MP Formula

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Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT-JAM, JEST, TIFR and GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES
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Forum for CSIR-UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT-JAM/IISc,
JEST, TIFR and GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Basic Mathematics Formula Sheet for

Physics
Head office Branch office

fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai, Anand Institute of Mathematics,
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-16 28-B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi-16
Website: www.physicsbyfiziks.com
Email: fiziks.physics@gmail.com 1

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Basic Mathematics Formula Sheet for Physical Sciences
1. Trigonometry…………………………………………………………………… (3-9)
1.1 Trigonometrical Ratios and Identities………………………………………...… (3-7)
1.2 Inverse Circular Functions………………………………………...……………. (8-9)
2. Differential and integral Calculus………………………………………….… (10-19)

2.1 Differentiation …………...……………. ……………………………………... (10-12)
2.2 Limits …………………………………………………………………..………(13-14)
2.3 Tangents and Normal……………………………..…………………………….(15-16)
2.4 Maxima and Minima ……………………………………………………………..(16)
2.5 Integration……………………………………………………………………....(17-19)
2.5.1 Gamma integral……………………………………………………..(19)
3. Differential Equations………………………………………………….……....(20-22)
4. Vectors……………….…….................................................................................(23-25)
5. Algebra……………….…….................................................................................(26-32)
5.1 Theory of Quadratic equations…………………………………………………...(26)
5.2 Logarithms………………………………………………………………………..(27)
5.3 Permutations and Combinations……………………………………………......(28-29)
5.4 Binomial Theorem…………………………………………………......................(30)
5.5 Determinants……………………………………………....................................(31-32)
6. Conic Section……………….……..........................................................................(33)
7. Probability……………….……...........................................................................(34-35)

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1. Trigonometry
1.1 Trigonometrical Ratios and Identities
1. sin 2   cos 2   1 2. sec 2   1  tan 2 
sin 
3. cos ec 2  1  cot 2  4. tan  
cos
cos  1
5. cot   6. sin  
sin  cos ec
1 1
7. cos   8. tan  
sec  cot 
Addition and Subtraction Formulae
For any two angles A and B
1. Sin A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B 2. Sin A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B
3. cos A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B 4. cos A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tan A  tan B tan A  tan B
5. tan  A  B   6. tan  A  B  
1  tan A. tan B 1  tan A. tan B
Double Angle Formulae
1. sin 2  2 sin  cos 
2. cos 2  cos 2   sin 2   1 2 sin 2   2 cos 2   1
2 tan 
3. tan 2 
1  tan 2 
Triple angle Formulae
1. sin 3  3 sin   4 sin 3  2. cos 3  4 cos3   3 cos
3 tan   tan 3 
3. tan 3 
1  3 tan 2 
Trigonometric Ratios of  / 2
     
1. sin   2 sin cos , 2. cos  cos 2  sin 2  2 cos 2  1  1  2 sin 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

2 tan
3. tan   2

1  tan 2
2

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Formulae for sin2θ & cos2θ in terms of tanθ

2 tan  1  tan 2 
1. sin 2  2. cos 2 
1  tan 2  1  tan 2 
Formulae for sinθ & cosθ in terms of tanθ/2

 
2 tan 1  tan 2
1. sin   2 2. cos   2
 
1  tan 2 1  tan 2
2 2
Transformation of sum/differences into Products
C  D C  D
1. sin C  sin D  2 sin   cos 
 2   2 
C  D C  D
2. sin C  sin D  2 cos  sin  
 2   2 
C  D C  D
3. cos C  cos D  2 cos  cos 
 2   2 
C  D C  D  C  D   D C 
4. cos C  cos D  2 sin   sin    2 sin   sin  
 2   2   2   2 
Transformations of Products into sum/difference
1. 2SinA cos B  Sin( A  B)  Sin( A  B)
2. 2 cos A sin B  Sin( A  B)  Sin( A  B)
3. 2 cos A cos B  cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)
4. 2 sin A sin B  cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)
Trigonometric Ratios of (-θ)

1. sin      sin  2. cos    cos
3. tan      tan  4. cot      cot 
5. sec     sec  6. cos ec     cos ec

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 
Trigonometric Ratio of     : (All Positive)
2 
   
1. cos     sin  2. sin      cos
2  2 
   
3. tan     cot  4. cot     tan 
2  2 
   
5. cos ec     sec  6. sec     cos ec
2  2 
 
Trigonometric Ratio of     :( Only sin  and cos ec is Positive)
2 
   
1. cos      sin  2. sin      cos 
2  2 
   
3. tan      cot  4. cot      tan 
2  2 
   
5. cos ec     sec  6. sec      cos ec
2  2 
Trigonometric Ratios of     :( Only sin  and cos ec is Positive)
1. cos      cos 2. sin      sin 

3. tan      tan  4. cot      cot 
5. cos ec      cos ec 6. sec      sec 

Trigonometric Ratios of     :( Only tan  and cot  is Positive)
1. cos      cos  2. sin       sin 

