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Energy Audit Using Deep Data Analytics For Building Energy Conservation
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 Solid State Technology
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Energy Audit Using Deep Data Analytics For

Building Energy Conservation Measures
Diviya Sukumaran1, Shankar Duraikannan2, Vinesh Thiruchelvam3, Raed Abdulla4 Doreen Lee Chiew Mei5
Yvette Shaan Li Susaipan6
1,2,3,4,5 6
School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, Malaysia
e-mail: shankar@apu.edu.my

Abstract— Energy is the outmost important aspect for economic stability and growth in the developing
countries and in realization to that, substantial efforts must be taken to make sure that energy will be
conserved. Energy audit quantify and identifies the area where the energy is being used in a big amount. As
most common practice, the energy audit is done manually. Therefore, this research focuses on energy audit
tool which would help users or stakeholders of building to reduce the energy consumption. A web-based
energy audit tool which can be easily accessed by the building stakeholders is developed. The developed
audit tool is capable auditing the data from a database or the data that is fed by individual user of the tool.
The tool analyses the data and identifies the key areas of energy conservation and the cost reduction.
Keywords- Energy Audit, Energy Conservation, LEEDS Certification

I. INTRODUCTION
In the past years, there are limited energy audit tools in the market. most of the stakeholders do not
consider on even hiring an energy auditor. It is necessary to conduct energy audit in every building due to
being responsible for over 40% of total primary energy being used and greenhouse emission. If the carbon
dioxide emission is not reduced, there will be drastic global warming occurrence. Furthermore, carbon
dioxide emission has increased 1.4% globally in 2017 which reported by the international energy agency. It
is like adding 170 million new cars on the road worldwide. (Plumer, 2018). The concern on the rising of
carbon dioxide emission is increasing, henceforth government around the world are trying different ways to
slash out the carbon dioxide emission. One of the ways to reduce carbon dioxide emission is by combating
the cause of it which is energy consumption. An energy audit is needed to make sure the occupants and
stakeholders know how much energy that is being used in the building and the amount of carbon dioxide
emission that is emitted. The government is taking a step forward on trying to implement energy audit. It is
said that energy audit needs to be conducted for improved efficiency in a building. In this period, there are
more energy auditors needed as well as energy audit tools (Zainuddin, 2017). The Ministry of Energy, Green
Technology and Water secretary general Datuk Seri Dr Ir Zaini Ujang stated that once you know where the
bulk of the energy is consumed, you can make the necessary changes to reduce consumption as well as cost.
That is the role of an energy audit and using this tool, it will be easier for the stakeholders to view and get
notified with the energy conservation measures that are available for their building (Zainuddin, 2017)
Energy audit can be done anywhere in any types of building, as it only helps to conserve the energy. It can
also be done in a substation as seen in a research done by Kolhe, (2017). The energy audit of substation by
Kolhe, (2017). was conducted by interviewing with key facility personal to understand the whole
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transmission function continued with facility tour to observe the switchgears which consumes huge amount
of energy and obtaining the single line diagram of the substation for better understanding. Energy audit can

