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60
Chapter
E3
Friction
Introduction (c) Unit : It has no unit.
by a bonding between the body and the surface. This resistance is represented
by a single force and is called friction force.
The force of friction is parallel to the surface and opposite to the
ID
If we slide or try to slide a body over a surface, the motion is resisted
(d) Value of depends on material and nature of surfaces in
contact that means whether dry or wet ; rough or smooth polished or non-
polished.
(e) Value of does not depend upon apparent area of contact.
(3) Kinetic or dynamic friction : If the applied force is increased
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direction of intended motion.
further and sets the body in motion, the friction opposing the motion is
Types of Friction called kinetic friction.
(1) Static friction : The opposing force that comes into play when (i) Kinetic friction depends upon the normal reaction.
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one body tends to move over the surface of another, but the actual motion Fk R or Fk k R where k is called the coefficient of kinetic
has yet not started is called static friction.
friction
(i) If applied force is P and the
body remains at rest then static friction F = R (ii) Value of k depends upon the nature of surface in contact.
P. P
(iii) Kinetic friction is always lesser than limiting friction Fk Fl
(ii) If a body is at rest and no F
pulling force is acting on it, force of k s
D
friction on it is zero. mg i.e. coefficient of kinetic friction is always less than coefficient of
(iii) Static friction is a self-adjusting Fig. 5.1 static friction. Thus we require more force to start a motion than to
force because it changes itself in accordance with the applied force and is maintain it against friction. This is because once the motion starts actually ;
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always equal to net external force. inertia of rest has been overcome. Also when motion has actually started,
(2) Limiting friction : If the applied force is increased, the force of irregularities of one surface have little time to get locked again into the
static friction also increases. If the applied force exceeds a certain irregularities of the other surface.
(maximum) value, the body starts moving. This maximum value of static (iv) Kinetic friction does not depend upon the velocity of the body.
ST
friction upto which body does not move is called limiting friction. (v) Types of kinetic friction
(i) The magnitude of limiting friction between any two bodies in (a) Sliding friction : The opposing force that comes into play when
contact is directly proportional to the normal reaction between them. one body is actually sliding over the surface of the other body is called
sliding friction. e.g. A flat block is moving over a horizontal table.
Fl R or Fl s R
(b) Rolling friction : When objects such as a wheel (disc or ring),
(ii) Direction of the force of limiting friction is always opposite to sphere or a cylinder rolls over a surface, the force of friction that comes
the direction in which one body is at the verge of moving over the other into play is called rolling friction.
(iii) Coefficient of static friction : (a) s is called coefficient of Rolling friction is directly proportional to the normal reaction (R)
static friction and is defined as the ratio of force of limiting friction and and inversely proportional to the radius (r) of the rolling cylinder or wheel.
F
normal reaction s Frolling r
R
R r
(b) Dimension : [M 0 L0 T 0 ]
Friction 229
r is called coefficient of rolling friction. It would have the dimensions ma s mg ). If there had been no friction between body and vehicle,
of length and would be measured in metre. the body will not move along with the vehicle.
Rolling friction is often quite small as compared to the sliding
friction. That is why heavy loads are transported by placing them on carts a
with wheels. smg ma
60
increases linearly with the applied force
Advantages and Disadvantages of Friction
(2) At point A the static friction is maximum. This represent
limiting friction (Fl ) . (1) Advantages of friction
A
(3) Beyond A, the force B C (i) Walking is possible due to friction.
Force of friction
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Fs (ii) Two body sticks together due to friction.
slightly. The portion BC of the
curve represents the kinetic Fl Fk
friction (Fk ) .
(4) As the portion BC O Applied force
of the curve is parallel to x-axis
therefore kinetic friction does Fig. 5.2
not change with the applied force, it remains constant, whatever be the
applied force.
Friction is a Cause of Motion
It is a general misconception that friction always opposes the motion.
ID Fig. 5.6
(iii) Brake works on the basis of friction.
Fig. 5.7
due to friction which causes the motion. If there had been no friction there (2) Disadvantages of friction
will be slipping and no motion. (i) Friction always opposes the relative motion between any two
bodies in contact. Therefore extra energy has to be spent in over coming
friction. This reduces the efficiency of machine.