3. tan      tan  4. cot     cot 
5. cos ec       cos ec 6. sec      sec 

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 3 
Trigonometric Ratio of     :( Only tan  and cot  is Positive)
 2 
 3   3 
1. cos      sin  2. sin       cos 
 2   2 
 3   3 
3. tan     cot  4. cot     tan 
 2   2 
 3   3 
5. cos ec      sec  6. sec      cos ec
 2   2 
 3 
Trigonometric Ratio of     :( Only cos  and sec  is Positive)
 2 
 3   3 
1. cos     sin  2. sin       cos 
 2   2 
 3   3 
3. tan      cot  4. cot      tan 
 2   2 
 3   3 
5. cos ec      sec  6. sec     cos ec
 2   2 
Trigonometric Ratios of 2    :( Only cos  and sec  is Positive)
1. cos2     cos 2. sin 2      sin 
3. tan2      tan  4. cot2      cot 

5. cos ec 2      cos ec 6. sec2     sec 
Trigonometric Ratios of 2    : (All Positive)

1. cos2     cos  2. sin 2     sin 
3. tan 2     tan  4. cot2     cot 

5. cos ec 2     cos ec 6. sec2     sec 

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Short-cut method to remember the Trigonometric ratios

 n 
1. sin       sin 
 2 
 n 
2. cos      cos when n is an even integer
 2 
 n   n 
3. tan      tan  4. sin       cos 
 2   2 
 n 
5. cos      sin  when n is an odd integer
 2 
 n 
6. tan      cot 
 2 
θ 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o 120o 135o 150o 180o 270o 360o
sin θ 0 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 0 -1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
cos θ 1 3 1 1 0 1 1 3 -1 0 1
  
2 2 2 2 2 2
tan θ 0 1 1 3 ∞  3 -1 1 0 ∞ 0

3 3
cot θ ∞ 3 1 1 0 1 -1  3 ∞ 0 ∞
3 3
sec θ 1 2 2 2 ∞ -2  2 2 -1 ∞ 1
3 3
cosec θ ∞ 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 ∞ -1 ∞
3 3

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1.2 Inverse Circular Functions

1. sin 1 sin x   x 2. cos 1 cos x   x
3. tan 1 tan x   x 4. cot 1 cot x   x
5. sec 1 sec x   x 6. cos ec 1 cos ec   x
 
7. sin sin 1 x  x  
8. cos cos 1 x  x
9. secsec x   x
1

10. cos ec cos ec 1 x  x 
1 1
11. sin 1    cos ec 1 x 12. cos 1    sec 1 x
x x
1 1
13. tan 1    cot 1 x 14. cot 1    tan 1 x
 x x
1 1
15. sec 1    cos 1 x 16. cos ec 1    sin 1 x
x  x
17. sin 1  x    sin 1 x 18. cos 1  x     cos 1 x

19. tan 1  x    tan 1 x 19. sin 1 x  cos 1 x 
2
 
20. tan 1 x  cot 1 x  21. sec 1 x  cos ec 1 x 
2 2
22. sin 1 1  x 2  cos 1 x 23. cos 1 1  x 2  sin 1 x
24. tan 1 x 2  1  sec 1 x 25. cot 1 x 2  1  cos ec 1 x
26. sec 1 1  x 2  tan 1 x 27. cos ec 1 1  x 2  cot 1 x
 
28. sin 1 2 x 1  x 2  2 sin 1 x  
29. sin 1 3x  4 x 3  3 sin 1 x
 2x 
 
30. cos 1 4 x 3  3 x  3 cos 1 x 31. tan 1  2 
 2 tan 1 x
1 x 
 3x  x 3   x y
32. tan 1    3 tan 1 x
2 
33. tan 1    tan 1 x  tan 1 y
 1  3 x   1  xy 
 x y 
34. tan 1    tan 1 x  tan 1 y
 1  xy 
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x3 x5
Some Important Expansions: 1. sin x  x    .........
3! 5!
x3 x5 x2 x4
2. sinh x  x    ......... 3. cos x  1    .........
3! 5! 2! 4!
x2 x4 1 2
4. cosh x  1    ......... 5. tan x  x  x 3  x 5  .........
2! 4! 3 15
x 2 x3 x 2 x3
6. e x  1  x    ......... 7. e  x  1  x    .........
2! 3! 2! 3!
Some useful substitutions:-
Expressions Substitution Formula Result
3x  4 x 3 x  sin  3 sin   4 sin 3  Sin3θ
4 x 3  3x x  cos  4 cos 3   3 cos cos3θ
3x  x 3 x = tan θ 3 tan   tan 3  tan3θ

1  3x 2 1  3 tan 2 
2x x = tan θ 2 tan  sin2θ
1 x2 1  tan 2 
1 x2 x = tan θ 1  tan 2  cos2θ
1 x2 1  tan 2 
2x x = tan θ 2 tan  tan2θ
1 x2 1  tan 2 
1  2x2 x = sin θ 1  2 sin 2  cos2θ
2x 2  1 x = cos θ 2 cos 2   1 cos2θ
1 x2 x = sin θ 1  sin 2  cos2θ
1 x2 x = cos θ 1  cos 2  sin2θ
x2 1 x = sec θ sec 2   1 tan2θ
x2 1 x = cosec θ cos ec 2  1 cot2θ
1 x2 x = tan θ 1  tan 2  sec2θ
1 x2 x = cot θ 1  cot 2  cosec2θ

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2. Differential and integral Calculus

