A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development

Module
in
CROP PROT 104

APPROACHES AND PRACTICES IN

PEST MANAGEMENT

College of CAFES
BSA
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Module No. _1_

THE CONCEPT OF INEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

(IPM OR PEST CONTROL)
Topic

2ND Semester AY 2020-2021

VIMBEE A. ERESUELA
Instructor 1

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Cover page 1
Title Page 2
Table of Contents 3
Instruction to the Users 4
Introduction 5
Chapter

Title of the Chapter 6

Overview 6
Learning outcomes 6
Pre-test 6
A. Learning outcomes 8
B. Time Allotment 8
C. Discussion 8
a. THE INTEGRATED PEST 8
MANAGEMENT (IPM) CONCEPT
b. THE GOALS OF AN IPM PROGRAM 13
c. IPM STRATEGIES & TACTICS 14
d. FEATURES OF IPM 15
D. Activities/Exercises 17
E. Evaluation/Post-test 18
References 20
Greetings and Students information 21
Back Cover (WPU-Vision 2020, Mission and Core Values) 22

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INSTRUCTION TO THE USER

This module would provide you an educational experience while

independently accomplishing the task at your own pace or time. It aims as
well to ensure that learning is unhampered by health and other challenges. It
covers the topic about the The Concept of Integrated Pest
Management.
Reminders in using this module:

1. Keep this material neat and intact.

2. Answer the pretest first to measure what you know and what to be
learned about the topic discussed in this module.
3. Accomplish the activities and exercises as aids and reinforcement for
better understanding of the lessons.
4. Answer the post-test to evaluate your learning.
5. Do not take pictures in any parts of this module nor post it to social
media platforms.
6. Value this module for your own learning by heartily and honestly
answering and doing the exercises and activities. Time and effort were
spent in the preparation in order that learning will still continue amidst
this Covid-19 pandemic.
7. Observe health protocols: wear mask, sanitize and maintain physical
distancing.

Hi! I’m Blue Bee, your WPU Mascot.

Welcome to Western Philippines University!

Shape your dreams with quality learning experience.

STAY SAFE AND HEALTHY!

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INTRODUCTION

This module will serve as an alternative learning material to usual way of

classroom teaching and learning delivery. The instructor will facilitate and explain the

module to the students to achieve its expected learning outcomes, activities and to

ensure that they will learn amidst of pandemic.

This module will help you to understand The Concept of Integrated Pest Management

(IPM or Pest Control).

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CHAPTER 1

The Concept of Integrated Pest Management

Overview

Module 1 covers the topic about the Genetics: The Concept of Integrated Pest
Management. It focus on two lessons. Lesson 1: The current concept of IPM that
focused on goals and scope; management strategies; management rules; management
tactics; and features of IPM. Leson 2: Historical Trends in IPM thath focused on the
Pre-IPM era; emergence of the early concepts of IPM, the ETL-Based IPM; the “
package of the Technology” IPM; and the emerging IPM/PM concepts.

At the end of this module, you can:

1. Discuss the current concept of IPM

2. Explain the historical trends in IPM/PM
3. Perform the activities in this module

Pre-test
Directions: To start off, you have to answer the pre-test for you to measure how much you
know about the topic. You can start now. Each question has ONLY ONE CORRECT
ANSWER. Choose the one you believe to be best. Each question is worth 1 points. Read each
question fully and carefully take your time. GOD BLESS!
Test 1. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. A comprehensive approach to pest control that uses a combined means to

reduce the status of pests to tolerable levels while maintaining a quality
environment.
a. Integrated Pest Management
b. Pest Management
c. Economic Injury Level
d. Pest control
2. Which of the following is not belong to the broad application of IPM
a. Integrates management of all pests.
b. Holistic approach; ecologically based.
c. Can be applied to any ecosystem.
d. None of the above
3. It is the most basic of the decision rules; it is a theoretical value that, if
actually attained by a pest population, will result in economic damage.
a. Integrated Pest Management
b. Pest Management
c. Economic Injury Level
d. Pest control
4. It means constant observation of a subject

