (backward fault)
ve
ad
r
@
.h
3I0= IC2 + IC3
ys
n
zi
ns
bu
ve
ra
ad
V0 CE
.
ip
@
fil
VL2,E VL3,E n
zi
bu
Only ground impedances opposite of the fault location contribute to the measured fault current
.ra

ip
Page 67
fil
r
.h
ys
Fault location
ns
ve
ad
Region of ground faults Ground fault locations in the stator
r
.h
@
ys
n
ns
zi
bu
ve
.ra
ad
ip
@
fil
U0
n
zi
bu
Low displacement voltage at

ground faults close to the star point
.ra
ip

Page 68
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Protection range via measuring of the displacement voltage V0
ve
How much percent of the stator winding can be protected?
ad
r
.h
n
V0
ys
zi
ns
Factors of influence
bu
ve
ra
 Sensitivity of numerical protection
 No problem for numerical protection devices
.
ad
ip
Ccoupling
(1% can be measured with a sufficient accuracy)
fil
 Disturbance influences
 Disturbances via the measuring cable
@
n
(countermeasures: shielded, twisted conductors)
zi
V0,disturb. CE V0,HV
 Disturbances via primary system (equipment)
bu
(capacitive coupling via the step-up transformer)

.ra
 Solution ?
ip
Page 69
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Load resistor reduces the disturbance influence
ve
Realization options
ad
@
 Primary load resistor at the
r
generator star point
.h
n
(only at older plants)
zi
ys
bu
ns
.ra
 Secondary load resistor via neutral
ve
transformer at the generator starpoint
ip
ad
fil
@
 Secondary load resistor via earthing
n
zi
transformer at the generator lead side

bu
.ra

ip
Page 70
fil
Page 71
V0
V0
RL

Earthing transformer
fil fil
ip ip
.ra . ra
bu bu
zi zi
n n
@ @
ad ad
ve ve
ns ns
ys ys
.h .h
r r
r
.h
ys
ns
Realization with an earthing transformer
ve
ad
r
.h
n
ys
U HV
U0 
zi
3
ns
bu U prim, ETr 100 V 500 V
ve
Note:
.ra
Measuring winding Ratio ETr  / /
3 3 3 At solidly grounded transformers the
ad
U0,HV is considered 80% of UN/3
ip
(Limb transformation ratio)

fil
(Safety margin, if solidly grounding is open)
@
n
R Prim
R 
 
zi
Ratio 2
ETr
bu
3
.ra

ip
Page 72
fil
r
.h
ys
Earthing transformer ratio
ns
ve
UNP Which secondary resistor RS is equivalent to a primary
ad
3 resistor in the starpoint?
r
.h
@
US
ys
3 RS
𝑈02 𝑈𝑆2
RS ? 𝑃= =
ns
𝑅𝑝 𝑅𝑠
zi
US
ve
US
bu
𝑈𝑁𝑝
U0 RP 𝑈0 =
ad
3
.ra
𝑈𝑁𝑝 ⁄ 3 𝑈𝑁𝑝
𝑟𝐸𝑡𝑟 = = 3 Limb ratio 2
𝑈𝑠 ⁄3 𝑈𝑠 𝑈𝑁𝑃 𝑈𝑆2
@
ip
=
3𝑅𝑝 𝑅𝑠
𝑈𝑁𝑝 ⁄ 3
fil
𝑈𝑁𝑝
𝑟𝑉𝐸𝑡𝑟 = = Voltage ratio
n
𝑈𝑠 3𝑈𝑠
zi
2 2
𝑈𝑁𝑃 𝑅𝑝 𝑈𝑁𝑃
bu
2 2
1 = = = 𝑟𝑉𝐸𝑡𝑟 𝑅𝑝 = 𝑅𝑠 𝑟𝑉𝐸𝑡𝑟
𝑟𝑉𝐸𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟𝐸𝑡𝑟 3𝑈𝑆2 𝑅𝑠 3𝑈𝑆
3
. ra
ip

fil
Page 73
r
.h
ys
ns
Influence of the coupling capacitance and load resistor
ve
equivalent circuit disturbance voltage
ad
R Prim
r
U R, prim 
@
U 0, HV
.h
1
R Prim 
ys
jω C Coupl
n
zi
ns
Example: CCoupl. = 10 nF U0,HV = 0,8 * 230kV/3 = 106,2kV
bu
ve
UN,ETr = 10 kV rVETr = 10kV / √3 /500V = 11,55
ra
ad
2
𝑅𝑠 = 5Ω 𝑅𝑝 = 𝑅𝑠 ∗ 𝑟𝑉𝐸𝑡𝑟 = 667Ω
.
ip
@
fil
f = 50 Hz => UR,prim = 222 V

CG+CL+CTr = CE neglected
U0,HV displacement voltage on the high voltage side
n
URsec = Urprim / rVETr = 19,25 V
zi
CCoupl. three phase coupling capacitance
bu
Rprim primary load resistor

rETr earthing transformer limb ratio 19,25V
 3,85% Disturbance influence
.ra
500V
ip
Page 74
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Unit connection with neutral transformer
ve
This design is very often used outside of Germany, often for small generators
ad
Generator Step-up transformer
r
.h
ys
n
zi
ns
bu
R
U N,Gen
ve
.ra
3
ad
Ratio NT 
ip
U N, Sec
fil
@
n
A high secondary nominal voltage UN,Sec (250V - 500V) should be selected in order to avoid very small load resistors.
zi
bu
R
 Prim
R
Sec 
Ratio
NT
2  Design of RPrim so that the fault current is < 10A
.ra

ip
Page 75
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Busbar application
ve
ad
 The displacement voltage U0 can only be used for ground fault indication (alarm) due to the galvanic
connection of the machines.
r
.h
n
zi
ys
bu
ns
.ra
ve
ip
ad
fil
@
n
 A selective tripping is only possible with a directional ground fault protection.
zi
 The displacement voltage is only a protection criterion during the generator starting (open circuit
bu
breaker). Therefore the displacement voltage measurement must be on the generator side.
.ra

ip
Page 76
fil
r
.h
ys
Directional ground fault protection
ns
Measuring principles
ve
ad
Directional ground
fault protection
r
.h
ys
n
zi
ns
bu
ve
Directional ground fault
.ra
protection;
ad
ip
Ground current difference

fil
Note:
• CTs must be identical
@
n
• Neutral transformer with secondary
zi
load resistor is also possible

bu
.ra

ip
Page 77
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Protection range (percentage of stator winding)
ve
ad
 The secondary fault current that can be measured by the protection (e.g. 5 mA) determines
the fault current on the primary side which can be detected.
@
 Sources of a ground fault current are:
r
.h
a) Capacitive ground current from the connected load (e.g. cables) – at isolated networks
ys
zi
b) Ohmic current via star point resistor at the transformer starpoint (e.g. at low ohmic
bu
ns
grounding)
c) Additional earthing transformer with load resistor at the busbar or load resistor (primary
ve
.ra
or secondary) at generator starpoint
ad
ip
fil
@
n
zi
bu
a) b) c)
.ra

ip
Page 81
fil
r
.h
ys
Ground current generation via the earthing transformer on the busbar
ns
ve
Principle:
ad
 In case of a ground fault, a displacement voltage occurs on the
broken delta winding
r
.h
@
 A current flows through the load resistor and is transmitted to the
ys
primary side
n
 This additional current is measured via the ground current
ns
zi
measurement (e.g. cable-type CT)
bu
 The ground current is directly proportional to the displacement
ve
U N,prim 500V voltage (max. current at faults on the generator lead side, lower
Ratio E-Tr  /
ra
3 3 current closer to the star point)
ad
 The lowest ground current (which can be measured) determines
.
ip
the protective range
@
fil
Estimation:
n
Design recommendation:  cable-type CT: 60A/1A, max. ground current 10A
zi
The primary ground current in the stator winding shall
 90 % protection range  0,1 * 10A = 1A
bu
not exceed 10 A
 Secondary current: 1 A/60 = 16,7 mA
(in worst case situations (large CT ratio) up to 20 A)
.ra
 16,7 mA can measured by the protection

(recommended setting limit: 5 mA)
ip

Page 82
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Ground current measurement
ve
Cable-type (toroidal) current transformer
ad
I0 per phase  magnetic addition of ground currents,
r
@
 principle is sensitive
.h
ys
n
3I0
zi
ns
Holmgreen connection
bu
(common neutral return connector)
ve
Holmgreen connection
.ra
(separate cores – order as 3 phase type)
ad
I0 per phase
ip
Sensitivity is limited
fil
@
L1
L2
Problem:
L3
Large CT ratio leads to
n
At large primary current use small currents on the
zi
secondary 5 A or special
design 10A or 20A) secondary side
3I0
bu
3 phase calibration is necessary

.ra

ip
Page 83
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Example of the current flow during a ground fault in a generator
ve
ad
G1
r
.h
n
ys
IMeas
zi
ns
bu
ve
.ra
ad
ip
G2
fil
Ohmic current
@ RB
n
zi
IMeas
bu
.ra

ip
Page 84
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Contact
ve
ad
Claus Wagner
r
.h
n
EM DG PRO S PROM
ys
zi
Humboldtstrasse 59
ns
bu
91459 Nuremberg
ve
.ra
ad
Mobile: +49 (172) 3265910
ip
fil
E-mail:
@
n
zi
bu
siemens.com/answers
.ra

ip
Page 85
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
ve
ad
r
.h
n
zi
ys
bu
ns
.ra
ve
ip
ad
fil
Practical Design of Stator Ground Fault @