(ii) Friction causes wear and tear of the parts of machinery in
contact. Thus their lifetime reduces.
Friction
D
makes force of friction act on it in the forward direction (like We can reduce friction
walking). Front wheel moving by itself experience force of friction in
backward direction (like rolling of a ball). [However, if pedalling is (1) By polishing.
stopped both wheels move by themselves and so experience force of (2) By lubrication.
ST
mg
Fig. 5.8
230 Friction
By definition angle is called the angle of friction By resolving P in horizontal and vertical direction (as shown in
Fl figure) R
tan
R P sin
Fl F P cos
tan = s
[As we know s ]
R
or tan 1 ( L ) W
Fig. 5.11
Hence coefficient of static friction is equal to tangent of the angle of For the condition of equilibrium
friction.
F P cos and R W P sin
Resultant Force Exerted by Surface on Block
60
By substituting these value in F R
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S mg 2 1 W sin
P
cos ( )
when there is no friction ( 0) S will be minimum
(2) Minimum pushing force P at an angle from the horizontal
i.e. S = mg
P
Hence the range of S can be given by,
mg S mg 2 1
Angle of Repose
Angle of repose is defined as the angle of the inclined plane with
ID figure)
R P sin
F W
Fig. 5.13
For the condition of equilibrium
mg sin
F P cos and R W P sin
mg cos By substituting these value in F R
mg
P cos (W P sin )
D
F Fig. 5.9
So tan sin
R P cos (W P sin ) [As tan ]
cos
U
F F
s tan tan [As we know s tan ] W sin
R R P
cos ( )
Thus the coefficient of limiting friction is equal to the tangent of
angle of repose. (3) Minimum pulling force P to move the body up on an inclined
ST
F + W sin
Fig. 5.10
W cos
W
Fig. 5.15
Friction 231
For the condition of equilibrium
R P sin W cos
R W cos P sin and P cos F W sin
F W sin P cos
For the condition of equilibrium By substituting these values in F R and solving we get
R P sin W cos
sin( )
P W
R W cos P sin and F W sin P cos cos ( )
F P cos W sin (6) Minimum force for motion along horizontal surface and its
direction P
By substituting these values in F R and solving we get
60
W sin( )
P
cos ( )
(4) Minimum force to move a body in downward direction along the surface
Fig. 5.20
of inclined plane Let the force P be applied at an angle with the horizontal.
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P By resolving P in horizontal and vertical direction (as shown in
figure)
R + P sin
F P cos
P cos
Fig.the
By Resolving P in the direction of
plane (as shown in the figure)
5.16plane and perpendicular to the
R + P sin
F
ID For vertical equilibrium
R P sin mg
mg
Fig. 5.21
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+
R mg P sin …(i)
W sin
and for horizontal motion
W cos
W P cos F
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Fig. 5.17
i.e. P cos R …(ii)
For the condition of equilibrium Substituting value of R from (i) in (ii)
R P sin W cos P cos (mg P sin )
R W cos P sin and F P cos W sin
mg
By substituting these values in F R and solving we get P …(iii)
cos sin
D
W sin( )
P For the force P to be minimum (cos sin ) must be
cos ( ) maximum i.e.
(5) Minimum force to avoid sliding of a body down on an inclined d 2
[cos sin ] 0 1
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plane P d
sin cos 0
1
tan
ST
Fig. 5.22
or tan 1 () angle of friction
i.e. For minimum value of P its angle from the horizontal should be
equal to angle of friction
By Resolving P in the direction
Fig.of5.18
the plane and perpendicular to the
plane (as shown in the figure) As tan so from the figure, sin
1 2
R + P sin F + P cos
1
and cos
1 2
W sin W cos
By substituting these value in equation (iii)
W
Fig. 5.19
232 Friction
mg P
Pmin F
1 2
60
Let a is the net acceleration of the body R (iii) Distance moved.
ma
From the figure Motion of Two Bodies one Resting on the Other
Fk P
ma P Fk When a body A of mass m is resting on a body B of mass M then
two conditions are possible
P Fk
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a (1) A force F is applied to the upper body, (2) A force F is applied to
m mg the lower body
(2) Acceleration of a block sliding down over a rough inclined plane
Fig. 5.23
m A F
When angle of inclined plane is more than angle of repose, the body
placed on the inclined plane slides down with an acceleration a.