2.1 Differentiation
f x  h  f x  f a  h   f a 
1. f  x   lim 2. f ' a   lim
h 0 h h0 h
dy y d
3.  lim 4. k   0 ; k is constant function
dx x  0 x dx
d d 1
5.
dx
x   1 6.
dx
 x
2 x
d  1  n d n
7.  
dx  x n  x n1
8.
dx
 
x  nx n1 ; n  N
d  1  1 d
9.   10. sin x   cos x
dx  x  x 2 dx
d d
11. cos x    sin x 12. tan x   sec 2 x
dx dx
d d
13. sec x   sec x. tan x 14. cos ecx    cos ecx. cot x
dx dx
d x d x
15.
dx
 
a  a x log a; a  0, a  1 16.
dx
 
e  ex
d d 1
17. log x   1 18. 
sin 1 x   ; 1  x  1
dx x dy 1 x2
d 1 d 1
19.
dx

cos 1 x   ; 1  x  1 20.
dx

tan 1 x  
1 x2
; xR
1 x2
d 1 d 1
21.
dx

cot 1 x  
1 x2
; xR 22.
dx
 
sec 1  : x 1
x x2 1
d 1
23.
dx

cos ec 1 x   ; x 1
x x2 1

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Rules of Differentiations
dy du dv
1. Addition Rule: If y = (u + v) then   
dx dx dx
dy du dv
2. Substations Rule: If y = (u - v) then   
dx dx dx
dy dv du
3. Product Rule: If y = uv then  u v
dx dx dx
du dv
v u
u dy dx dx
4. Quotient Rule: If y  then   2
v dx v
dy dy du
5. If y = f(u) is u = g(x) then  .
dx du dx
du du dy dy
6. If u = f(y) , then  .  f  y 
dx dy dx dx
dy dx dy 1 dx
7. .  1 or  where 0
dx dy dx dx dy
dy
Derivatives of composite functions
d d 1 d
1.  f x n  n f x n1 . d  f x  2.  
f x    f x 
dx dx dx 2 f  x  dx
d  1  1 d d
3.    .  f  x  4. sin f x   cos f x . d  f x 
dx  f  x    f  x  dx
2
dx dx
d
5. cos f x    sin f x . d  f x  6.
d
tan f x   sec 2 f x . d  f x 
dx dx dx dx
d
7. cot f x    cos ec 2 f x . d  f x  8.
d
sec f x   sec f x  tan f x . d  f x 
dx dx dx dx
d
9. cos ecf x    cos ecf x cot f x . d  f x 
dx dx
d
10. log f x   1 . d  f x  11.
d f x
a   d
 a f  x  log a.  f  x 
dx f  x  dx dx dx
d f x  d d
12. e 
 e f  x   f  x  13.  f g x n  n f g x n 1  f g x  d g x 
dx dx dx dx
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Derivatives of composite functions

d 1 d
1.
dx
 
sin 1 f  x   .  f  x 
1   f  x  dx
2
d 1 d
2.
dx
 
cos 1 f  x   .  f  x 
1   f  x  dx
2
d 1 d
3.  
tan 1 f  x   .  f  x 
1   f  x  dx
2
dx
d 1 d
4.  
cot 1 f  x   .  f  x 
1   f  x  dx
2
dx
d 1 d
5.
dx
 
sec 1 f  x   .
dx
 f x 
f x   f x 2 1
d 1 d
6.
dx

cos ec 1 f x   .  f  x 
f  x   f  x   1 dx
2
Implicit functions:-
Take the derivatives of these functions directly and find dy/dx
Parametric functions:-
dy dy / dx dx
If x  f t  & y  g t  then  where 0
dx dx / dt dt
g x
Logarithemic Differentiation:- If the function is in the form of  f  x 
Then taking Logarithm on both sides 15 & then find dy/dx
Higher order Derivatives of composite functions:-
d2y
y2   f " x  IInd order
dx 2
d3y
y3   f " ' x  IIIrd order
dx 3
dny
In General; y n   f n
x  nth order
dx n

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2.2 Limits
Limits of function
If for every   0 there exist δ > 0 such that if f  x   l   whenever 0  x  a  
then we say lim of f(x) as x→ a is l

i.e. lim f  x   l
x a
Theorem of limits
If f(x) and g(x) are two functions then
1. lim  f  x   g  x   lim f  x   lim g  x 
x a xa x a
2. lim  f  x   g  x   lim f  x   lim g  x 

x a xa x a
 
3. lim  f  x .g  x   lim f  x  . lim g  x 
x a xa xa

f  x  lim f x 
4. lim  xa
x a g  x  lim g  x 
xa
 
5. lim kf  x   k lim f  x  where k is constant
x a x a
6. lim f  x   lim f  x 
x a x a
7. lim  f  x 
x a
p/q

 lim f  x 
x a

p/q
: where p & q are integers
Some Important standard limits

1. lim x  a 2. lim c  c : where c is constant c  R
x a x a
xn  an
3. lim x n  a n ; nR 4. lim  na n 1 ; n  N, a  0
x a x a xa
sin  
5. lim 1 6. lim 1
 0    0 sin 
tan  
7. lim 1 8. lim 1
 0    0 tan 
sin k tan k
9. lim k 10. lim k
 0   0 