Protection - Grounding Equipment
n
zi
bu
.ra
© Siemens AG 2015 All rights reserved. siemens.com/energy-automation-products

ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Table of content
ve
ad
• The need of grounding equipment
• Calculation method of earthing transformer and load resistor
r
• ANSI calculation method
.h
n
• Start-up ground fault protection
ys
zi
bu
• Exercise: Calculation of the neutral grounding transformer
ns
.ra
ve
ip
ad
fil
@
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip
Page 87
fil
r
.h
ys
The need of grounding equipment
ns
Repetition
ve
Unit connection Busbar connection
ad
How many percentage can be protected
r
.h
ys
n
zi
ns
bu
ve
.ra
ad
Minimize the disturbance influence from HV side Ground current determines the protective range
ip
Install additional load equipment The capacitances determines the ground fault current
(Earthing transformer or neutral transformer with secondary in an isolated network
fil
load resistor, or primary load resistor)

@ (Low displacement voltage means a low ground fault current)
n
ANSI approach: Additional load equipment is necessary:
zi
Minimize the transient voltage on generator in the case of a  Load equipment on generator star point (difference
ground fault (Basics: The transient in healthy phases can be
bu
connection of CT is required; please consider the maximum

approx. 3,5 higher than the rated phase to ground voltage: (e.g. permissible ground fault current)
.ra
3.5 *100V/3 = 202 V))  Earthing transformer with load resistor on the busbar
ip
Page 88
fil
r
.h
ys
Unit connection
Equivalent circuit for the calculation
ns
ve
equivalent circuit Simplification:
ad
• ground capacitances CE are neglected
CCoupl IC,prim
r
IC,sec r • the ground current IC,prim is mainly determined by the
.h
@
VETr
transformer capacitance CCoupl and displacement voltage
ys
on the high voltage side U0,HV
n
RLs CE
ns
U0,HV • the displacement voltage at an isolated star point is
zi
UN/3 and for a solidly earthed star point a practical
bu
ve
value of 0,8 UN/3 is taken (V0 e.g. is created by the X0
of the main transformer)
.ra
ad
• the secondary voltage of the earthing transformer is
CE = CG+CL+CTr Phase to ground capacitances 500V
ip
@
U0,HV displacement voltage on the high voltage side • the safety margin is 100 % that means
fil
CCoupl three-phase coupling capacitance

• the resulting disturbance voltage V0 on the generator
n
(primary to secondary) side is half of the desired minimum V0 pick up threshold
zi
RLs secondary load resistor for the SGF based on V0)
bu
rVETr earthing or neutral transformer ratio (both: voltage ratio)

.ra
Formulas are on the next page

ip

Page 89
fil
r
.h
ys
Connection: Calculation of earthing transformer and load resistor
Basic equations
ns
ve
Simplification of the calculation
Icprim = U0,HV 2π f Ccoupl Nominal voltage 5kV 6kV 10kV 21kV
ad
Icsec = Icprim rVETr 𝑈𝑁𝑝 ⁄ 3 𝑈𝑁𝑝
5,77 6,93 11,55 24,25
r
𝑟𝑉𝐸𝑡𝑟 = =
.h
𝑈𝑠 3𝑈𝑠
@
RLs = 0,5*K*500V / Icsec
ys
Protection range 70% 80% 90% 95%
ns
zi
Factor K 0,30 0,20 0,10 0,05
ILsmax = 500V / RLs
bu
Disturbance influence
ve
15,0% 10,0% 5,0% 2,5%
from HV side
SLsmax = (500V)2 / RLs
.ra
ad
ip
@
ICprim Interference current on earthing transformer primary side f Rated frequency
fil
ICsec Interference current in earthing transformer secondary side rVETr Transformation ratio of the earthing transformer or neutral
transformer (according to table above)
n
U0, HV Displacement voltage in kV on HV side of block transformer
K Protected zone factor according to table above
zi
CCoupl Total capacitance (3x phase capacitance) in nF between HV and LV side of
block transformer (coupling capacitance) ILsmax Current of load resistor R at 100 % UE
bu
SLsmax Required output of earthing transformer when burdened by R for 20 s

RLs Load resistor connected on the earthing transformer 500V recommended secondary voltage
.ra
(if a lower voltage is used, change the values in the formulae)

ip

Page 90
fil
. hr
ys
Unit Connection:
ns
Calculation example
ve
ad
Given:
Network : 110kV; star point isolated
Ratio unit transformer: 110kV/10kV
@
Generator voltage: 10kV Primary voltage of earthing transformer
Coupling capacitance: 10 nF
Frequency: 50 Hz
r
n
.h
Protection range: 90 % 90% means K =0,1
zi
ys
bu
110kV
I C prim = U 0 2 f C Coupl  2  50Hz 10nF  0,2A
ns
3
.ra
10kV
ve
I C sec = I C prim rTR
VETrET  0,2A  500V  2,3A
ip
3
ad
fil
1 500V 0.1 500V Selection:

R = K 
RLs   11Ω
2 I C sec 2 2,3A Load resistor with 19,92 ;
500V 500V
@ tap at 10,5 
ILsmax
I R max =   45,5A for t  20s
n
R 11Ω 3phase earthing transformer with apparent
zi
2 2
SLsmaxS = 500 V VA  = 250 kVA  250  23kVA power of 27kVA for a duration of 20s
bu
R R 11
.ra

Page 91
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Graphical determination of load resistance
ns
ve
kV  kVA kV
ad
UTrHV Unit transformer voltage on HV side
20
400 1,5
r
19
350 135
S Power of earthing transformer or neutral
.h
2,0 18
@
300 17
2,5
90 16 transformer
ys
250 3
R S 15 UG
UTrHV 220
3,5
n
4 14
200
UG Generator voltage
ns
5 13
zi
180 45
160 6 12
7
bu
140 8 R Load resistor with 90%protected zone and
ve
11
120 9 27
110
10
10 coupling capacitance
100
.ra
0,01  F
ad
15 e.g. Unit transformer 9
80 10/110 kV
70 20 8
ip
25 R = 11; = 27 kVA R must be multiplied:
@
60
30 7 - by factor 2 with 80% protected
fil
50 35
40
50
zone
n
40 6
35 60 - by factor 0,67 with coupling
zi
70
30 80
90 5
capacitance 0,015 F
- by factor 0,5 with coupling capacitance 0,02 F
bu
25 100
20
.ra
ip

Page 92
fil
hr
.
ys
Unit Connection
ns
Earthing transformer selection
ve
ad
Three leg
Five leg earthing
@
earthing transformer
transformer TGAG
r
n
.h
zi
ys
Please don’t
bu
use it, because
ns
the zero
.ra
sequence flux
ve
will be subtracted
ip
ad
fil
@
n
zi
bu
.ra

Page 93 Page 93 Jun-21
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Unit Connection
Example for the exercise
ns
ve
ad
r
.h
395 MVA
@
Cc = 9,6 nF 220 ± 10 %/ 21 kV
ys
YNd 1
rETrÜ = 21kV 500 V Requirement:
ns
3 3 Protection range = 90 %
zi
Power rating = 20 s
bu
ve
RB U0-Relay
376 MVA
ad
.ra
21 kV
cos = 0,85
50 Hz ~
ip
Variante
@
fil
Exercise:
n
rVNTr Ü = 21 kV
500 V Calculate the load resistor
zi
3 RB U0-Relay and power of the neutral
bu
grounding transformer.
.ra
ip

Page 94
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Exercise
ve
ad
Given from the exercise
UN,HV = _____ kV
r
Ccoupl = _____ nF
.h
n
rVNTR = _____
ys
zi
fN = _____ Hz
bu
ns
K = _____ ra
ve
.
Formulae:
ad
ip
RLs = 0,5*K*500V / Icsec = _____ Ohm

fil
U0,HV = UN,HV / √3 = _____ kV
Icprim = U0,HV 2π f Ccoupl = _____ A

@ ILsmax = 500V / RLs = _____ A
n
zi
Icsec = Icprim rVNTr = _____ A SLsmax = (500V)2 / RLs = _____ kVA

bu
.ra

ip
Page 95
fil
r
.h
ys
Design of the load resistor according ANSI
ns
ve
During a ground fault at generators with an
ad
isolated star point there are high transient
overvoltages possible
r
(2,5 to 3,5 ULE; in practice = 2,7).
.h
@
RL
CG CT The load resistor limits this transient voltages and
ys
damps the whole transient process.
ns
zi
Design recommendation
bu
ve
Limitation at maximum 2,5
.ra
ad
ip
|𝑅𝐿 | = |𝑋𝐶𝑡𝑜𝑡 |
@
fil
n
zi
Note:
At typical Capacitances and infeed in the high voltage
bu
(>220kV) the results are quite similar to the dimensioning

according to Siemens „Limitation of disturbances”
.ra
influence from the high voltage side“

ip

Page 97
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Start-up ground fault protection
ve
ad
HV
Unit transformer
r
.h
n
zi
ys
Unit auxiliary transformer
bu
ns
MV .ra
ve
ip
U0> ?
ad
59N
fil
Situation: @
Generator breaker is open, load resistor is on the generator side
n
On the low voltage side of the unit transformer there is a ground fault protection.
zi
What happens, if there is a ground-fault on the high voltage side?

bu
.ra

Page 98
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Start-up ground fault protection
ve
equivalent circuit disturbance voltage
ad
1
jCE
UDist
r
U0
.h
1 1
+
jCK jCE
ys
n
CK
zi
380kV
ns
UDist. CE U0 U = f = 50Hz
bu
0
3
ve
C K = 10nF C E = 1 F
.ra
U N, G = 15,75kV
ad
 U Dist = 2,17kV
ip
U0 Displacement voltage on the high voltage side
@
U Dist
fil
UDist.. Disturbance voltage on the generator side 

U N, G
%  = 23,9%
CCoupl Three-phase coupling capacitance
n
CE Sum of ground capacitances
3
zi
bu
This must be considered in the settings of the relay.