L
From the figure ma mg sin F R M B
F
ma mg sin R
ma mg sin mg cos
mg
mg cos
ID :
Fig. 5.28
We will discuss above two cases one by one in the following manner
When angle of inclined plane is less than angle of repose, then for aA F / m
the upward motion ma (b) The body B will remain at rest
R
ma mg sin F aB 0
ma mg sin mg cos (c) If L is the length of B as shown in figure, A will fall from B after
time t
mg sin + F mg cos
Retardation a g [sin cos ] mg 2L 2mL 1 2
D
t As s 2 a t and a F/m
a F
Note : For frictionless inclined plane 0 a g sin
Fig. 5.25
(ii) If friction is present between A and B only and applied force is less than
limiting friction (F < F)
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Work done against friction (F = Applied force on the upper body, F = limiting friction between A and
l
(1) Work done over a rough inclined surface B, F = Kinetic friction between A and B)
k
If a body of mass m is moved up slowly on a rough inclined plane (a) The body A will not slide on body B till F Fl i.e. F s mg
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through distance s, then (b) Combined system (m + M) will move together with common
Work done = force distance F
acceleration a A a B
= ma s = mg [sin + cos ]s mg s [sin cos ] M m
(iii) If friction is present between A and B only and applied force is greater
ma than limiting friction (F > F)
R l
In this condition the two bodies will move in the same direction ( i.e. of
applied force) but with different acceleration. Here force of kinetic friction
s k mg will oppose the motion of A while cause the motion of B.
mg sin + F mg cos
mg F Fk m a A Free body diagram of A
Fk
Friction 233
F Fk
(where F = Pseudo force on body A and F = limiting friction
l
60
M mM
So both bodies will move together with acceleration
Note : As both the bodies are moving in the same direction.
a A aB
F
if F s [m M ] g
mM
Acceleration of body A relative to B will be
(iii) If friction is present between A and B only and F > F
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MF k mg (m M ) l
a a A aB
mM (where F = mg = limiting friction between body A and B)
l s
So, A will fall from B after time Both the body will move with different acceleration. Here force of
2L 2 m ML kinetic friction k mg will oppose the motion of B while will cause the
t
a MF k mg (m M ) motion of A.
i.e. aA k g
Free body diagram of A
A maA
B will move only if Fk Fl and then Fk Fl M aB
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Fk
MaB F Fk MaB Free body diagram of B
FK
MaB
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B [F k mg ]
i.e. aB FK
Fl M F
Fig. 5.29 B
However if B does not move then static friction will work (not
limiting friction) between body B and the floor i.e. friction force = applied
force (= F ) not Fl .
k
A m
(where F = (m+M)g = limiting friction between body B and
l s
L F surface)
M B
The system will move only if F Fl' ' then replacing F by F Fl .
The entire case (iii) will be valid.
Fig. 5.30
t
2L
2 ML However if F F1 the system will not move and friction between
a F B and floor will be F while between A and B is zero.
(ii) If friction is present between A and B only and F < F l
234 Friction
r
O T m1 g sin m1 g cos …(ii)
Fl R From equation (i) and (ii) m 2 m1[sin cos ]
y
mg cos
Note : In the above condition Coefficient of friction
mg
5.31 of the bowl, = coefficient of
60
Let m = mass of the insect, r =Fig. radius m2
friction tan
1
m cos
for limiting condition at point A
R mg cos ......(i) and Fl mg sin ......(ii) Maximum Length of Hung Chain
Dividing (ii) by (i) A uniform chain of length l is placed on the table in such a manner
that its l' part is hanging over the edge of table without sliding. Since the
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F
tan l As Fl R chain have uniform linear density therefore the ratio of mass and ratio of
R
length for any part of the chain will be equal.
r2 y 2 r m mass hanging from the table
or y We know 2
y 1 2 m1 mass lyingon the table
For this case we can rewrite above expression in the following
So h r y r 1
1
1 2
density]
length hanging from the table
length lyingon the table
l
[As chain have uniform linear
( l – l )
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(1) When a mass m placed on a rough horizontal plane Another mass
1 l l l
m2 hung from the string connected by frictionless pulley, the tension l
by solving l
(T) produced in string will try to start the motion of mass m1 . ( 1)
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Fig. 5.34
R Coefficient of Friction Between a Body and Wedge
T A body slides on a smooth wedge of angle and its time of descent
Fl m1
is t.