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be conducted in any given building to find areas where energy could be saved. Most of the energy audit are
done in residential building as seen in a research done by Sharma, (2015). The research objectives were to
conduct energy audit for the building to identify the ways make the project energy efficient by reducing
energy consumption per unit. The other goal is to find out the points gained as per the Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design (LEED) certificate and if the building is eligible for it. The detailed energy audit
was done in three steps which are the PreAudit, Audit and Post Audit. The energy audit was done by
collecting the energy data of the building, visual inspection of the building, observation, identification of the
energy consumption, detailed calculations, identifying opportunities to save energy. In the process of energy
auditing, the lights were changed to Light Emitting Diode (LED) lights and a Photovoltaics (PV) system was
added up above the club house area. The results obtained shows that the energy consumption is said to be
reduced by 42%. The changes costed an additional 2% or less in the construction cost. The most important
thing is that the building is said to be eligible of having the LEED certificate.
For some cases, the energy audit would be done only for selected regions as by Kharat, (2017). The
objective was to carry out energy audit only for lighting and electric load management and identify
techniques for energy savings. When it comes to energy auditing, there are many types and techniques, but
for this paper the technique that was used is the detailed auditing. There is a certain step in order to conduct
the detailed audit such as preparations, execution and reporting. The audit was done with the help of the one-
line diagram to evaluate the total load of the industry. On the other hand, with the aid of the one-line
diagram, the researchers analysed and identified the area where and how the energy has been distributed.
Some techniques were identified in order to save energy where a separate metering could be used, electricity
could be reduced during peak hours and could use demand controllers. As usual, all the lighting was
changed to LED lamps and it saves up to 3.536kW and reduce the load by 40.47% which is a big
improvement.
Energy audit has evolved from its traditional way of procedure to now a smarter way to conduct energy
audit with the help of a software or application. In a research done by Belussi et al., (2017), the researchers
explain about the design, application and methodology of a smart energy audit system. It aims to identify the
abnormalities in the behaviour of energy, the possible causes and management of energy flows. The smart
energy audit system will contain both hardware and software where the hardware handles in collecting the
data of the energy and software to monitor the flow of the energy as well as the behaviour of the building.
The software will simulate according to the Energy Signature (ES), a monitoring method which is equipped
with automated algorithms that allow the automatic evaluation of the measured data. The use of ES will then
allow to identify the abnormalities or the region where there is more energy consumption and to identify the
possible causes. The system was tested on a real building with existing data and the results shows the steady
real-time energy detection of the building. The results show that the aim was achieved by showing the
information needed. The system was working accordingly and shows all the data required but there was lack
of information about the cost of the energy as well as energy conservation measures.
In an era where all the information can be found easily with a smartphone in one’s hand, it would be
easier for the stakeholders or anyone to keep an eye on the energy consumption of a building through a
software or an application. The researchers Zanardo et al., (2018), had aimed to propose a model which will
be able to measure and analyse the energy performances level in a building based on Key Performance
Indicators (KPI). The model proposed was built according to three stages which are the Problem Structuring
and Modelling Construction, Case Assessment and Result Evaluation stage.
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There is limited tool for energy audit and many researchers are coming up with new tools for energy
auditing. A research done by Inyim et al., (2018), introduces an advanced smartphone application where it

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provides several innovative features, such as energy saving points, customized feedback, and visualized user
interface. To create the application Java language was used for Android devices. The application will be able
to determine the energy waste in a zone by using the occupancy behaviour. A device’s positional sensors
was used to measure occupancy behaviour. Since the energy auditors are consistently in the search for a new
and unique ideas in order to have a good energy audit that results in giving out more energy conservations or
to be able to reduce energy consumption. Different building has different amount of energy consumed, some
building consumes energy more by lighting, but according to Al-Qawasmi and Tlili, (2018) more than 60%
of electricity consumption are caused by air conditioners. The researchers further investigate the energy
performance of new design of new design air-conditioning system combined with energy audit in a
governmental building. According to Al-Qawasmi and Tlili, (2018), Wireless Sensor and Actuator
Networks (WSAN) was used to sense and measure the characteristics of existing air conditioners and
compares them with the products that are in market. The WSAN monitoring system was designed and
contains three phases which are the sensing and actuating phase where the sensor provide data about the
energy consumption in different rooms in different floors within the building. All the sensors are linked to
each other by using the wireless transmission.
Another phase of the monitoring system is WSAN Interface Phase where it acts as a gateway for
supporting the controlling mechanism. The last phase would be the implementation layer where the software
is used for a web browsing and smartphones. By doing this, it would be easier for the user to use the system
anywhere and anytime. The WSAN connects to Internet to perform an energy saving algorithm that can be
performed online. The system was tested for the air conditioner in 802 in the University for 3 months From
the energy balance examination, it proves that operational conditioners have greater electric consumption
and power factor compared to the known standards. Alternative solutions were provided, and an
investigation done to insert Stirling engine in air conditioning cycle, and it shows a significant reduction of
energy consumption. An alpha Stirling engine has been tested for the same temperature and pressure in the
refrigeration cycle proving it can work with energy efficiency around 42%.
There are a few different techniques for energy audit have been introduced and used in many educational
buildings. According to Corrado et al., (2017), the researchers claim to be introducing a new technique of
energy audit with respect to cost analysis as well. The objective is to propose a technique for a detailed
energy audit which meets the Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEB) requirements which considers cost
efficiency, where the administrator can view and discover the weakness in the energy of the building. The
methodology starts from coming up with numerical model of a building where it uses numerical time-
stepping procedure to obtain the behaviour of a model over time. It also includes the actual data on energy
consumption, climate and operation. Then, a cost estimation was done to identify the minimum global cost
in 30 years for the energy efficiency measures. Later, the measures are improved to fulfil the nZEB
requirements and at the same time to make it cost effective.
II. SYSTEM DESIGN
The system was designed and developed by using php programming language. The database could store a
large amount of data and analyse it without getting lagged. Besides that, many more additional features and
innovative ideas could be implemented in the system. The comparison between web-based and excel based
energy audit tool were explained. Both excel and web-based energy audit tool have its own pros and cons. In
terms of the storage of data, both excel and web have the similar data storage. Excel is specialised in big
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data storage and it has been used in almost all the company, whereas in the web, there is a special database
that could store big amount of data too which is known as phpMyAdmin. When it comes to speed, excel