.ra
To reduce the disturbance level sometimes an additional earthing transformer is used.

ip
Page 99
fil
r
.h
ys
Unit Connection
ns
100 % Stator ground fault protection with 20 Hz
ve
ad
Burden of the cable: Rcable<< RL

U20Hz  26V
Band pass-Resistance
r
@
Cable should be shielded
.h
CTR UNominal 500 Minimum twisted at 20Hz:  8
V
at 50Hz:  140
ys
3 3
n
CL UL1
at 60Hz:  180
Band-
zi
20Hz- or DC
ns
RL paß UL2
gen.
(CP) ~ (recommended)
bu
~
~ UL3
ve
CG
GS CT
Voltage divider
.ra
3~ 400A/5A
500V/200V
ad
ip
USEF
ISEF
Note:
fil
Neutral transformer with ratio UN,G/240V:

Why shall RL not be lower than 0,5
0,5Ω 200V
Ω at Usec = 500V @ No voltage divider is necessary, because the max. steady state
displacement voltage can be UN,G/3; on the secondary side:
n
U SGF   26V   0,61V
zi
8Ω  0,5Ω 500V 240V/ 3 = 138,56 V
bu
Problem: The load resistor becomes very low. Limit is 0,25 Ω

Measured 20-Hz-voltage becomes very low:
Voltage at RL is 1,53 V 0,25Ω
U SGF   26V  0,79V
.ra
8Ω  0,25Ω
ip
Page 100
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Contact
ve
ad
Claus Wagner
r
.h
n
EM DG PRO S PROM
ys
zi
Humboldtstrasse 59
bu
ns
ra 91459 Nuremberg
ve
.
ad
Mobile: +49 (172) 3265910
ip
fil
E-mail:
@
n
zi
bu
siemens.com/answers
.ra

ip
Page 101
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
ve
ad
r
.h
n
ys
zi
bu
ns
ve
.ra
ad
ip
100% Stator Ground Fault Protection

fil
@
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Table of content
ve
ad
• Introduction, Principles
• 3rd Harmonics
r
.h
• Results from practical measurements
ys
n
• Realization of the function
zi
ns
bu
• 20-Hz-injection principle
ve
.ra
• Basic idea
ad
• Connection of the 20-Hz-equipment
ip
• Measuring principle, necessary compensations

fil
@
• Redundancy
n
• Some practical examples
zi
bu
.ra

ip
Page 103
fil
. hr
ys
Basic problem-
ns
Faults close to the star point
ve
ad
@
U0
r
n
.h
zi
ys
bu
ns
ra
ve
U0 Displacement voltage
.
ip
ad
fil
At faults close to the star point U0 goes to zero. Protection criterion “displacement voltage and ground
current” do not work.
@
n
• Evaluation of 3rd harmonics in the zero sequence voltage
zi
Alternatives:
• Additional injection of low frequency voltage into the star point
bu
(20 Hz = Siemens principle)

.ra

Page 104
ip
fil
.hr
ys
ns
Distribution of 3rd Harmonics in a generator
ve
ad
r
n
.h
zi
with ground fault
ys
U0 3.Harm
bu
in the star point
(U03H>)
ns
ra
ve
.
ip
ad
fil
U0 3.Harm
(U03H<) without ground fault
@
n
During a ground fault close to the star point the measured 3rd harmonics reduce in the star point
zi
(U3.H <) and increase at the terminals (U3.H >)

bu
.ra

Page 105
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Considerations about application of 3rd Harmonics
ns
ve
ad
 The distribution of 3rd. harmonics can be different from generator to generator -
r
the application of this principle can be sometimes determined only during a
.h
@
primary test
ys
n
 The harmonics (e.g. measuring location at the star point) are not detectable
ns
zi
before the nominal voltage is available
bu
ve
 The part of harmonics depends also on the operation condition of the generators
.ra
ad
(Influence of active and reactive power)
ip
@
fil
n
zi
- Application is not always possible
bu
- Application has a restricted operating range

.ra
ip

Page 106
fil
r
.h
ys
Measurements on a generator
ns
ve
ad
r
.h
@
2. Test device 7UM 61
ys
n
1. I L 7UM7UM
U0Test device 61 61 U0
ns
zi
U0 IL UL
bu
ve
.ra
ad
ip
@
G
fil
606 Ohm
n
45 VA 5250 100 100
5250 6 MVA V 6 MVA; Yd5
100 V 3
zi
3 5P20 5250 V 3 3 5,25/58,3 kV 60 kV
800/5 A
bu
400 Upm +- 5 %
.ra
ip

Page 107
fil
r
.h
ys
Measurements on a generator
ns
Influence of the active and reactive power
ve
ad
150-Hz-Voltage at the star point as a function of

active power; Parameter reactive power
@
140
r
Influence of the active power is visible
.h
n
120
ys
zi
100 Approx. 15 V measured without load
150-Hz-voltage in V
bu
ns
80
ve
.ra
60
ad
ip
40
fil
Release of the protection

20
@ function
at a determined active
n
0
power is recommended
zi
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
bu
150 Hz at Q = - 2 MVar Active

150Pow er Q
Hz at in=MW0 MVar
150 Hz at Q = 2 MVar 150 Hz at Q = 4 MVar
.ra

ip
Page 108
fil
.hr
ys
Fault record
ns
Switching OFF of a generator during full load
ve
ad
Generator: 25 MVA, 6,3 kV
@
iL3
r
n
.h
zi
ys
bu
ns
ra uL3
ve
.
ip
ad
fil
@ u0
n
zi
3rd harmonics drops

bu
.ra

Page 109
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Fault on a transmission line (Ph-E ?)
ve
ad
Secondary displacement voltage (3rd harmonics)
10
10
9.3
181
@
Calculated 3rd
r
3rd
8 harmonics from a fault
An increasing of 3rd harmonic
.h
harmonics record
n
under load voltage on the generator lead side
ys
zi
(measurement on the broken delta
bu
6
ns
5.58
U03h
winding) was observed
Spannung in V
i
knU
.ra
ve
( 10 tan )
i
4
ip
ad
Pickup generator
Drop off overcurrent
fil
overcurrent
protection protection
2
@
n
zi
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
bu
33.344 ta 312.6
i
Time in ms
.ra
Zeit in ms

ip
Page 110
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Measuring principles (7UM 85)
ve
ad
3rd harmonic undervoltage protection (V03rd Harm<)
 measurement on the generator star point side
@
 Measuring of very small voltages (e.g. 0,5 V secondary) SIPROTEC 5:
r
The required
.h
3rd harmonic overvoltage protection (V03rd Harm>)
n
function can be
zi
 measurement on the generator lead side
ys
loaded from the
 Pick-up threshold is restraint via active power
bu
library
ns
(lower P  increases the measurement of V03rd Harm>)
.ra
ve
3rd harmonic differential protection (V03rd Harm>)
ip
ad
 measurement on the generator star point and
fil
lead side
 Higher sensitivity due measurement on both sides
 Pick-up threshold is restraint via active power @
n
Additional release criteria for all versions:
zi
 Generator voltage is close to the rated voltage U > Uthres

bu
 Generator active power (P) is greater than a threshold

.ra

ip
Page 111
fil
r
.h
ys
100%-Stator-ground-fault protection with 20-Hz-Injection method
Goal and basic idea
ns
ve
Basic idea
ad
Goal
r
.h
@
ys
n
ns
zi
ve
bu
100 % stator ground fault protection with 20-Hz injection max. 20 Hz
ad
.ra
200 V
90 % stator ground fault protection with displacement voltage U0 RE
ip
@
I
fil
 Protection principle should cover

n
zi
100 % protection range  With injection of a 20-Hz-voltage
bu
 Different measuring principles into the star point an e.m.f. is

available in case of a ground fault
. ra
ip

Page 112
fil
r
.h
ys
Injection of a 20-Hz-voltage into the star point
ns
ve
ad
Basic idea
r
.h
 With the injection of a voltage into the star point a
@
electromotive force is available in case of an ground fault
ys
Also during a ground fault in the star point a fault current flows
n

ns
zi
through the fault resistance.
ve
bu
 This measuring principle is independent of the operation
conditions of the generator. A measuring during stand still is
ad
.ra
possible.
max. 20 Hz
ip
 Following additional devices are necessary:

200 V
@
20-Hz-Generator,
fil
RE 20-Hz-Band pass
n
I Current CT
zi
bu
ra
.
ip

Page 113
fil
r
.h
ys
100%-Stator-ground-fault protection with 20-Hz-Injection method
ns
Practical design
ve
ad
r
.h
n
ys
zi
bu
ns
ve
.ra
ad
ip
fil
@
n
zi
Two connections The protection measures the

bu
are possible injected 20-Hz-voltage and current

.ra

ip
Page 114
fil
r
.h
ys
Scheme design
Gas turbine with neutral transformer
ns
ve
ad
r
.h
@
ys
n
ns
zi
bu
ve
ad
.ra
ip
@
fil
n
Current transformer:
zi
Direct order at Ritz
bu
KS60-03 Size 3
15VA Cl.1 FS5
.ra
ip

Page 115
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
100 % Stator ground fault protection with primary load resistor
ve
ad
r
@
Auxiliary
.h
20-Hz- voltage
20-Hz- Generator
Band pass DC AC
ys
n
1 +UH UL1
2
UL2
zi
Wiring twisted 7XT33 -UH
ns
3
1B1 1B4 11 UL3
7XT34
bu
6
1A4 external
BI 8
block 7UM62
ve
Voltage 1A1 7
ra
transformer 9 No voltage at
1A2 1A3 12 20-Hz output
ad
5
Voltage
.
ip
transformer max 200 V

S1 R13
P1 UE
@
fil
CT ratio 1:1 R14

P2
S2 J8 IEE1
J7
n
zi
Voltage transformer: Current transformer:

bu
two pole isolated, until UN saturation free 5P10 or 5P15 (or 5FS10)
for 20 Hz should be Rps < 1000 1A secondary
.ra
20s approx. 3 kVA CT Ratio: 1A/1A (max. Ampere windings)

ip
Page 116
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Numerical measuring technique
ve
ad
Replica:
isSGF
@
RE = Fault resistance
RE
r
CE RB 20Hz
.h
CE = Ground capacitance in
n
stator circuit
zi
ys
iSGF
bu
VSGF
ns
1) Filtering 2) Calculation of the real part
.ra
ve
VSGF V20 = Vr + jVi
Fourierfilter  I 
ip
Vr . Ir + Vi . Ii
ad
20
Re  =
iSGF (20Hz) I20 = Ir + jIi V  V2r + V2i
fil
20
3) Impedance replica of fault @ 4) Calculation of fault resistor from 2) and 3)

n
V2r + V2i
zi
Yrep CE RE Yrep = 1 + j CE RE =

Vr . Ir + Vi . Ii
bu
RE
 I 20 
.ra
Re  V 
 20 
ip
Page 117
fil
r
.h
ys
Compensation of sources measuring errors
ns
ve
 Angle error of CT 400A/5A
ad
(measuring currents in mA - 20 Hz current can be max. 3A )
r
.h
 Primary to secondary impedance of the earthing/ neutral
@
transformer
ys
SIPROTEC 5 7UM85
n
 Angle errors of relay internal transformers
ns
zi
bu
ve
Compensation of the angle error via parameter
7UM62
(5309 „PHI I SES“ „Correction angle for I SEF“)
ad
.ra
Primary to secondary resistance from earthing
or neutral transformer can be set
ip
(5311 „SES Rps“ „Resistance Rps“)

@
7UM62
fil
n
zi
Calibration is possible only for one point, e.g. trip stage
bu
Final settings during the primary test

.ra
ip

Page 118
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Setting: Sec./prim. factor R SGF
ve
ad
The current at I-SGF IFm is defined by the primary fault current IFp and
the two ratios: 1. rVNT or rVEtr and 2. rCT
@
The voltage at V-SGF VFm is also defined by the primary neutral
r
voltage V0p and the ratios: 1. rVNT or rVEtr and 2. rVD.
.h
n
rVD
zi
ys
To calculate the primary fault resistance RFP from the secondary fault
bu
resistance the 100% SGF protection uses a setting in this function:
ns
.ra
RFp : primary fault resistance
ve
𝑅𝐹𝑝 RFm : measured fault resistance with
𝑆𝑒𝑐./𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚. 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
rCT
ip
rVEtr 𝑅𝐹𝑚 the values at the 7UM85 terminals.
ad
fil
𝑟𝑉𝐷
It can be calculated as follows 2
@ 𝑆𝑒𝑐./𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚. 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑟𝑉𝐸𝑡𝑟
𝑟𝐶𝑇
n
rVNT
rVEtr: ratio of earthing transformer (e.g. The settings for the single phase MP I-1ph and V-1ph are not used for
zi
15.75kV / √3 / 500V) the primary / secondary value calculation. For documentation reasons
bu
rVD : ratio of voltage divider (e.g. 500V/200V) they can be set e.g. to the values:
rCT : ratio of small CT (e.g. 400A / 5A)
.ra

ip
Page 119
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Setting: Sec./prim. factor R SGF
ve
ad
The current at I-SGF IFm is defined by the primary fault current IFp and
the ratio: rCT
@
The voltage at V-SGF VFm is defined by the primary neutral voltage V0p
r
.h
and the ratios: 1. rVNT and 2. rVD.
n
rVNT
ys
zi
rVD To calculate the primary fault resistance RFP from the secondary fault
bu
ns
resistance the 100% SGF protection uses a setting in this function:
ve
.ra
RFp : primary fault resistance
𝑅𝐹𝑝 RFm : measured fault resistance with
𝑆𝑒𝑐./𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚. 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑅𝐹𝑚
ad
the values at the 7UM85 terminals.
ip
fil
𝑟𝑉𝐷
@ It can be calculated as follows 𝑆𝑒𝑐./𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚. 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑟𝑉𝑁𝑇
𝑟𝐶𝑇
n
rCT
rVNT: ratio of neutral voltage transformer (e.g. The settings for the single phase MP I-1ph and V-1ph are not used for
zi
15.75kV / √3 / 500V) the primary / secondary value calculation. For documentation reasons
bu
rVD : ratio of voltage divider (e.g. 500V/200V) they can be set e.g. to the values:
rCT : ratio of primary CT (e.g. 1A / 1A)
.ra

ip
Page 120
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
20 Hz generator supervision:
ve
ad
Warning if V-SGF and I-SGF During low ohmic fault for V-SGF lower
are smaller than the settings than its setting, I-SGF must be bigger
r
@
than its setting.
.h
ys
For small load resistances the setting
n
I20< supervision must be lowered.
zi
ns
bu
ve
.ra
ad
ip
fil
@
n
zi
If the generator voltage frequency is around 20 Hz the Also around 6.6 Hz the 3rd harmonic will
Connect to device failure create a voltage with a frequency of ca 20 Hz
100% SGF protection is blocked, because the
bu
contact of 7XT33 that interferes with the 20 Hz generator voltage

generator voltage would influence the R – measure-
ment of the 100% SGF protection.
.ra
The alarm: „out of f20-range“ is given.

ip
Page 121
fil
r
.h
ys
Design of the protection schemes
Redundancy of 100%-Stator ground fault protection
ns
ve
Group1 Group2
ad
90% U0
r
@
.h
calculated
ys
90% U0 The same concept is
n
calculated possible with the
zi
ns
7UM85.
bu
ve
The 7UM85 can also
.ra
use the measured
ad
100% SGF-1 displacement voltage
ip
from the broken delta

@
fil
100% SGF-2 winding.

n
zi
bu
.ra
ip

Page 122
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
20- Hz- Measuring principle is the real 100%-Stator ground fault protection
ve
ad
U0
r
.h
n
ys
zi
100 % protection range includes VT’s and low side of unit transformer
bu
ns
 Measuring principle is independent of the operation conditions of the
generator
.ra
ve
 Measuring is possible during stand still of the generator
ip
ad
 High sensitivity (negative influence of capacitive current will be
fil
eliminated)
@
 Different and independent measuring principle against the
displacement measuring method
n
U0
zi
90 % protection range with displacement voltage measurement

bu
U0, 3.harm. 10 % - 25 %
.ra

ip
Page 123
fil
r
.h
ys
Commissioning
ns
Primary tests on a generator (stand still and running)
ve
ad
@
Phase to ground
r
voltage
.h
zi
ys
bu
2.7V The
ns
secondary
Displacement
.ra
signals are
ve
voltage
very small
ip
ad
fil
The capacitive current is visible.