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1  cos x 1 x2
11. lim  12. lim 2
x 0 x2 2 x  0 1  cos x
sin mx 0 m 1  cos kx k 2
13. lim  14. lim 
x 0 sin nx 0 n x0 x2 2
15. lim cos x  1; lim cos x  0 16. lim sin x  0; lim sin  / 2  1
x0 x  / 2 x0 x  / 2
a x 1 ex 1
17. lim  log a where a > 0 18. lim 1
x a x x a x
log 1  x  log a 1  x 
19. lim  1; lim  log a e a0
x a x x a x
1/ x 1/ x
20. lim 1  x   e; lim 1  kx   ek
x0 x0
log1  kx  cos ax  cos bx a 2  b 2

21. lim k 22. lim  2
x0 x x  0 cos cx  cos dx c d2
2 2 1/ x
 cos ax  cos bx  b  a  1  ax 
23. lim    24. lim    e a b
x0 x 2 x  0 1  bx
   
1/ x b c
 a  bx  a
1 1
25. lim   e 26. lim  0; lim  0
x  0 a  cx x  x x   x
 
1 1 1
27. lim 2
 0; lim 2  0 28. lim  0 where k >0
x  x x   x x  x k
29. lim k  k ; lim k  k where k is constant

x  x  
30. lim sin x  sin a 31. lim cos x  cos a

x a x a
x  x 2  x 3  ...x n  n nn  1
32. lim 
x 1 x 1 2
a x  bx a
33. lim  log ; a, b  0
x0 x b
sec x  1 1 cos ecx  1
34. lim 2
 ; lim 1
x0 x 2 x  0 x2
x n h
 1   1  a
35. lim 1  2   e x ; lim 1    e 36. lim 1    e a
x 
 x  n 
 n h 
 h

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2.3 Tangents and Normal

Tangent at  x, y  to y  f  x 
Let y  f  x  be a given curve and P x, y  and

x  x, y  y 
Q x  x, y  y  be two neighbouring points on it. Q
Equation of the line PQ is
y  y  y
Yy  X  x  or Y  y  y  X  x  P  x, y 
x  x  x x
This line will be tangent to the given curve at P if Q  P which in tern means that
x  0 and we know that
y dy
lim x0 
x dx
dy
Therefore the equation of the tangent is Yy X  x
dx
Normal at  x, y 
The normal at  x, y  being perpendicular to tangent will have its slope as  1 dy and
dx
hence its equation is
1
Yy X  x
dy dx
Geometrical meaning of dy dx
dy dx represents the slope of the tangent to the given curve y  f  x  at any point  x, y 
dy
  tan
dx
where  is the angle which the tangent to the curve makes with +ve direction of x-axis.
 dy  dy
In case we are to find the tangent at any point  x1 , y1  then   i.e. the value of
 dx   x1 , y1  dx
at  x1 , y1  will represent the slope of the tangent and hence its equation in this case will
be

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 dy 
y  y1    x  x1 
 dx   x1 , y1 
1
Normal y  y1  x  x1 
dy dx  x1 , y1 
Condition for tangent to be parallel or perpendicular to x-axis
If tangent is parallel to x-axis or normal is perpendicular to x-axis then
dy
0
dx
If tangent is perpendicular to x-axis or normal is parallel to x-axis then
dy dx
  or  0.
dx dy
2.4 Maxima and Minima
For the function y  f  x  at the maximum as well as minimum point the tangent is
parallel to x-axis so that its slope is zero.
dy dy
Calculate  0 and solve for x. Suppose one root of  0 is at x=a.
dx dx
d2y
If 2   ve for x=a, then maximum at x=a.
d x
d2y
If 2   ve for x=a, then minimum at x=a.
d x
d2y d3y
If 2  0 at x=a, then find 3 .
d x d x
d3y
If 3  0 at x=a, neither maximum nor minimum at x=a.
d x
d3y d4y
If 3  0 at x=a, then find 4 .
d x d x
d4y d4y
If 4  0 i.e +ve at x=a, then y is minimum at x=a and if 4  0 i.e -ve at x=a, then y
d x d x
is maximum at x=a and so on.

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2.5 Integration
Indefinite Integration
d
If F x   c  f x  , then we say that F x   c is an indefinite integral or
dx
antiderivative of f  x  and we write
 f x dx  F x   c
Some standard Integrals
x n1 1 1
1. n
 x dx  c  n  1 2. x dx   c n  1
n 1 n
n  1x n1
1 1
3.  dx  2 x  c 4.  x dx  log x  c
x
ax
5.  e x dx  e x  c 6.  a x dx  c
log a
7.  cos x dx  sin x  c 8.  sin x dx   cos x  c
9.  sec 2 xdx  tan x  c 10.  cos ec 2 x dx   cot x  c
11.  sec x tan x dx  sec x  c 12.  cos ecx cot x dx   cos ecx  c
dx dx
13.   sin 1 x  c 14. 1 x 2
 tan 1 x  c
2
1 x
dx
15.   sec 1 x  c 16.  cosh x dx  sinh x  c
2
x x 1
17.  sinh x dx  cosh x  c 18.  sec h 2 xdx  tanh x  c
19.  cos ech 2 x dx   coth x  c 20.  sec hx tanh x dx   sec hx  c
21.  cos echx coth x dx   cos echx  c 22.  tan xdx  logsec x   c
23.  cot x dx  log sin x   c 24.  sec x dx  log sec x  tan x   c
 x dx 1 x
25.  cos ecx dx  log  tan   c 26. a 2 2
 tan 1  c
 2 x a a