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works a little slow when there is a lot of data and functions involved in it, it becomes lag and takes time to
operate. Both the tool requires programming to make the system even more realistic and innovative. For
excel, there will be minimal programming using VBA programming language, whereas for a web, it needs
complex programming for each feature involved using php programming language. Moreover, to make the
interface to look interesting and innovative, excel provides less options and features but to develop a web-
based energy audit tool it uses HTML and CSS to create the interface with lots of colours, pictures, vertical
and horizontal navigation boxes and many more. . The user will then need to insert on the quantity of the
fixtures that are in their buildings. The system will further calculate the energy consumption of a month and
the cost associated with it.
The system will suggest on a better product to use that would reduce the energy consumption which
would lead to cost reduction as well. The system will also show the percentage after retrofit. The calculation
is similar for Electrical and HVAC as well. For an example, if the user has chosen a T5 light fixture with
14W, 5 in quantity, for a month. The light fixture will be replaced by LED lights with a lower wattage which
would be 11.5W. The savings after retrofit will be calculated by using the calculation below (Singh, Singh
and Singh, 2012)
Original Light Fixture
14×5
Total Wattage = = 0.07kW
1000
Wattage for a month = 0.07×8×1 = 0.56
Cost of electricity = (RM 0.435×0.56) + (RM 0.0135×0.56) = RM 0.25116
Suggested Light Fixture
Wattage difference = 14-11.5 = 2.5W
Number of light fixtures = 5
5×2.5
Wattage saving = = 0.0125kW
1000
Saving in unit = 0.0125×8 (hours) ×1 (month) = 0.1kWh
Cost of electricity = (RM 0.435×0.1) + (RM 0.0135×0.1) = RM 0.04485
0.04485
Savings after retrofit = 0.25116×100 = 17.85%

There is an additional feature that was implemented in the system which is to upload an excel file in to
the system. The system works where the user fed in the required data one by one and the results together
with suggestion will be shown. In addition, an excel file could be uploaded and an appropriate analysis will
be shown according to the data that was uploaded.
Figure 1 shows the first choice of process which is by manually keying in the parameters of the products
that exists in a building. It explains how the key functions works together to give a desired output. Firstly,
the user needs to choose any input whether it is Electrical, Lighting or HVAC. Once the user chose and
insert all the parameters asked, the system will audit the information and try to suggest an alternate energy
efficient product to conserve the energy. After suggesting the products, the system will show the cost
savings and the energy consumption after retrofit. From the output, it would show the difference before and
after retrofit.
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Figure 1: Block Diagram for First Process

Figure 2 shows the block diagram for the big data energy audit process. This process works by simply
uploading an excel file containing a big data in to the system. The data will then be analysed and audited.
From the big data, the total energy consumption can be seen, and the system will then suggest energy
conservation measures. A big amount of data is difficult to be audited and to suggest energy conservation
measures. The output will be the same as the previous energy audit process where the analysis will be shown
for the energy consumption together with the cost before and after retrofit. Once the comparison is shown,
the user will be aware of the positive impact after retrofit.