T
m1g
S S
D
m 2 m1 this is the minimum value of m 2 to start the Fig. 5.35 Fig. 5.36
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If the same wedge made rough then time taken by it to come down
motion. becomes n times more (i.e. nt)
The length of path in both the cases are same.
m2
Note : In the above condition Coefficient of friction
ST
1
m1 For smooth wedge, S u t at2
2
(2) When a mass m placed on a rough inclined plane Another 1
S (g sin ) t 2
1
mass m 2 hung from the string connected by frictionless pulley, the …(i)
2
tension (T) produced in string will try to start the motion of mass m 1 . [Asu 0 and a g sin ]
1 2
T For rough wedge, S u t at
R 2
T 1
S g (sin cos ) (nt)2 …(ii)
m1 2
m2
[Asu 0 and a g (sin cos )]
m1g sin + F m1g cos m2g From equation (i) and (ii)
At limiting condition
m1g
Fig. 5.33
Friction 235
1
(g sin ) t 2 =
1
g (sin cos ) (nt)2 P2
FS [Where P = momentum of block]
2 2 2m
sin (sin cos ) n 2 P2
mg S [As F = mg]
1 2m
tan 1 2
n P2
S
Stopping of Block Due to Friction 2 m 2 g
(1) On horizontal road In the given condition P and are same for both the blocks.
(i) Distance travelled before coming to rest : A block of mass m is 2
1 S m
moving initially with velocity u on a rough surface and due to friction, it So, S ; 1 2
comes to rest after covering a distance S. m2 S 2 m1
60
S
v=0 Velocity at the Bottom of Rough Wedge
u
A body of mass m which is placed at the top of the wedge (of height
Fig. 5.37 h) starts moving downward on a rough inclined plane.
Retarding force F ma R ma mg Loss of energy due to friction = FL (Work against friction)
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a g PE at point A = mgh u=0
From v 2 u 2 2aS 0 u 2 2 g S A
m
1 L
[As v 0, a g] KE at point B = mu 2
2 h
u2 P2
S or S m B
2 g 2 m 2 g
2
Fig. 5.40
v (mgh FL)
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u
t m
g
(2) On inclined road : When block starts with velocity u its kinetic Sticking of a Block With Accelerated Cart
energy will be converted into potential energy and some part of it goes
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CART
u
mg
v 2 u 2 2a S
Fig. 5.41
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Fig. 5.38 Now block will remain static w.r.t. cart. If friction force R mg
0 u 2 2 g [sin cos ] S
ma mg [As R ma]
2
u
S g
ST
2 g (sin cos ) a
Stopping of Two Blocks Due to Friction g
amin
When two masses compressed towards each other and suddenly
released then energy acquired by each block will be dissipated against This is the minimum acceleration of the cart so that block does not
friction and finally block comes to rest fall.
i.e., F × S = E [Where F = Friction, S = Distance covered and the minimum force to hold the block together
by block, E = Initial kinetic energy of the block] Fmin (M m) amin
A B g
Fmin (M m )
m1 m1 m2 m2
Sticking of a Person with the Wall of Rotor
S1 S2
Fig. 5.39
236 Friction
A person with a mass m stands in contact against the wall of a
cylindrical drum (rotor). The coefficient of friction between the wall and the
clothing is .
If Rotor starts rotating about its axis, then person thrown away from
the centre due to centrifugal force at a particular speed , the person
stuck to the wall even the floor is removed, because friction force balances
its weight in this condition.
From the figure.
Friction force (F) = weight of person (mg)
R = mg Fc mg
60
F
[Here, F = centrifugal force] R
c
FC
m min
2
r mg mg
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g
min Fig. 5.42
r