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dx 1 x  a
27. x  log   c; if x  a
 x  a 
2 2
a 2a
dx 1 a  x
28.   log   c ; if x  a
 a  x 
2 2
a x 2a
dx  x
29.   log  x  x 2  a 2   c or sinh 1    c
x2  a2   a
30. 
dx
x2  a2

 log x  x 2  a 2  c   x
or cosh 1    c
a
dx x
31.   sin 1 c
a2  x2 a
32.  x 2  a 2 dx 
x 2
2
x  a2 
a2
2

log x  x 2  a 2 
33.  x 2  a 2 dx 
x 2
2
x  a2 
a2
2

log x  x 2  a 2 
x a2 x
34.  a 2  x 2 dx  a2  x2  sin 1  c
2 2 a
dx 1 x 1 x
35. x  sec 1  c   cos ec 1  c
x2  a2 a a a a
a
mx nx a
36.  sin sin dx   mn
0
L L 2
 0, mn
a
 , mn
2
Rules of Integration
1.   f1  x   f 2  x dx   f1  x dx   f 2  x dx
2.  k  f  x dx k  f  x dx , where k is constant
3.  k f x   k f x dx  k  f x dx  k  f x dx , where k1 and k2 are constants

1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2

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Rule of integration by substitution

dx
1. If x   t  ,  f x dx   f x  dt dt   f  t  ' t dt
g ax  b 
2.  f ax  b dx  a
c
n  f  x 
n 1
3.   f x  f ' x dx  n 1
 c : n  1
f ' x 
4.  f x  dx  log f x   c
Rules of integration by partial fraction
Px 
This method can be used to evaluate an integral of the type  Qx  dx
where (i) P(x) & Q(x) are Polynomials in x
(ii) Degree of P(x) < degree of Q(x)
(iii) Q(x) contains two/more distinct linear/quadratic factors i.e.
Px  A B C
  
Q  x  a1 x  b1  a 2 x  b2  a3 x  b3 
 du 
 uvdx  u  vdx    dx  vdx dx
2.5.1 Gamma integral


(i) Gamma integral is given by (n)   x n1e x dx = (n  1) .
0
1
   
2

n  Bx 2 1  n 1
(ii)  x e dx 
0
n 1

 2 

2
2B

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3. Differential Equations
Order and degree of a differential equation
The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest differential co-efficient
present in the equation.
d2y dy
Example: 2
 2  3 y  0 is a second order differential equation.
dx dx
The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest derivative after
removing the radical sign and fraction.
2 3
d2y  dy 
Example:  2   2   3 y  0 has degree of 2.
 dx   dx 
D.E. of the first order and first degree
1. Separation of the variables:
f  y dy    x dx
2. Homogeneous Equation
dy f  x, y 
   x, y  is of the same degree.
dx   x, y  if each term of f(x,y) and
3. Equations reducible to homogeneous form
dy ax  by  c x  X  h dy dY aX  bY  ah  bk
 , let   
dx Ax  By  C y Y k  dx dX AX  BY  Ah  Bk
ah  bk  c  0  dy aX  bY
Choose h, k so that Ah  Bk  C  0  
 dx AX  BY
a b 1 dy ax  by  c
Case of failure: A  B  m  
dx max  by   C
4. Linear Differential Equations
dy
 Py  Q where P and Q are function of x (but not y) or constant.
dx
I .F .  e 
Pdx
 y  I .F .   Q  I .F .dx  c

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5. Equations reducible to the linear form

dy 1
 Py  Qy n divide by yn and put y n1  z
dx

1 dy 1
 n1 P  Q 
1  n  dy  dz
n
y dx y yn dx dx
1 dz
  Pz  Q
1  n dx
6. Exact differential Equation
M N
Mdx + Ndy = 0 if y  x
 Mdx   terms of N not containing x  dy  C

y constant
7. Equations reducible to the exact form

M N

a) If y x is a function of x alone, say f(x) then .F.  e  f  x  dx multiply with
N
different equation.
M N

b) If y x is a function of y alone, say f(y) then .F.  e  f  y  dy .
N
1
c) If M = yf1 (xy) and N = xf2 (xy), then .F .  Mx  Ny

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Linear D.E. of second order with constant coefficients

d2y dy
2
 P  Qy  R where P, Q and R are function of x or constant.
dx dx
y = C.F. + P.I.
C.F.
a) roots, real and different y  C1e m1x  C 2 e m2 x
b) roots, real and equal y  C1  C 2 x e m2 x
y  C1e
 i  x
 C2 e
 i  x
c) roots imaginary
 e x  A cos  x  B sin  x 
P.I.
1 1 ax 1 1
ax
a) f D  e  f a  e if f a   0 then e ax  x   e ax
f D  f a 
1
b) f D  x   f D  x
n 1 n
1 1 1 1
c) f D 2 sin ax  f  a 2 sin ax and f D 2 cos ax  f  a 2 cos ax
       
1 1
If f  a 2   0 then sin ax  x. sin ax
 
f D 2

f   a2 
1 1
d) f D 2 e   x   e f D  a    x 
ax ax
 
1
e)   x   e  ax  e ax  x  dx
Da
1 n ax 1 n
f) f D  x sin ax  Im e f  D  a  x

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4. Vectors
Cartesian coordinate system