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a. Surveillance/monitoring c. consideration of ecosystem

b. Application of minimum selective hazard d. evaluation
5. Which of the following is not belong to the Goal of IPM Program?
a. Optimize profits (over the long term).
b. Sustain resource (agricultural or natural; over the long term).
c. Rational use of pesticides.
d. Reduce numbers
6. This feature of IPM is Systematically observe the relative numbers of pests
and beneficial. The ratios indicate what kind of intervention is needed.
a. Monitor insect ecology
b. Integrated cultural practices
c. Releasing beneficial organism
d. Soft pesticides
7. This IPM strategies and tactics implement on as treatment-as-needed basis when the
economic injury level is reached, or as a preventive tactic based on history of problem
a. Do-nothing
b. Reduce numbers
c. Reduce crop/host/ecosystem susceptibility
d. Combined strategies
8. The concept of___________ was proposed in 1961.
a. IPM b. PM c. EIL d. Pest control
9. First records of insecticide; Sumerian used sulfur as control to insect and mites.
a. 200 BC b. 2500 BC c. 300AD d. 1930
10. It emphasized the selective use of chemicals so that natural enemies were
conserved in the ecosystem.
a. PM b. Integrated control c. Pest Control d. IPM

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Lesson 1

The Current Concept of IPM

A. Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson you can:

a. Explain the goal and scope of IPM

b. Discuss the management strategies; rules; and management
tactics
c. List the features of IPM

B. Time Allotment: 3 hour

Discussion

THE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) CONCEPT

History of the Terminology and a Definition

Definition of Terms

Integrated Control

Integrated Control was the first term coined to address this concept; it was
created by a group of entomologists in the late 1950’s at the University of California at
Riverside led by V. Stern. Integrated Control emphasized the selective use of chemicals
so that natural enemies were conserved in the ecosystem.

Pest Management

The term Pest Management came about in the early 1960’s, which then evolved
into Integrated Pest Management (IPM). However, many aspects of IPM have been
practiced since plants were first cultivated by humans. Discontent with a purely
pesticidal approach started the push to look for other ways to control pests.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Integrated Pest Management (IPM): “A comprehensive approach to pest

control that uses a combined means to reduce the status of pests to tolerable levels
while maintaining a quality environment.”

Integrated Crop Management, Resource Management, and Sustainable Agriculture

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Integrated Crop Management, Integrated Resource Management and

Sustainable Agriculture are terms that have been used since the 1980’s and 90’s to
refer to the evolution of IPM into a more holistic or whole systems approach that
emphasizes the consideration of more than just the pests (i.e., other components of
the ecosystem).

1. IPM has broad application:

• Integrates management of all pests.

• Holistic approach; ecologically based.
• Can be applied to any ecosystem.

2. What does IPM integrate?

• Integrates multiple pest management tactics (chemical, biological, cultural,

mechanical).
• Integrates management of multiple pests (insects, weeds, disease
pathogens, nematodes, vertebrates, etc.).
• Integrates pest management tactics on an area-wide basis (many pest
control situations are better handled on a large-scale or regional basis).

3. Reduces pests to tolerable levels.

• Does not emphasize pest eradication or elimination.

4. Incorporates economic sustainability.

• Economic Injury Level and Economic Threshold concepts (Refer to IPM

Fact Sheet No. 3: “Pest Management Decision-Making: The Economic
Injury Level Concept” for more information).
• Can also incorporate other important factors such as maintenance of
aesthetic quality.

5. Incorporates environmental and social concerns.

History of Pest Management

• 2500 BC First records of insecticides; Sumerians used sulfur compounds to control

insects and mites.

• 200 BC Romans advocated oil sprays for pest control.

• 300 AD First records of biological controls; Chinese used. predatory ants in citrus
orchards to control caterpillar and beetle pests.

• 1880 First commercial spraying machine.

• 1930 Introduction of synthetic organic compounds for plant pathogen control.

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• 1940 First successful use of an entomopathogen; Milky Spore (Bacillus popillae)

used to control Japanese beetle.

Supervised insect control –

Shortly after World War II, when synthetic insecticides became widely
available,
entomologists in California developed the concept of Supervised Control.
It is an alternative to calendar-based insecticide programs.

Supervised control was based on a sound knowledge of the ecology and analysis of
projected trends in pest and natural-enemy populations.

Integrated control-

Supervised control formed much of the conceptual basis for "integrated

control “that
University of California entomologists articulated in the 1950s.
Integrated control sought to identify the best mix of chemical and biological
controls for a given insect pest.