Ground current 12mA
@ This disturbance current will be
eliminated by the algorithm.
n
zi
bu
.ra

Page 124
ip
fil
hr
.
ys
Real practical failures
ns
External insulation of test equipment failed
ve
ad
r
n
.h
zi
ys
bu
ns
.ra
ve
ip
ad
fil
@
n
zi
bu
.ra

Page 127
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Calculated secondary fault resistance
ve
ad
200
200
r
.h
150
n
zi
ys
REm
k
bu
ns
R in Ohm
SES100Aus
k 100
86
.ra
Drop off
ve
GAnr
k
60
ip
ad
50
Pickup
fil
0
@
n
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
zi
100 k ta 687.5

t in ms
bu
Resistance
Trip
Pickup
.ra

ip
Page 128
fil
r
.h
ys
Ground fault in the cable of static frequency converter
ns
ve
ad
r
.h
Starting of the generator with
@
SFC static frequency converter
ys
n
G
ns
zi
bu
ve
Permanently pickup by 100%-stator ground fault protection
ad
.ra
ip
@
fil
n
zi
bu
.ra
ip

Page 129
fil
r
.h
ys
Ground fault in the cable of static frequency converter - Fault record
ns
ve
frequency appr. 1,7 Hz
ad
r
.h
@
ys
n
ns
zi
bu
ve
ra
ad
Input
.
ip
@
signals
fil
of the
n
100%
zi
SGF
bu
.ra
ip

Page 130
fil
r
.h
ys
Ground fault in the cable of static frequency converter
ns
Calculated secondary fault resistance
ve
ad
100
100
r
80
.h
n
ys
zi
REmk  10 60 57
bu
Drop off
ns
R in Ohm
SES100Ausk 48
Pickup
ve
.ra
GAnr k
40
ad
ip
fil
20
@
n
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
zi
99.92 k ta 686.95
bu
t in ms
Resistance
Trip
.ra
Pickup
ip
Page 131
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Contact
ve
ad
Claus Wagner
r
.h
n
ys
EM DG PRO S PROM
zi
Humboldtstrasse 59
ns
bu
91459 Nuremberg
ve
.ra
ad
Mobile: +49 (172) 3265910
ip
fil
E-mail:
@
n
zi
bu
siemens.com/answers
.ra

ip
Page 132
fil

fil fil
ip ip
.ra .ra
bu bu
zi zi
n n
@ @
ad ad
ve ve
ns ns
Rotor Ground Fault Protection
ys ys
.h .
r hr
r
.h
ys
Table of content
ns
ve
• Introduction
ad
• Basic principles
r
@
.h
• Fault current measuring method (fn injection)
ys
• Fault resistor measuring method (fn injection)
n
zi
ns
• 1-3 Hz square wave measuring method
bu
ve
• Examples
.ra
ad
ip
@
fil
n
zi
bu
.ra
ip

Page 134
fil
r
.h
ys
Why rotor ground fault protection?
ns
ve
Rotor
ad
+
r
.h
Excitation
@
system
ys
-
n
Stator
ns
zi
ve
bu
Ground fault in the rotor RE CE
ad
ra
 in case of an ground fault, only small currents flow due to the galvanic isolation
.
ip
@
Problem:
fil
Double ground faults and Interturn faults as a consequence of an ground fault

n
cause:
zi
• magnetically unbalance (unbalanced forces; violent vibration)
bu
• high currents at the fault location

 Destruction of the Rotor (Generator)
.ra
Task: Detection of a ground fault already when it starts to build up

ip

fil
Page 135
r
.h
ys
Protection principle
ns
ve
ad
+ Voltage
r
Coupling Measuring
.h
Unit Source
@
Excitation
ys
system
ns
zi
-
ve
bu
„grounding brush “
ad
.ra
ip
Principles:
@
fil
n
- Incoupling of an AC voltage (50 Hz or 60 Hz) Higher
zi
- Measuring of the ground fault current Sensitivity
bu
- Measuring of the ground fault resistance

- Incoupling of low frequency square wave voltage
.ra
ip

fil
Page 136
r
.h
ys
Ground current measurement with AC voltage injection
Basic idea
ns
ve
Connection
on the
ad
L1 L2 L3 grounding
brush  In coupling of an AC signal in a DC
r
.h
circuit via a capacitor (2* 4 µF)
@
 AC voltage is taken from phase to
ys
>40V
phase voltage of the VT
ns
 Additional resistor protects the
zi
capacitors because the excitation
ve
105 4F bu equipment produces harmonics
 Additional inductivity damps the
ad
ra
IE,Dist. IE
harmonics of the excitation circuit.
.
ip
@
fil
IE,Fault
If disturbance influence from the excitation is too large Pick-up limit:
n
 Rotor ground capacitances leads to
IE,Fault > IE,Dist...
zi
0,75H a leakage current (IE,Dist.,
disturbance current)
bu
 Min. sensitivity approx. 2 * IE,Dist

.ra
Protection
resonant circuit tuned to fN
ip

Page 137
fil
. hr
ys
ns
Connection of the accessory
ve
ad
Connection on the
phase to phase
AC Voltage voltage 7UM6
@
Source
appr. 42V or 100 V - 125 V AC
r
65V
.h
Use the sensitive current input of
zi
ys
1A3
bu
7XR61 1A1 the devices
105
ns
+ 4A1
ra 2B1 J7
IEE1
J8
(7UM61, 7UM62 or 7UM85 (INS))
ve
Err. 3PP1336
.
1B3
ip
4B1 1B1 Note:
ad
-
fil
105 For 7UM85 see application template:

“generator basic”
7XR61: External resistors
at excitation voltages
@
> 150 V (circulating current >0,2A)
n
zi
bu
New: 7XR81 7XR81: External resistors

at excitation voltages
.ra

> 1000 VDC + 300V peak.
(circulating current >0,5A)
Page 139
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Fault resistance detection due consideration of injected voltage and current
ve
Connection
ad
on the
L1 L2 L3 grounding
brush
r
.h
100V 42V u 7UM85:
ys
See application template
zi
Digital
“Unit connection extended”
ns
bu
protection
(7UM)
ve
ra
calculation INsens
RS=100 Ω Ccoupl=4μF of RE
.
ad
ip
L=0,75H)1) i
fil
RS=100 Ω
R E CE Ccoupl=4μF
@
1) Recommended
n
at static excitation
zi
with injected harmonics

bu
(3rd harm.; 6th harm.)

.ra
j500 Ω j1000 Ω
ip
Page 140
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Calculation formula of the fault resistance RE
ve
Model:
ad
X*K R*V
Zers ZMess
@
XE RE Z
r
.h
n
 
ys
RE X E2
ZMess  Re Z  j Im Z
2
 - X * +- RE X E 
zi
(1) Zers  R *V   j (2)
 RE  XE2 
K
RE2  XE2 2
bu

ns
2
R X
R,  E E  RE Z - R * V
.ra
ve
(3) 2
RE  XE2
ip
ad
2
RE  XE
(4) X,   Im Z - X *K
fil
2 2
RE  XE
X ,2
@
- I Z - X *K   R Z - R *
2
RE  ,  R,  m
n
combining (3) and (4): R Re Z - R * V e V
zi
bu
Note: RV* and XK* are measured during commissioning

.ra

ip
Page 141
fil
. hr
ys
ns
Setting sheet 7UM85
ve
ad
Rotor measuring circuit supervision
@
If used necessary for the alarm stage
Coupling elements
r
n
.h
No: means voltage is taken from the generator VT (tracking is active)
zi
Yes: AC supply is used from external source with fundamental frequency
ys
bu
(no tracking values are used)
ns
ra
ve
.
Alarm stage
ip
ad
fil
Use this signal

in the routing
@ matrix
n
zi
Trip stage
bu
.ra

Page 142
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
1 - 3 Hz Injection method (0.4Hz - 4Hz)
Basic principle
ns
ve
Equivalent circuit: 50V
ad
UH How can the influence of the ground
RS capacitance be eliminated?
r
2 t
.h
Idea:
@
Charging the capacitance and start the
ys
UH - 50V
CE RE measurement afterwards
n
UM
ns
zi
RM UM 1,88V
  RS CE RE  
2 Voltage source:
bu
UM  0
ve
iE t • Square wave voltage with low frequency
UM  RM  iE • Frequency depends on charging time
ad
.ra
constant + necessary measuring window
RS - 1,88V
• Typical frequency range 1- 3 Hz
ip
 20k
@
2 UM RE 5k • In coupling of voltage via a series resistor
fil
RM  375 UM ~
1
n
0,75V RE
zi
UH   50V t The voltage difference is indirect
bu
proportional to the fault resistance

- 0,75V
.ra
ip

Page 143
fil
r
.h
ys
Injection of square wave voltage with low frequency
ns
Basic components
ve
ad
7XR6004 Typical frequency:
7XR8004
RS=40kΩ
1 - 3 Hz
r
Controlling device
.h
n
(7XT71)
zi
IE
ys
bu
RS
ns
+
.ra
UH Digital
ve
Excitation Ucontrol
- Protection
ip
CE RE
7UM62
ad
fil
RM Umeas. 7UM85
@
n
RE Fault resistance
zi
RS Coupling resistor
Measuring
UH Auxiliary supply (  50V)
bu
transducer
RM Measuring shunt resistor
CE Rotor ground capacitance
.ra

Page 144
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Connection with necessary external components
ve
Power Supply
ad
AC from the phase to phase voltages

DC from the battery (60 V – 250 V)
r
.h
7UM85
ys
n
zi
Interfaces to protection
ns
bu
 New version of 7XT71…/DD (Hardware
version DD) has interfaces for connection of
ve
.ra
two 7UM
newest version is /EE (some modification)
ad
ip
 Group 1 and group 2 connection is possible

Attention
fil
• Only one 7XT71 can be used in the

application
@ Grounding
n
brush
• Please order an additional device for the
zi
stock (replacement of printed board is

bu
possible)
.ra

ip
Page 145
fil
r
.h
ys
Sources of error and error compensation
ns
ve
Influence of field voltage and ground fault location
ad
a) ground fault location b) Jumps in the field voltage
r
Shifting of measuring voltage with a change in the field voltage leads
.h
@
a positive or negative dc voltage to jumps in the dc-voltage shifting
ys
n
ns
zi
UM UM
bu
ve
Udc1
Udc UM2
.ra
ad
UM1 UM1
UM2 UM4 Udc2
UM3
ip
@
fil
Udc = dc voltage shifting