Infinitesimal displacement dl  dxxˆ  dy yˆ  dz zˆ
Volume element d  dxdydz

 f f f
Gradient: f  xˆ  yˆ  zˆ
x y z
  A Ay A
Divergence: . A  x   z
x y z
   A Ay   Ax Az   Ay Ax 
Curl:  A   z   xˆ     yˆ     zˆ
 y z   z x   x y 
2  2 f  2 f 2 f
Laplacian:  f   
x 2 y 2 z 2
Spherical Polar Coordinate System  r ,  ,  
x  r sin  cos  , y  r sin  sin  , z  r cos 

z y
r  x 2  y 2  z 2 ,   cos 1 ,   tan 1
r x
Infinitesimal displacement dl  drrˆ  rdˆ  r sin  dˆ
2
Volume element d  r sin  drd d
r range from 0 to  ,  from 0 to  , and  from 0 to 2 .
 f 1 f ˆ 1 f ˆ
Gradient:  f  rˆ   
r r  r sin  
  1  1  1 A
Divergence: . A  2  r 2 Ar    sin  A  
r r r sin   r sin  
 rˆ rˆ r sin ˆ 
   
1    
Curl:  A  2

r sin  r   
 
 Ar rA  r sin  A 
1   f  1   f  1  2 f 
Laplacian:  f  2  r2   2
2
 sin   2 2  2
r r  r  r sin      r sin    

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Cylindrical Coordinate System  r ,  , z 
y
x  r cos  , y  r sin  , z  z and r  x2  y 2 ,   tan 1
x

Infinitesimal displacement dl  drrˆ  rdˆ  dz zˆ
Volume element d  rdrd dz

r range from 0 to  ,  from 0 to 2 , and z from  to  .
 f 1 f ˆ f
Gradient:  f  rˆ    zˆ
r r  z
  1  1 A A
Divergence: . A   rAr     z
r r r  z
 rˆ rˆ zˆ 
  1     

Curl:  A 
r  r  z 
 
 Ar rA Az 
2 1   f  1  2 f  2 f
Laplacian:  f  r  
r r  r  r 2  2 z 2

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VECTOR IDENTITIES
Triple Product
        
(1) A.( B  C )  B.(C  A)  C .( A  B )
        
(2) A  ( B  C )  B ( A.C )  C ( A.B )
Product Rules
  
(3) ( fg )  f (g )  g ( f )
              
   
(4)  A.B  A  (  B )  B  (  A)  A. B  ( B.) A
     
(5) .( f A)  f (. A)  A.( f )
        
(6) .( A  B )  B.(  A)  A.(  B )
     
(7)   ( f A)  f (  A)  A  ( f )
              
 
(8)   A  B  ( B.) A  ( A.) B  A(.B)  B(. A)
Second Derivative
  
(9) .(  A)  0 i.e. divergence of a curl is always zero.
 
(10)   ( f )  0 i.e. curl of a gradient is always zero.
      
 
(11)   (  A)   . A   2 A
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS
b  
Gradient Theorem:  
a
 f .dl  f  b   f  a 
   
Divergence Theorem:   . Ad   A.d a
    
Curl Theorem:    A.d a   A.dl

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5. Algebra
5.1 Theory of Quadratic equations
1. Roots of the equation
 b  b 2  4ac
ax 2  bx  c  0 are x 
2a
Sum and Product of the roots
If  and  be the roots, then
b c
   and  . 
a a
2. To find the equation whose roots are  and  .
The required equation will be
x   x     0 or x 2     x   .  0 or x 2  Sx  P  0
where S is the sum and P is the product of the root.
3. Nature of the roots.
2  b  b 2  4ac
Roots of the equation ax  bx  c  0 are x  .
2a
The expression b 2  4ac is called discriminant.
(a) If b 2  4ac  0 , roots are real.
(i) If b 2  4ac  0 , then roots are real and unequal.
 b 
(ii) If b 2  4ac  0 , then roots are real and equal   .
 2a 
(b) If b 2  4ac  0 , then b 2  4ac is imaginary. Therefore roots are imaginary and
unequal.

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5.2 Logarithms
Properties of Logarithms ( a  0, a  1, m  0, n  0 )
1. a x  y then x  log a y 2. log a a  1
1
3. log a 1  0 4. log b a  or log b a. log a b  1
log a b
log c a
5. Base changing formula log b a  log c a. log b c 
log c b
6. log a mn  log a m  log a n ,  

log a m n  log a m  log a n
7. log a m n  n log a m Or in particular log a a n  n
 p p
8. log a p n q    log a n Or in particular log n q n q 
q q
9. a log a n  n
Rules of indices
am
1. a m  a n  a m  n 2. n
 a m n
a
 
3. a m
n
 a mn
m
4. a  b   a m  b m
m
a am 1
5.    m 6. a  m 
b b am
7. a 0  1

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5.3 Permutations and Combinations

Permutation
Each of the different arrangements which can be made by taking some or all of a number
of things is called permutation.
Combination
Each of the different groups or selections which can be made by taking some or all of a
number of things (irrespective of the order) is called combination.
Fundamental Theorem
If there are m ways of doing a thing and for each of the m ways there are associated
n ways of doing a second thing then the total number of ways of doing the two things will
be mn.
Important Results
(a) Number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time.
n!
n
Pr   nn  1n  2 .......n  r  1
n  r !
where n! 1.2.3...............n .
Note that n! n.n  1! n.n  1
. n  2!
(b) Number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken all at a time.
n!
n
Pn   nn  1n  2 .......n  n  1
n  r !
 nn  1n  2 ..........3.2.1  n!
(c) Number of combinations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time.
n
n n! P
Cr   r
n  r !r! r!
(d) Number of combinations of n dissimilar things taken all at a time.
n! 1
n
Cn   1  0! 1
n  n !n! 0!