The adage of "if a little works, a lot will work better “was the major premise for
applying chemical to address pest problems on the farm and around the home

Ecological Backlash –

As early as the 1950's, pesticide-induced problems such as pest resurgence, pest

replacement, and pesticide resistance caused problems in agriculture.

Pest resurgence - In 1959, scientists discovered that aphids could be better

controlled by reducing the amount of pesticide used because the pesticides were
killing aphid predator

Pest Management

The concept of 'pest management' was proposed in 1961 (Geier and Clark, 1961)

For the reduction of pest problems actions are selected after the life systems of the
pests are understood and the ecological and economic consequences of these actions
have been predicted, as accurately as possible, to be in the best interests of mankind.

Widespread pest resistance in 1950’s to DDT and other Pesticides

Environmental Awareness during the 1960s – new awareness of ecology and

the environmental impact of pesticide pollution resulted from a public outcry about
environmental contamination found in the air and foul water found in rivers and
streams.

By 1962, when "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson was published, serious

concerns about the disadvantages of pesticide use were widely raised.

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Rachel Carson and others suggested that pest control methods other than
chemical pesticides should be used in order to protect wildlife, human health and the
environment.

Public pressure led to government legislation restricting pesticide use in many

countries resulting in ban of DDT and other pesticides.

Integrated Pest Management- In 1967 the term IPM was introduced by R.F.
Smith and R. van den Bosch.

The term IPM was formalized by the US National Academy of Sciences in 1969.

IPM was adopted as policy by various world governments during the 70's and 80's,
including the USA (1972)

1970’s-1980’s IPM adapted for managing pests of landscape trees and

shrubs in Urban Areas

In 1985 India declared IPM as official Ministerial Policy.

IPM and its evolution-

Over the years IPM underwent several changes in its focus and approaches.
Some of the key approaches are

Damage threshold –The basic IPM principle relied on the damage boundary/
economic damage relationship i.e no injury level below the damage boundary merits
suppression, but injury predicted to result in economic damage does.

Economic Injury Level-

The EIL is the most basic of the decision rules; it is a theoretical value that, if actually
attained by a pest population, will result in economic damage.

Basic principles of Integrated Pest Management:

1.Consideration of Ecosystem:

Control of insect pest population is a function of the ecosystem itself by means

of natural enemies and other factors. Knowledge of the role of the principle elements
of the units is essential to an understanding of population phenomenon. The study of
individuals is of prime importance, their biology behavior response to other members
of the same species and to other organisms and to biotic factors in the environment.
The study of individuals offers a potent method for this analysis of population change.
The most effective system for controlling pests can be derived only after understanding
the principles responsible for the population fluctuation in the ecosystem.

2. Pest Surveillance:

Pest Surveillance and forecasting are having a vital part in the integrated pest
management. Surveillance or monitoring means constant observation of a subject i.e.,

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a crop or pest, and recording the factors observed, compilation of information

obtained and prediction of future events about pest population. Hence pest
surveillance comprises of three basic components.
a. Determination of the level of incidence of the pest species.
b. Determination of what loss the incidence will cause.
c. Determination of economic benefits or other benefits the control will
provide.

The above information would be immense use in determining the need for a
pest control measure. Mere presence of a few numbers of pest species should not be
the criterion for pesticide application and there should be sufficient justification.
Surveillance can provide the necessary information to determine the feasibility of a
pest control programme. It should be a tool that assists pest management specialists
in determining the actual factors that are involved in a pest build up, so that the
specialists can determine practices that will manage these factors and prevent the
initial build-up of a pest.

3. Utilization of Economic Threshold Levels (ETL)

The level of pest population is very important consideration for taking up

control measures. Pest population must be maintained at levels below those causing
economic injury. The economic threshold is the pest density at which control measures
should be determined to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching
economic injury level. The determination of these thresholds is a pre-requisite to the
development of any pest management strategy.

4. Application of minimum selective hazards:

The application of chemical measures to pest population has to be in such a

manner that target pest populations are just kept below economic injury thresholds.
By observation of this principle the development of resistant populations of pest is
avoided or delayed, the possibility of resurgence of treated population is decreased,
adverse effect on non-target organism and amount of environmental contamination
are reduced, and the cost of control is also lowered.