U1 = |UM1 - UM2|  U3 = |UM3 - UM4|
n
 U2 = |UM2 - UM3|
zi
Solution:
bu
Solution:
Calculation of the difference voltage
Block of measuring
 U = |UM1 - UM2|
.ra
at jumps (e.g. U1 ≠ U2)

ip

Page 146
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Calculation formulas
ve
Voltage divider:
ad
RS
CE RE UH
2
RM UM RS
 RE  RM
r
UH 2 U  R
.h
 RE   H - 1 RM - S
UM RM  UM  2
ys
n
Algorithm
zi
ns
bu
UM Filtering:
U1
ve
1 N 1 N
.ra
U1   1,i
u ; U 2   u2,i
N i 1 N i 1
ad
ip
U2 Amplitude-log frequency curve: fS = 800 Hz; N = 48

fil
UM :  U : 
U1 - U 2
2 @ 1
G(f)0.1
n
Continuity supervision:
zi
0.01
Validity requirement
bu
0.001
UIK  UIK1
0 30 60 90 120150180210240270300
.ra
1 8
otherwise U   Uk f in Hz
8 k 1
ip
Page 147
fil
. hr
ys
ns
Setting in the 7UM62
ve
ad
r
n
.h
zi
ys
bu
ns
ra
ve
.
ip
ad
fil
Measuring circuit supervision

@
Advanced parameter
n
only visible in DIGSI If the integrated test function is used,
zi
pick-up value of test resistor

bu
.ra

Page 148
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
7UM85 (configuration and setting)
ve
7UM85 with IO210 is necessary Setting sheet
ad
In the tree you find the fast measuring transducer
r
.h
New
ys
zi
Setting of the used measuring transducer
ns
bu
ve
ra
ad
.
ip
Alarm
fil
@
n
zi
bu
Trip
.ra

ip
Page 149
fil
Page 150
7UM85 Logic of R< Stage
fil fil
ip ip
.ra .ra
bu bu
zi zi
n n
@ @
ad ad
ve ve
ns ns
ys ys
.h .h
r r
r
.h
ys
ns
7UM85 RGF Test stage
ve
ad
r
n
.h
zi
ys
bu
ns
.ra
ve
The RGF can be tested with a test resistor in the RGF circuit. The value must be set in the
ip
relay and the test is started via a BI.
ad
fil
@
n
zi
bu
.ra

Page 151
ip
fil
Page 152
7UM85 RGF Test resistor
fil fil
ip ip
.ra . ra
bu bu
zi zi
n n
@ @
ad ad
ve ve
ns ns
ys ys
.h .h
r r
r
.h
ys
7UM85 RGF Test resistor
ns
ve
ad
Under normal measuring conditions the RGF prot measures 20 kOhm + RE.
r
So from the total measured resistance the coupling resistance of 20 kOhm is
.h
@
subtracted.
ys
n
RE = Rmeas – 20 kOhm.
ns
zi
bu
If the test resistor is inserted, then RE= 3.3 kOhm
ve
.ra
If the test resistor is inserted and one of the 2 connections of the incoupling
ad
resistor is open:
ip
=> Rmeas = 40 kOhm+3.3kOhm = 43.3 kOhm. => RE=23.3kOhm.
@
fil
If the test resistor is inserted and both of the 2 connections of the incoupling
n
resistor is open:
zi
=> Rmeas > 100 kOhm.

bu
.ra
ip

Page 153
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
7UM85 RGF Test stage
ve
ad
@
(Calculated value)
r
.h
n
zi
ys
bu
ns
.ra
*1 *1: R gnd > 100kΩ:
ve
both connections seem open
ip
ad
fil
*2
*2: R gnd betw. 0.7 and 1.3 (RT + RV/2):
*2
@ one connection seems open
n
zi
*3 *3: R gnd betw. 0.7 and 1.3 (RT):

bu
connection seems ok
.ra
© Siemens AG 2015 All rights reserved. *3

ip
Page 154 18.10.2016

fil
r
.h
ys
Connection of the rotor ground fault protection
ns
ve
whole exciter rotates
EM
ad
Slip rings, (50/60 Hz)
4µF
r
carbon brushes G RE CE
.h
RW
ys
(1 - 3 Hz)
ns
40kΩ
zi
ve
bu
a) rotating diodes
ad
ra
L+ (50/60 Hz)
EX-T
.
4µF
ip
@
grounding brush
fil
UG RW
n
(1 - 3 Hz)
zi
L-
40kΩ
bu
b) separate Exciter RE CE
(static excitation)
.ra
shaft
shaft
ip

Page 155
fil
hr
.
ys
Generator with rotating excitation
ns
Fault free condition (Square wave principle)
ve
ad
r
n
.h
zi
ys
bu
ns
.ra
ve
ip
ad
fil
How big is the rotor ground

@ capacitance?
n
zi
Charging current of Disturbances by the

bu
rotor ground excitation generator

.ra
capacitance
Page 156
ip
fil
.hr
ys
Generator with rotating excitation
ns
Simulated fault
ve
ad
Fault resistance is inverse proportional to the difference voltage
r
n
.h
zi
ys
bu
ns
ra
ve
.
ip
ad
fil
How big is the fault resistance?

@
n
zi
bu
.ra

Page 157
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Contact
ns
ve
Claus Wagner
ad
r
.h
@
ys
EM DG PRO S PROM
ns
zi
Humboldtstrasse 59
bu
91459 Nuremberg
ve
.ra
ad
Mobile: +49 (172) 3265910
ip
@
E-mail:
fil
n
zi
bu
siemens.com/answers
.ra
ip

Page 158
fil

fil fil
ip ip
.ra .ra
bu bu
zi zi
n n
@ @
ad ad
ve ve
ns ns
ys ys
.h .
r hr
Basics of Synchronous Machines
. hr
ys
ns
Table of content
ve
ad
• Phasor at different operating conditions
• No Load
@
• Inductive and capacitive load
r
• Rated load
.h
• Different conditions during islanding
zi
ys
bu
• Basic equations of calculating stability limits
ns
• Stability limits salient pole machine
ra
ve
.
• Stability limits cylindrical-rotor machine
ip
ad
fil
@
n
zi
bu
.ra

Page 160
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Synchronous machine without load
ve
50 Hz
Re S →∞
ad
r
.h
VP V
ys
zi
bu
ns
IG= 0
ve
.ra
IExc 0 V
1/xd Im
ad
ip
n- n+ V- V+
fil
Xd Speed- n
Vd
IG
@ Control
AVR
n
Vp ~ V Excitation
zi
Turbine System
bu
Vp = V + j·IG·Xd
.ra
IG
ip
Page 161
fil
r
.h
ys
Synchronous machine connected to the grid
ns
Inductive load
ve
Re 50 Hz
ad
S →∞
VP
Vd= j·IG·Xd
r
@
.h
V
V= VN, f = fN
ys
n
zi
ns
bu
ve
δ=0° φ = +90° IExc
.ra
Im V
1/xd IG
ad
(Different scales for IExc and IG)
ip
n- n+ V- V+
fil
Xd
IG @ Speed- n
Control
AVR
n
Vd
~
zi
Vp V
Excitation
bu
Turbine System
Vp = V + Vd = V + j·IG·Xd
.ra
© Siemens AG 2015 All rights reserved. IG

ip
Page 162
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Capacitive load
ve
ad
Re 50 Hz
S →∞
r
Vd= j·IG·Xd
.h
V
n
V= VN, f = fN
zi
ys
VP
bu
ns
.ra
IExc δ=0° φ = -90°
ve
IG Im V
1/xd
ip
ad
fil
n- n+ V- V+
Xd
IG
@ Speed- n
Control
AVR
Vd
~
n
Vp V
Excitation
zi
Turbine System
bu
.ra

Page 163
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Active load
ns
ve
Re 50 Hz
S →∞
ad
r
.h
IExc
j·IG·Xd IG
ys
VP V
V= VN, f = fN
ns
zi
ve
δ
φ = 0°
bu
ad
ra
V
1/xd Im
.
ip
@
n- n+ V- V+
Xd
fil
IG Speed- n AVR
n
Control
zi
Vd
Vp ~ V
bu
Excitation
Turbine System
.ra
ip

Page 164
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Rated load
ve
50 Hz
Re
ad
S →∞
Stator limits
j·IG·Xd
VP
r
@
.h
IExc N
Rotor limits
ys
V ING V= VN, f = fN
n
zi
ns
bu
φN
ve
δ
.ra
V
ad
1/xd Im
ip
(Different scales for IExc and ING) n- n+ V- V+

fil
Xd
IG @ Speed- n
Control
AVR
n
Vd
~
zi
Vp V
Excitation
bu
Turbine System
.ra
ip
Page 165
fil
r
.h
ys
Synchronous machines
Active power
ns
ve
Re
ad
VP·sin with V, VP  phase to starpoint voltages :
φ
P  3  V  I G  cos
r
.h
@
j·IG·Xd
VP IG VP  sinδ
cos 
ys
IG  X d
n
V
ns
zi
VP  sinδ
P  3  V  IG
bu
ve
IG  Xd
φ
.ra
ad

VP  V
P  3 sinδ
ip
Im
@ Xd
fil
Xd
IG
n
zi
Vp ~ V
bu
.ra
Vp = V + j·IG·Xd
ip

Page 168
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Synchronous machines
P-Q-Equations  describing the theoretical stability limit
ve
ad
Salient-pole machine Cylindrical-rotor machine (xd  xq)
@
Vp  V V2 xd - xq VP  V
P sin   sin2 P sin 
r
n
xd 2 xd xq xd
.h
zi
ys
bu
VP  V V2 xd - xq VP  V V2
Q cos  (1  sin 2 ) Q cos 
ns
xd xd
.ra
xq xd xd
ve
ip
P active power [p.u.]
ad
fil
Q reactive power [p.u.]