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(e) If out of n things p are exactly alike of one kind, q exactly alike of second kind and r
exactly alike of third kind and the rest all different, then the number of permutations of n
things taken all at a time
n!

p!.q!.r!
(f) If some or all of n things be taken at a time then the number of combinations will be
2n  1  n
C1  nC 2  .......... nC n  2 n  1
(g) n C r  n C n r
(h) n C r1  n C r2  r1  r2 or r1  r2  n .
(i) n C r  nC r 1  n1C r

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5.4 Binomial Theorem

(a) Statement of binomial theorem for positive and negative integral index
x  a n  x n  n C1 x n 1 a 1  n C 2 x n  2 a 2  ........n C r x n  r a r  ......n C n 1 xa n 1  n C n a n
x  a n  x n  n C1 x n1 a 1  n C 2 x n 2 a 2  ........n C r x n r  a r   .................

(b) Number of terms and middle term
n
The number of terms in the expansion of  x  a  is n  1 .
n 
If n is even there will be only one middle term i.e.  1th .
2 
 n  1  n  3
If n is odd there will be two middle terms i.e.  th and  th .
 2   2 
Expansion
2 2
1. a  b   a 2  2ab  b 2 2. a  b   a 2  2ab  b 2
3 3
3.  a  b   a3  3ab  a  b   b3 4.  a  b   a 3  3ab  a  b   b3
Factorization
1. a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b  
2. a 3  b 3  a  b  a  ab  b 2 

3. a 3  b 3  a  b  a 2  ab  b 2  4. a 4  b4   a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2 
5. a n  b n  a  b a n 1
 a n 2 b  a n 3b 2  .... 
6. a n  b n  a  b a n 1
 a n 2 b  a n 3 b 2  ....
Sterling’s formula
Using summation notation, binomial expansion can be written as
n
n
n
 x  y    x k y n  k
k 0  k 
Sterling’s approximation (or Sterling’s formula) is an approximation for

large factorials.
ln  n   n ln n  n where n is very large

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5.5 Determinants
In linear algebra the determinant is a value associated with a square matrix. The
determinant of a matrix A is denoted by det( A) , or A . For instance, the determinant of
the matrix
a b a b
If A    then  ad  bc
c d c d
a b c a b c
  e f d f d e
If A   d e f  then det( A) = d e f a b c
g h h i g i g h
 i  g h i
Properties
(a) The values of determinant is not altered by changing rows into columns and columns
into rows.
1 1 1 1 x x2
e.g. x y z =1 y z
x2 y2 z2 1 z z2
(b) If any two adjacent rows or two adjacent columns of a determinant are interchanged
the determinant retains its absolute value but changes its sign.
1 1 1 x y z
e.g. x y z = 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
x y z x y z2
(c) If any two rows or two columns of determinant are identical then the determinant
vanishes. Thus
a1 c1 c1
a2 c2 c2
a3 c3 c3

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(d) If each constituent in any row or in any column be multiplied by the same factor then
the determinant is multiplied by that factor
pa1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
pa 2 b2 c2  p a2 b2 c 2 and qa 2 q b2 q c 2  qr a 2 b2 c2
pa3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 ra3 rb3 rc 3 a3 b3 c3
(e) If each constituent in any row or in any column consists of r terms then the
determinant can be expressed as the sum of r determinants.
a1  1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 1 b1 c1
Thus a 2  2 b2 c2  a2 b2 c2   2 b2 c2
a3  3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 3 b3 c3
(f) If one row or column is k times the other row or columns respectively then
determinant of matrix will be 0 .
a k .a c a b c
e.g. d k .d f  0 and k .a k .b k .c  0
g k.g i g h i
Some basic properties of determinants are:
1. det( I n )  I where I n is the n  n identity matrix.
2. det( AT )  det( A) where AT is transpose of A .
1
3. det( A1 )  where A1 is inverse of A .
det( A)
4. For square matrices A and B of equal size,

det( AB )  det( A) det( B )
5. det(cA)  c n det( A) for an n  n matrix

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6. Conic Section
In the Cartesian coordinate system the graph of a quadratic equation of two variables
represent a conic section which is given by Ax 2  Bxy  Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0 .
The conic sections described by this equation can be classified with the discriminant
D  B 2  4 AC
 if D  0 , the equation represents an ellipse

 if D  0 , A  C and B  0 , the equation represents a circle which is a
special case of an ellipse;
 if D  0 , the equation represents a parabola
 if D  0 the equation represents a hyperbola
 if we also have D  0 , A  C  0 , the equation represents a rectangular
hyperbola
Note that A and B are polynomial coefficients, not the lengths of semi-major/minor axis
as defined in some sources.
Conic Equation Eccentricity Semi-lactus Polar equation Parametric form

section rectum
Circle x2  y2  a2 0 a ra x  a cos  , y  a sin 
Ellipse x2 y2 b2 b2 l x  a cos  , y  b sin 