When insecticide treatments are deemed necessary special consideration

should be given to (1) Effectiveness of the insecticide against most vulnerable life stage
of the pest (2) Employing an insecticide that will cause least disturbance in the
ecosystem. (3) Applying the insecticide in such a way that it will restrict its distribution
to the area where it is needed.

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Fig. 1. Schematic of IPM Concept. Building blocks of information allow you to make good pest management decisions.
Informed decisions are dependent on knowledge of pest/host/ecosystem biology.

THE GOALS OF AN IPM PROGRAM

1. Optimize profits (over the long term).

2. Sustain resource (agricultural or natural; over the long term).

3. Rational use of pesticides.

4. Reduce environmental contamination and costs — soil, ground water, surface water,
pollinators, wildlife, endangered species.

5. Utilize natural biological controls — conserve and augment; use selective pesticides,
proper timing of applications.

6. Minimize pesticide resistance problems.

7. Minimize pest resurgence and secondary pest outbreaks (often caused by

elimination of natural enemies with pesticides).

8. Food safety — reduce residues of pesticides on food products.

9. Worker safety — rely on pest management tactics that are safe for workers.

KEY STEPS IN AN IPM PROGRAM

1. Know your pest and plant (ecosystem) health problems.

2. Decide what is unacceptable pest damage for your situation.

3. Consider all available pest management practices.

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4. Time pest controls with “windows of opportunity” (points in pest life cycle when
they are most susceptible to controls).

IPM STRATEGIES & TACTICS

Strategy: overall plan to reduce a pest problem.

Tactic: actual method used to implement the strategy.

General IPM Strategies

1. Do-nothing

Is the pest economically/aesthetically significant? Use sampling and knowledge

of economic/aesthetic thresholds to make a decision; if pest population is below the
Economic/Aesthetic Threshold, then control is not justified.

2. Reduce-numbers (Fig. 2)

Implement on a treat-as-needed basis when the economic injury level is

reached, or as a preventive tactic based on history of a pest problem. Examples of
tactics: pesticides, release of natural enemies, cultural practices such as cultivation,
sanitation, etc.

3. Reduce-crop/host/ecosystem susceptibility (Fig. 3)

Rely on changes made in the host (plant or animal) or ecosystem that make it
less susceptible to the pest (i.e., raise the economic injury level). Examples of tactics:
host plant (or animal) resistance or tolerance, cultural practices such as fertilization
(reduce stress) and altering the synchrony between pest and susceptible host stage,
etc.

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4. Combined strategies

Diversification is often helpful in improving consistency in management of a pest

problem.

FEATURES OF IPM

Deke’s Five Features of Integrated Pest Management

Five Features of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) set forth by Deke in 1969.
IPM (the pure definition) conserves and fosters natural enemies, suppresses pest
levels within tolerable levels, and uses pesticides only as a last resort.

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Releasing Beneficial Organisms

Maximize predators, parasites, pathogens and antagonists that are often the
principal controlling factors. Naturally occurring biocontrols are a little too little, a
little too late, so be proactive! Be sure ants are controlled before making releases so
they don’t interfere with beneficials.

Beneficials like these are collected or grown commercially:

Lacewing, Ladybugs, Aphid Midges, Aphidius, Trichogramma, Podisus, Atheta,

Hypoaspis, Beneficial Nematodes, Dacnusa, Diglyphus, Cryptolaemus, Predatory
Mites, Feltiella, Scolothrips, Stethorus, Aphytis, Lindorus, Decollate Snails, Orius,
Encarsia, Eretmocerus, Delphastus, More

For ant control:

Ant Baits, Antpro, Ants-No-More, Tanglefoot Products

Build Beneficial Refuges & Habitats

Plant unsprayed, irrigated, flowering vegetation that provides shelter, prey,

pollen and nectar, so beneficials, both natural and released, live longer and reproduce
better.

Insect Food, Habitat Seed Mixes (Insecta-Flora, Beneficial Blend, more)

Monitor Insect Ecology

Systematically observe the relative numbers of pests and beneficials. The ratios
indicate what kind of intervention is needed.

Support Services, D-Vac Vacuum Insect Nets, Magnifiers, Sticky Cards

Integrate Cultural Practices

Plan ways to mulch, inoculate, bait, trap, till, irrigate, rotate crops, harvest in
strips and other cultural practices that help to tip the balance in favor of beneficials.