VP rotor voltage (e.m.f.) [p.u.]
V
@
terminal voltage of the generator [p.u.]
xd synchronous direct axis reactance [p.u.]
n
xq synchronous quadrature axis reactance [p.u.]
zi
 pole wheel angle

bu
.ra

Page 169
ip
fil
Page 171
fil fil
ip ip
.ra .ra
bu bu
zi zi
n n
@ @
Capability curve of a salient-pole generator (1/2)
ad ad
ve ve
ns ns
ys ys
.h .h
r r
.hr
ys
ns
Capability curve of a salient-pole generator (2/2)
ve
ad
r
n
Theoretical static Practical static
.h
zi
stability limit stability limit
ys
bu
ns
.ra
ve
ip
ad
fil
@
n
zi
bu
.ra

Page 172
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Construction of the stability limits for a cylindrical-rotor machine
ve
2
ad
2.0
P[p.u]
Dynamic
Theoretical static
stability limit Practical static
stability limit
@
stability limit
r
.h
1.5
P1
n
i
ys
zi
P3
VP=2,51
V’p=0
i
bu
ns
P6
i
1
P dy1
i
ve
.ra
P dy2
i
ad
ip
Sthy
a
0.5
Spry
fil
Stdy
cos
a
@ VP=0,8
n
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1
zi
V’P=0,4
1/xd Q[p.u]
bu
1/x’d
.ra
0.5 0.5

ip
Page 173
fil
r
.h
ys
Capability curve of a turbo generator
ns
ve
P
0,975
0,975
0,95
0,95
0,85
0,9
0,8
0,9
MW
ad
type of generator: TLRI 108/46
r
0,85 220
.h
nominal apparent powerSN = 200 MVA
@
200 nominal voltage VN = 15.750 kV
ys
nominal current IN = 7.331 kA
180 nominal frequency fN = 50.0 Hz
0,7 power factor cos N = 0.8
ns
0,8 160 cold-air temperature Tx = 40.00 °C
zi
140
ve
0,7
120
bu 0,6
ad
.ra
0,6 100
80 0,4
ip
@
60
fil
0,4
40
n
0,2
zi
0,2
Cos φ
Cos φ
bu
Q
MVAr 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 MVAr
.ra
underexcited overexcited
ip

fil
Page 174
r
.h
ys
ns
Contact
ve
ad
Claus Wagner
r
@
.h
ys
EM DG PRO S PROM
n
zi
ns
Humboldtstrasse 59
bu
91459 Nuremberg
ve
ra
ad
Mobile: +49 (172) 3265910
.
ip
E-mail:
@
fil
n
zi
bu
siemens.com/answers
.ra

ip
Page 175
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
ve
ad
r
.h
@
ys
n
ns
zi
ve
bu
ad
.ra
ip
Underexcitation Protection @
fil
n
(Loss of Field Protection)
zi
bu
.ra
ip

fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Table of content
ve
ad
 Theory
• Introduction
r
• Stability limits of generators
.h
ys
n
 Admittance measuring principle
zi
ns
• Admittance measurement
bu • Characteristic, settings
ve
.ra
• Comparison with the impedance measuring principle
ad
ip
 Examples
fil
@
• Dynamic tests
• Practical measurement
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip
Page 177
fil
r
.h
ys
Reasons for underexcitation
ns
ve
 Failure of the excitation device
ad
ZLoad  short circuit in the excitation circuit
r
.h
@
 interruption in the excitation circuit
ys
 Maloperation of the automatic voltage regulator
ns
zi
 Incorrect handling of the voltage regulator
bu
(generator, transformer)
ve
 Generator running with capacitive load
ra
ad
.
Countermeasure:
ip
@ Underexcitation Protection
fil
n
G
zi
excitation
device Note: This protection is also called
bu
Loss of Field Protection

.ra
ip

Page 178
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Possible design of the generator capability diagram
ve
ad
Definition:
Preferred design
@
+Q
r
.h
(Var) +P
(W)
n
Operating Operating
ys
zi
area area
ns
Static
bu stability
ve
over excited
.ra
+P limit
under over
(W)
ad
excited excited
ip
+Q
(Var)
fil
under excited
@
n
Static stability
zi
limit
bu
.ra

ip
Page 179
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Capability curve of a turbo generator
ve
ad
P
0,975
0,975
0,95
0,95
0,85
0,9
0,8
0,9
MW type of generator: TLRI 108/46
@
0,85 220 nominal apparent powerSN = 200 MVA
r
nominal voltage VN = 15.750 kV
.h
n
200 nominal current IN = 7.331 kA
nominal frequency fN = 50.0 Hz
zi
ys
180 power factor cos N = 0.8
0,7 cold-air temperature Tx = 40.00 °C
bu
0,8 160
ns
140
.ra
ve
0,7 0,6
120
ip
ad
0,6 100
fil
80 0,4
0,4
60
40
@
n
0,2
cosphi
cosphi
0,2
zi
bu
Q
MVAr 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 MVAr
.ra
underexcited overexcited
ip
Page 180
fil
r
.h
ys
Per Unit capability diagram of a synchronous generator in the case of
ns
undervoltage (U = 0.9 UN)
ve
ad
P [p.u]
@
1 U=1; I=1;
0.85
r
U=0.9; I= 1.11
.h
n
Stability
zi
ys
limit
bu
ns
.ra overexcited
underexcited
ve
Q [p.u]
ip
0.81/xd
ad
fil
1/xd
@
n
zi
In the case of an under-voltage the generator capability curve

moves to right and reduces the stability limits of the generator
bu
.ra

Page 181
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Summary of the statements regarding the stability limits
ve
ad
practical Stability
stability limit at
limit
@
U < UN + P
r
theorectical (W)
.h
n
maximum of
steady-state
zi
theorectical
ys
stability
bu
dynamic
limit
ns
stability .ra
limit
ve
over
ip
under
ad
excited excited
fil
+Q
@ (Var)
n
U2
xd
zi
bu
U2
x'd
.ra

Page 182
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Definitions for converting the generator diagram into the
ns
admittance diagram
ve
Complex Power: Admittance:
ad
S  UI

S P  jQ I G: Conductance
Y YG  jB
r
U B: Susceptance
.h
Transformation:
ys
n
zi

IU S* P - jQ P Q
ns
Y   
bu
 2 2
- j
UU U U U2 U 2
ve
.ra
ad
In the per unit
ip
+ P + G
P
G representation
fil
U2
Q
@ the diagrams are the
same. There is only a
B- 2
n
Q B
U
zi
- + + - phase shift in the

bu
reactive part of 180°

Note: In the per unit calculation is UN = 1
.ra

ip
Page 183
fil
r
.h
ys
Power and Admittance diagram: Influence of U
ns
ve
ad
r
.h
@
P G
ys
n
ns
zi
bu
ve
Q B
ra
ad
.
𝑈2 1
ip
𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑚 = − 𝐵𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
@
𝑋𝑑 𝑋𝑑
fil
1 −𝑈 2
n
𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑚 1
𝐵𝑙𝑖𝑚 =− 2 =− 2∗ =
zi
𝑈 𝑈 𝑋𝑑 𝑋𝑑
bu
.ra
ip

Page 184
fil
r
.h
ys
Characteristics of the underexcitation protection with
ns
admittance measurement Y>
ve
ad
char.3 char.2 char.1  3 independent characteristics and 3 timers

G[p.u.]
@
 characteristic 1,2 is adapted on the steady
r
.h
state curve
n
(delay: alarm only 10s; trip 0,5 – 3 s)
ys
zi
 additional verification of the field voltage
ns
bu
(trip delay time: 0,5 – 1,0 s)
ve
.ra
1
3 2
 characteristic 3 is adapted on the dynamic
ad
stability limit curve
ip
1 1 1
B[p.u.] x xd1 xd2 (short trip delay time: 0 – 0,3 s)
d3
fil
@  blocking of the protection at U<25% UN

n
Settings: Can be directly read out from the generator capability diagram
zi
bu
1 1 1 1 1 2
xd1  x 1 = 80° xd2  0.9  xd1 2 = 90° xd3  1 or  xd 3 = 110°
.ra
d
ip
Page 185
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Setting sheets of 7UM85
ve
Note: 7UM85 uses only per unit values. These values are only related to primary values.
ad
With version >V7.30 the excitation voltage is considered.