 1 e  1 2 l  1  e cos 
a2 b2 a a r
0  e 1
Parabola y 2  4ax e 1 2a l x  at 2 , y  2at

 1  cos 
r
Hyperbola x2 y2 b2 b2 l x  a tan  , y  b sec 

 1 e  1 2 l  1  e cos 
a2 b2 a a r
e 1

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7. Probability
Probability
The probability pr of occurrence of an event r in a system is defined with respect to
statistical ensemble of N such a systems. If N r systems in the ensemble exhibit the event
r then
Nr
pr 
N
Probability density
The probability density  (u) is defined by the property that  (u)du yields the
probability of finding the continuous variable u in the range between u and u  du .
Mean value
The mean value of u is denoted by u as defined as u    pr ur where the sum is over
r
all possible value values u r of the variable u and pr is denotes the probability of
occurrence of the particular value u r .Above definition is for discrete variable .
For continuous variable u , u =  u  (u )du
Dispersions or variance
The dispersion of u is defined as  2   (u ) 2    pr (ur  u )2 which is equivalent
r
to  2   (u )2    ( u 2   u  2 )
r

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Joint probability
If both events A and B occur on a single performance of an experiment, this is called the
intersection or joint probability of A and B, denoted as p( A  B ) .
Independent probability
If two events, A and B are independent then the joint probability is
p( A  B )  p( A).P ( B )
Mutually exclusive
If either event A or event B or both events occur on a single performance of an
experiment this is called the union of the events A and B denoted as p( A  B ) . If two
events are mutually exclusive then the probability of either occurring is
p( A  B )  p( A)  P ( B )
Not mutually exclusive
If the events are not mutually exclusive then
p( A  B )  p( A)  P ( B )  p( A  B )
Conditional probability
Conditional probability is the probability of some event A, given the occurrence of some
other event B. Conditional probability is written p( A / B ) , and is read "the probability
of A, given B". It is defined by
p( A  B )
p( A / B ) 
p ( B)


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Basic Mathematics Formula Sheet for

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Basic Mathematics Formula Sheet for Physical Sciences

2. Differential and integral Calculus………………………………………….… (10-19)

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Formulae for sin2θ & cos2θ in terms of tanθ

Formulae for sinθ & cosθ in terms of tanθ/2

Trigonometric Ratios of (-θ)

3. tan      tan  4. cot      cot 

5. sec     sec  6. cos ec     cos ec

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1. cos      cos 2. sin      sin 

5. cos ec      cos ec 6. sec      sec 

1. cos      cos  2. sin       sin 

5. cos ec       cos ec 6. sec      sec 

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1. cos2     cos 2. sin 2      sin 

3. tan2      tan  4. cot2      cot 

Trigonometric Ratios of 2    : (All Positive)

3. tan 2     tan  4. cot2     cot 

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Short-cut method to remember the Trigonometric ratios

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1.2 Inverse Circular Functions

3. tan 1 tan x   x 4. cot 1 cot x   x

5. sec 1 sec x   x 6. cos ec 1 cos ec   x

22. sin 1 1  x 2  cos 1 x 23. cos 1 1  x 2  sin 1 x

24. tan 1 x 2  1  sec 1 x 25. cot 1 x 2  1  cos ec 1 x

26. sec 1 1  x 2  tan 1 x 27. cos ec 1 1  x 2  cot 1 x

4 x 3  3x x  cos  4 cos 3   3 cos cos3θ

3x  x 3 x = tan θ 3 tan   tan 3  tan3θ

2x 2  1 x = cos θ 2 cos 2   1 cos2θ

1 x2 x = sin θ 1  sin 2  cos2θ

1 x2 x = cos θ 1  cos 2  sin2θ

x2 1 x = sec θ sec 2   1 tan2θ

x2 1 x = cosec θ cos ec 2  1 cot2θ

1 x2 x = tan θ 1  tan 2  sec2θ

1 x2 x = cot θ 1  cot 2  cosec2θ

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2. Differential and integral Calculus

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Derivatives of composite functions

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then we say lim of f(x) as x→ a is l

2. lim  f  x   g  x   lim f  x   lim g  x 

Some Important standard limits

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log1  kx  cos ax  cos bx a 2  b 2

29. lim k  k ; lim k  k where k is constant

30. lim sin x  sin a 31. lim cos x  cos a

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2.3 Tangents and Normal

Let y  f  x  be a given curve and P x, y  and

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7.  cos x dx  sin x  c 8.  sin x dx   cos x  c

9.  sec 2 xdx  tan x  c 10.  cos ec 2 x dx   cot x  c

17.  sinh x dx  cosh x  c 18.  sec h 2 xdx  tanh x  c

19.  cos ech 2 x dx   coth x  c 20.  sec hx tanh x dx   sec hx  c

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2.  k  f  x dx k  f  x dx , where k is constant

3.  k f x   k f x dx  k  f x dx  k  f x dx , where k1 and k2 are constants