Hopper Finder, Scarecrow Sprinkler, Snailer, Slug Saloon, Beetle Harbor,

PredaLure, Rhizoboost, Defensor, Microbe Nutrients, Fosphite, Bug Bits (chitin),
Streptomyces, Trichoderma, Mycorrhizal Fungi

Soft Pesticides – Avoid Broad Spectrum Pesticides

Use soft pesticides and avoid toxic chemicals! By poisoning beneficials as well
as pests you create natural enemy free space vulnerable to new pest invasions. Spot
treat with soft, or least disruptive pesticides.

Microbials: Mycotrol O, Botanigard, Dipel, Nosema, Entrust, Spinosad,

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Botanicals: Pest-Out, Mildew Cure, Neem, Orange Oil, Garlic, Hot Pepper,
Nemastop, Fungastop, Phydura Weed Control, Nu-film

Fly Control

We offer biological programs that are simple, safe, and cost less than
chemicals.

Fly Parasites, Hister Beetles, Fly Traps and Lures, Fungal Spray and Bait

Flea and Cockroach Control

Steinernema Carpocapse, Bug Arrest, Neem Oil, Flea Trap, Lo-Line

Traps, Parasitic Wasps

D. Activities/Exercises

Directions: Please do this activity to a separate paper.

Let’s do this…

1. Draw an example situation in the field of five features of IPM in a cycle

2. Search only one research paper of a crops that IPM is applied.

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E. Evaluation/Post-test

Directions: Read carefully and answer the following questions. Answer on

separate sheet of paper. This is a graded exam. This test will evaluate how much
your effort to learn this topic.

Test 1. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. A comprehensive approach to pest control that uses a combined means to reduce

the status of pests to tolerable levels while maintaining a quality environment.
a. Integrated Pest Management
b. Pest Management
c. Economic Injury Level
d. Pest control
2. Which of the following is not belong to the broad application of IPM
a. Integrates management of all pests.
b. Holistic approach; ecologically based.
c. Can be applied to any ecosystem.
d. None of the above
3. It is the most basic of the decision rules; it is a theoretical value that, if actually
attained by a pest population, will result in economic damage.
a. Integrated Pest Management
b. Pest Management
c. Economic Injury Level
d. Pest control
4. It means constant observation of a subject
a. Surveillance/monitoring c. consideration of ecosystem
b. Application of minimum selective hazard d. evaluation
5. Which of the following is not belong to the Goal of IPM Program?
a. Optimize profits (over the long term).
b. Sustain resource (agricultural or natural; over the long term).
c. Rational use of pesticides.
d. Reduce numbers
6. This feature of IPM is Systematically observe the relative numbers of pests and
beneficial. The ratios indicate what kind of intervention is needed.
a. Monitor insect ecology
b. Integrated cultural practices
c. Releasing beneficial organism
d. Soft pesticides
7. This IPM strategies and tactics implement on as treatment-as-needed basis when the
economic injury level is reached, or as a preventive tactic based on history of problem
a. Do-nothing
b. Reduce numbers
c. Reduce crop/host/ecosystem susceptibility
d. Combined strategies
8. The concept of___________ was proposed in 1961.
a. IPM b. PM c. EIL d. Pest control
9. First records of insecticide; Sumerian used sulfur as control to insect and mites.
a. 200 BC b. 2500 BC c. 300AD d. 1930
10. It emphasized the selective use of chemicals so that natural enemies were
conserved in the ecosystem.
a. PM b. Integrated control c. Pest Control d. IPM

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Test 2. Explain the following.

1. Explain basic Principles of IPM and give an example situation.

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References

Diane G. Alston (2011). The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Concept. Utah State
University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory. Fact Sheet. P 1-2.

https://niphm.gov.in/Recruitments/ASO-Pathology.pdf

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Congratulations for completing this module!

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Vision 2020
WPU: the leading knowledge center for sustainable
development of West Philippines and beyond.

Mission
WPU commits to develop quality human resource and green
technologies for a dynamic economy and sustainable
development through relevant instruction,
research and extension services.

Core Values (3CT)

Culture of Excellence
Commitment
Creativity
Teamwork

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)