Excitation (field) voltage consideration
r
@
.h
ys
n
zi
ns
bu
ve
.ra
Scaling of the used measuring transducer (MT3)
ad
Setting value is the real primary field voltage (details see manual)
ip
@
fil
n
zi
bu
.ra

ip
Page 187
fil
r
.h
ys
Underexcitation protection with criterion impedance I-ZI<
ns
ve
 Generator diagram is transformed into the impedance plane (e.g. X=U2/Q).
ad
 Stability limit is represented as a circular arc.
r
.h
 characteristic: Offset-MHO
@
X[p.u.]
ys
 tripping zone inside the circle
n
R[p.u.]
ns
zi
0.5 xd’  characteristic 1, tdelay  0...0.3 s (for high
ve
bu
load generator and field failure)
1
ad
Char.1
 characteristic 2, tdelay  0.5 - 3 s (for low
.ra
xd load generator, section field voltage
ip
failure)
@
Char.2 approximation
fil
of stability
n
limit Summary:
zi
 Measuring principle is from the electro-mechanical relays,
because impedance measuring elements were only available
bu
Relay settings according

IEEE C37.102-1995  circle characteristic is a compromise for adaptation to the
.ra
generator stability curve

ip

fil
Page 188
r
.h
ys
ns
Transformation of criterion impedance I-ZI< into the admittance plane
ve
ad
Transformation rule:
A circle which doesn’t touch the zero point becomes a circle again when inverted.
r
.h
n
Impedance plane 1 Admittance plane
Y
ys
zi
G[p.u.]
X[p.u.]
Z
bu
ns
ra
R[p.u.]
ve
0.5 xd’
.
ip
ad
fil
1 Char.1 B[p.u.]
xd @ 1 1

n
Char. 2
xd  x,d 2 xd
zi
2 1
1
bu
x,d 1  x,d 2
.ra

ip
Page 189
fil

fil fil
ip ip
.ra . ra
bu bu
zi zi
n
Generator Protection
n
@ @
Application Templates ad ad
siemens.com/digitalgrid
ve ve
ns ns
ys ys
.h .h
r r
r
.h
ys
ns
Generator Basic 4V 4I
ve
ad
FG Generator Stator:
@
I-3ph from generator starpoint
r
V-3ph from generator terminals
.h
n
V-1ph from neutral transformer
zi
ys
bu
Short circuit protection: 51V
ns
.ra
ve
Ground fault protection: 59N (V0>)
ip
90% SGF MP 1-ph
ad
fil
FG VI 1 ph:
@ 50Hz Rotor ground fault with I
n
zi
bu
7XR8100
.ra
(7XR61+3PP1336)
Page 2 June 2021, SI DG EA-P&R PF&P PROM / Wagner Restricted © Siemens AG 2021
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Generator Busbar Connection 4V 8I
ns
ve
ad
r
.h
@
V-1ph for V SGF
ys
I-1ph for I SGF
ns
zi
bu
ve
Ground fault protection: 90% SGF MP 1-ph
59N (V0) as backup and during start up
.ra
ad
67Ns (dir E/F prot) as main protection
ip
@
FG Generator Side:
fil
Current for the generator diff 87G

n
zi
FG Generator Diff:
bu
87G
.ra
FG VI 1 ph:
ip
50Hz Rotor ground fault with I

fil
r
.h
ys
Generator Connection Types
ns
ve
Unit Connection Busbar Connection
ad
r
.h
@
ys
n
ns
zi
ve
bu
ad
.ra
ip
@
fil
n
zi
bu
.ra
only V0> measurement required V0> and 3I0> measurement required

ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Type of Functions
ve
ad
SGF 90% MP 3-ph
V-3ph: stage V0> I-3ph: stage 3I0>
r
MP connection types:
.h
n
V-3ph: V0 is calculated I-3ph: 3I0 is calculated
zi
ys
V-3ph+VN: V0 is measured I-3ph+IN sep: 3I0 is measured
bu
ns
Attention: current measurement on generator terminals only if
.ra
ve
grounding is on terminal side outside the CTs (e.g. earthing
transformer on the busbar).
ip
ad
fil
@ SGF 90% MP 1-ph

V-SGF: stage V0>
n
I-SGF: stage 3I0>
zi
bu
Attention: grounding in the neutral point needs differential

.ra
principle with ground currents on starpoint side and on terminal

side.
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Generator Unit Connection Basic 4V 8I (1/2)
ve
ad
r
.h
V-1ph for V SGF
ys
n
zi
ns
Ground fault protection:
bu
ve
59N (V0) (90% SGF MP 3-ph)
.ra
uses V-3ph
ad
ip
59 TH (V0 3rd harmonic)
@
fil
V0< TH: uses V-SGF

n
can be added:
zi
V0> TH: uses V-3ph or V3ph-N

bu
(broken delta winding)

ΔV0 TH: uses V-3ph and V-SGF
.ra
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Generator Unit Connection Basic 4V 8I (2/2)
ns
ve
FG Transformer Side 1 + 2:
ad
Currents for 87T transformer diff
r
.h
@
FG Transformer Diff:
ys
87T
ns
zi
bu
ve
.ra
ad
ip
@
fil
n
zi
bu
FG VI 1 ph:
.ra
50Hz Rotor ground fault with I

ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Generator Unit Connection Extended 8V 16I (1/2)
ve
ad

r
V-1ph for V SGF, I-1ph for I-SGF
.h
n
ys
Short circuit protection: 21, 51V
zi
Ground fault protection:
ns
bu
59N (V0) (90% SGF MP 3-ph)
ve
uses V-3ph
.ra
ad
64S (100% SGF, 20Hz injection principle)
ip
uses V-SGF and I-SGF (1ph)

fil
@
n
zi
FG VI 1 ph:
bu
50/60 Hz Rotor ground fault with calculated Rrotor

uses V-1ph and I-1ph from 7XR61
.ra
7XT33,34
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Generator Unit Connection Extended 8V 16I (2/2)
ve
ad
FG Transformer Side 1 + 2:
r
Currents for 87T Transformer Diff
.h
ys
n
FG Transformer Diff:
zi
87T Transformer Diff
ns
bu
ve
ra
FG CB:
ad
25 Sync Check for HV CB
.
ip
@
fil
FG Generator Side + Stator:

n
Currents for 87G Generator Diff
zi
bu
FG Generator Diff:
87G Generator Diff
.ra
7XT33,34
ip
fil
r
.h
ys
Generator Unit Connection Large 8V 16I (1/2)
ns
ve
ad
r
V-1ph for V SGF, I-1ph for I-SGF
.h
@
ys
Short circuit protection: 21, 51V
ns
zi
7XR8004 Ground fault protection:
7XR8700 (7XR6004)
bu
(3PP1326) 59N (V0) (90% SGF MP 3-ph)
ve
uses V-3ph
.ra
ad
64S (100% SGF, 20Hz injection principle)
ip
uses V-SGF and I-SGF (1ph)
@
fil
7XT33,34
FG VI 1 ph:
n
1-3 Hz Rotor ground fault prot. using MT 1,2
zi
bu
FG Analog Units:
.ra
Defining measurement transducers for RGF prot.,

50 DC prot and excitation voltage for 40 (underexcitation
ip
Page 10 prot.)
June 2021, SI DG EA-P&R PF&P PROM / Wagner Restricted © Siemens AG 2021
fil
r
.h
ys
ns
Generator Unit Connection Large 8V 16I (2/2)
ve
ad
r
.h
n
ys
zi
bu
ns
7XR8004
7XR8700 (7XR6004)
(3PP1326)
FG Generator Side + Stator:
ve
.ra
Currents for 87G Generator Diff
ad
ip
FG Generator Diff:
fil
87G Generator Diff

7XT33,34
@
n
zi
bu
.ra
ip
fil

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© Siemens AG 2014 All rights reserved. siemens.com/answers

© Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

Page 4 2013-03-20 Author / IC SG EA PRO

With SIPROTEC 5 we have the right answer

© Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

Page 6 2013-03-20 Author / IC SG EA PRO

With SIPROTEC 5 we have the right answer

© Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

Page 7 2013-03-20 Author / IC SG EA PRO

With SIPROTEC 5 we have the right answer

© Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

Page 8 2013-03-20 Author / IC SG EA PRO

With SIPROTEC 5 we have the right answer

© Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

With SIPROTEC 5 we have the right answer

 Optimum Smart Automation platform

© Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

Page 10 2013-03-20 Author / IC SG EA PRO

The customers ideas and requirements have always been

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Page 11 2013-03-20 Author / IC SG EA PRO

And across several generations.

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Page 12 2013-03-20 Author / IC SG EA PRO

© Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

Page 14 2013-03-20 Author / IC SG EA PRO

Individually configurable devices provide perfectly tailored

© Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

With SIPROTEC 5 you get your tailored device.

 Simple configuration of your

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Page 17 2013-03-20 Author / IC SG EA PRO

With the SIPROTEC 5 modular system you get

© Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

Simply select from a multitude of

© Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

Simply select from a multitude of

© Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

Page 21 2013-03-20 Author / IC SG EA PRO

Simply select from a multitude of

© Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

Page 22 2013-03-20 Author / IC SG EA PRO

Simply select from a multitude of

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The simple SIPROTEC 5 equation:

= Your individual SIPROTEC 5 device

Supplied completely assembled by Siemens!

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Expand the basic functionality

substitute them 25 27 49 59 40 59 64 51N 49 64R

Function points instead of fixed functions

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• The software functions are later

loaded into the device with DIGSI 5

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Page 30 2013-03-20 Author / IC SG EA PRO

The SIPROTEC 5 Configurator makes configuring

 Define the housing design

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Page 36 2013-03-20 Author / IC SG EA PRO

© Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.