Figure 2: Block Diagram for Second Process

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Figure 3: Block Diagram for Constructional Details

The construction of the system has been illustrated in Figure 3. The system is developed by php
programming language. Firstly, an interface needs to be created to make the web page looks more attractive
and functional. The interface, layout, description and flow were all created by using Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML), whereas some colours and pictures were also added to make the web page looks more
appealing. It was all done by using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). Subsequently, codes were created
accordingly to the functions on Cross-Platform (X), Apache (A), MariaDB (M), PHP (P) and Perl (P)
(XAMPP). Xampp is also used for testing and deployment purposes. All the codes will be up in Brackets.
All of it can be connect ed by creating the codes and then running it on phpMyAdmin.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The whole system works like an online shopping web page. The reason it was doe as such is to make the
web page to be more realistic and understandable to people. In Figure 4, it shows the home page of the
system. The first page that would appear once the user gets into the web-based energy audit tool would be
the home page. The user will get to see a lot of navigations on the tool bar vertically and horizontally. The
navigations are to help the user to go around the system and explore. There is a slider with pictures as an
additional feature to make the web page look colourful. Another additional feature is seen to be the live
temperature, date and time of the user’s location.
If the user clicks on any of the vertical navigation which is named as categories, the system will direct the
user to the list of the product that the system has details on. Once the user clicks on the product one of the
products, the system will direct the user to the next page which will show all the details of the product.
There will be an “add to cart” button and if the user wishes to choose the product, the user can click on the
button. The system will then direct the user in to the checkout page where the chosen product will appear
together with the information of the product which are the wattage, quantity, and luminance. The user can
click on the ‘+’ button if the quantity of the product is more than 1.The total energy consumption will be
shown under ‘sub-total’ category, the cost before suggestion, energy consumption and cost after the
suggestion and savings after retrofit will be shown. The checkout page is shown in Figure 5.
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Figure 4: Home Page of the System

Figure 5: Checkout Page

In addition, if the user wishes to look at the analysis page, the user can click on the ‘Analysis’ button
under ‘Others’ drop-down list in the horizontal navigation bar. Once the user clicks on it, the system will
direct the user to the analysis page where all the analysis of the products that the user chose will be shown.
Figure 6 shows the analysis page of the chosen products. The pie charts and bar charts of the total energy
and cost before and after retrofit will be shown. If the user wishes to upload an existed excel file with a big
amount of data, there is an option to upload the file in the system. Under ‘Other’ navigation drop down
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menu, there will be a big data options which the user could select. It will direct the user to the checkout page
where there will be a button to choose a file from the user’s laptop or PC as shown in Figure 7. Once the

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user has chosen the file, the user needs to click on the import button and the whole excel file data will be
shown in the system. If the user wishes to see the analysis of the big data, the user can click on the
‘Analysis’ button to see the pie chart.

Figure 6: Analysis Page

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Figure 7: Big Data File Uploading Page

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To test the overall performance of the developed system, several tests need to be conducted. The tests
were conducted to know how well the system could cope up under different circumstances. The tests that
will be conducted are 1. Accuracy Test, 2.Agility Test, 3.Multiple Days Data Based Performance Test with
Energy, Conservation Measures (ECM) 4. Cost Analysis Test
The first test that must be conducted for the system is the accuracy test. Since there are two ways to do the
energy audit process, which are by manually choosing the products and keying in the parameters and the
other one is by uploading an existing file of data. The big data contains the energy that was recorded for 20
days for lighting and electrical. Both ways will be used to do the energy audit using the same information or
products. The response from the system had to be observed as to how the system works between the two
process of the audit using the same data. For testing the accuracy of the system, the system was let run by
uploading the big data in the system first and the analysis of the given data was determined. Figure 8 shows
the total energy consumption according to the big data, whereas Figure 9 shows the energy consumption of
the same exact data if the data was manually keyed in to the system. After uploading the excel file, the
overall excel data will be shown in the system.

