1 - A project consists of a punctual (temporary) effort, which uses delimited resources

(predisposed in a planning) and aims to achieve a single and clear objective (tangible and
necessary for the company's reality - SMART).

Project management involves the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to plan,
execute, monitor, and control a project. It encompasses activities like defining project objectives,
creating a project plan, managing resources, tracking progress, and adapting to changes.

2- Network analysis in project management involves creating a visual representation of the

project's activities and their interdependencies. The resulting diagram is called a network
diagram or a project network. This diagram illustrates the sequence of activities, the
relationships between them, and their duration.

3 - Nodes: refer to the individual components or activities represented in a network diagram or

project network.

Arrows: are used in network diagrams or project networks to depict the dependencies or
relationships between activities.

Zero Slack: represents the amount of time that an activity can be delayed without affecting the
project's overall duration or the start time of subsequent activities.

Critical Path: refers to the longest sequence of dependent activities that determines the
minimum duration required to complete a project

Gantt Chart: provides a graphical representation of project tasks, their durations, and their
interdependencies.

Project Charter: a formal document that authorizes the existence of a project and provides the
project manager with the authority to proceed with project planning and execution.

Project Stakeholder: is any individual, group, or organization that has an interest or involvement
in the project or can be affected by its outcomes.

Project Scope of Work (SoW): defines the specific deliverables, tasks, and activities that need to
be accomplished to complete a project successfully.

4 - Initiating: is the first of the five process groups and represents the starting phase of a
project. It involves the activities and processes necessary to define a new project or a new
phase of an existing project and obtain authorization to proceed.
Planning: it focus on defining the project's objectives, scope, deliverables, timeline, and
resources, as well as developing a detailed plan to guide project execution. This process
involves creating the project management plan based on inputs from the project charter,
stakeholder requirements, and other relevant information.

Executing: it involve coordinating and performing the activities outlined in the project
management plan to accomplish the project's objectives. This process involves carrying out the
project management plan by executing the planned activities, coordinating resources, and
directing the project team to accomplish project objectives.

Monitoring and controlling: it focus on tracking, reviewing, and regulating the project's progress,
performance, and adherence to the project management plan.This process involves tracking,
reviewing, and reporting on the project's progress and performance against the project
management plan. It includes collecting and analyzing data, measuring key performance
indicators (KPIs), and comparing actual progress with planned targets.

Closing: it focus on formally completing and concluding the project, ensuring that all project
work is finished, and the project's objectives are met. This process involves finalizing all project
activities and formally closing the project or project phase. It includes verifying that all
deliverables have been completed and accepted, obtaining final approvals, documenting
lessons learned, and archiving project information and documentation.

5- Product Design: is the process of creating and developing a new product or improving an
existing one. It involves translating customer needs, market requirements, and technical
specifications into a tangible product design. The product design phase encompasses various
activities, such as conceptualization, prototyping, testing, and finalizing the product
specifications.

Process Selection: identifies and chooses the most appropriate production or operational
processes to transform inputs into desired outputs. It is a strategic decision that considers
factors such as product requirements, volume, complexity, cost, quality, flexibility, and
time-to-market.

6 - Product Life-cylce can be defineas an administrative tool that is capable of enabling the
monitoring and in-depth analysis of the behavior of an item. It is an appropriate solution for a
company to be able to identify and assimilate all the performance of what it is selling throughout
its existential journey. In this case, it is a way they find to identify what caused the evolution – or
the ruin – of what was chosen to be part of their catalogue.
7 - Introduction Stage: electric vehicles (EVs) - as the adoption of EVs is still relatively new, they
are in the introduction stage. Companies are working to create awareness and build
infrastructure to support EV usage; Plant-based meat alternatives: With the rising interest in
plant-based diets, meat substitutes made from plant sources are in the introduction stage.
Companies are introducing these products to capture market share.

Growth Stage: smartphones - have experienced rapid growth over the years and continue to
evolve with new features and advancements; Energy drinks: Energy drinks have gained
popularity among consumers, leading to significant growth in the market. New brands and
flavors are continually being introduced.

Maturity Stage: carbonated soft drinks - such as cola beverages, have been in the market for a
long time and have reached a mature stage. Companies focus on brand loyalty and marketing
to maintain market share; Breakfast cereals - have been a staple in many households for
decades. Companies in this market focus on innovation, product variations, and marketing
campaigns to sustain consumer interest.

Decline Stage: film cameras- with the rise of digital photography, film cameras have become
less popular and are in the decline stage. Many companies have discontinued film camera
production; Fax machines - were widely used in the past but have become obsolete with
advancements in digital communication technologies.

8 - I have never worked in a project before. I can provide an experience I had by not reaching a
SMART goal I had set in my previous work. The goal was to have 7 of my students moved from
B to A in Math in 4 months. I failed to succeed because it was unreachable, since I forgot to
take their personal difficulty in consideration. Next time, I have to do a better analysis of the real
possibility to set a tangible goal.