Figure 8: Analysis Page for Big Data

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Figure 9: Analysis Page for Manually Keyed in Data

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After the accuracy of the system was tested, the next time would be to test on how agile the system is.
This test is important to be conducted in this system to interpret how quickly or smoothly does the system
responds when a large amount of data is being uploaded into the system. It is to show if the system could
handle a big data without and error. From the previous test, it was known that the system could run easily
even after uploading a big data, but for this test, the data will be double or triple than before. To have a large
amount of data, an array of energy consumption of any building was collected. In the previous test, the big
data was collected for 20 days. Since the data needed for this test should be larger, the data collected for this
test is twice and trice more than the previous test. Therefore, the big data would be collected for 40 days and
60 days. There were no errors found while conducting this test and the uploading and displaying the big data
was done smoothly and efficiently. Figure 10 shows the total energy consumption for 40 days and Figure 11
shows the total energy consumption for 60 days.

Figure 10: Total Energy Consumption for 40 Days

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Figure 11: Total Energy Consumption for 60 Days

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Figure 12: Energy Consumption before Retrofit

Figure 13: Energy Consumption After Retrofit

Multiple Days Data Based Performance Test with Energy Conservation Measures (ECM) test is quite like
the previous one which involves the big amount of data. The big amount of data will be uploaded to the
system and the Energy Conservation Measures (ECM) needs to be identified. Once the system has given the
ECM for the big data, the results after the retrofit will have to show. This test to show that until what extend
does ECM could change, how it works with a big amount of data. The data that has been collected shows the
big data which consists of the lighting and HVAC energy consumption reading for 20 days. Both the
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lighting and HVAC used in the big data are similar which means there is only one type of lighting and
HVAC that is being used. After implementing the ECM, the energy consumption of the big data changes.

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When an ordinary product with high wattage is replaced with all energy efficient products, the energy
consumption is enhanced. This means that, the system can show the comparison between the original case
and after retrofit. By doing this, the user would get a clear view of the role of retrofit and the effects of it.
Figure 12 shows the energy consumption before the retrofit and Figure 13 shows the energy consumption
after retrofit.
Cost analysis test is conducted to look at the difference in between the best products and the worst
products in the system. The test will focus on the cost analysis part of the product when the best product is
chosen which would all the energy efficient products, whereas the worst case would be the ordinary, typical
product that consumes a lot of energy. From this comparison in terms of cost, the user gets the chance to
look at the cost benefits or savings if the retrofit taken place. For this test, all the products will be
considered. For this testing, the products that were chosen from the products list are the worst products
which are not energy efficient and have a high wattage. The quantity and month of the testing are kept at a
constant for both the cases to make sure that the results are fair. Figure 14 shows the cost saving, and from
the result, it clearly states the percentage of the cost savings after retrofit and it is quite a big number.

Figure 14: Cost Before and After Retrofit

IV. CONCLUSIONS
A model for energy audit using energy data analytics, such that the building stakeholders can identify the
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Energy Conservation Measures (ECM) was successfully developed which could conduct an energy audit
and shows results accordingly. The system helps the user to find the suitable products for the user’s
building. The system also satisfies all the sustainability by reducing energy consumption, cost and focuses

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on using energy efficient products, Moreover, it helps not only stakeholders but normal people to work on
the energy pattern and consumption in any building. It is an open source web, and everyone would be able to
use the system for good. To enhance the system, it is suggested to link a smart energy meter to the system
whereby the smart energy data will automatically read the data or energy in a building. Moreover, extracting
the data from the smart energy meter to the system and further analyse the data would make the result more
accurate and precise.
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