ANAT.PT.

212
ANAT.212PT
Academic year: Spring 2023

Presentation title
Mirjam Nilsson
Dr. Mostafa Mahran
Lecturer of Anatomy and Embryology
Anatomy department
Cardiovascular
system
6th lecture
 The Cardiovascular system
• Consists of the heart and blood vessels
• Responsible for circulating blood throughout the body to
supply the tissues with oxygen

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 The pericardium
2 layered fibro-serous membrane that surrounds
the heart
a) Fibrous pericardium :
✓ outer strong cone shaped layer
✓ attached by its base with diaphragm
b) Serous pericardium :
❖ double layered serous sac
❖ lies within fibrous pericardium
❖ consists of parietal and visceral layers
between them a serous sac rich in serous fluid.

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 The heart
Shape and Position of the heart
• Cone shaped organ which is located in the thoracic cavity, between the 2
pleurae and lungs and to the left of body of sternum it has:
✓ Apex: directed anteriorly and to left and is at left 5th intercostals space
just below the left nipple (formed mainly by left ventricle)
✓ Base: directed posteriorly and to the right (formed by both atria)
✓ Inferiorly : rests on central tendon of the diaphragm
✓ on each side : lung and pleura

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 Chambers of the heart
❖ Heart is divided into right and left parts by a
muscular septum
❖ Right part of the heart contains deoxygenated
blood
❖ Left part contains oxygenated blood
❖ formed of 4 chambers
I. Right atrium
II. Right ventricle
III. Left atrium
IV. Left ventricle ( the walls of ventricle is thicker
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than atria) 6
 Right atrium
❑ Receives Deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava
❑ Receives venous blood from walls of heart through coronary sinus
❑ Blood in Right atrium reaches the right
left ventricle by passing through
the tricuspid valve ( formed of 3 cusps)

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 Right ventricle
❖ Receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium through tricuspid
valve
❖ pumps blood through the pulmonary trunk which is guarded by
pulmonary valve to the lungs
❖ Its walls show 3 muscular projections called papillary muscles ,
❖ Papillary muscles are is pyramidal in shape has a free apex attached
to cusps of tricuspid valve by chorda tendinae

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 Left atrium
❖ Which receives oxygenated blood from both lungs by 4
pulmonary veins
❖ Opens into the left ventricle and blood passes from it to left
ventricle through mitral ( bicuspid valve)

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 Left ventricle
➢ Forms the apex of the heart
➢ When it contracts it pumps blood through the aorta to the
whole body
➢ the aorta is guarded by aortic valve
➢ Receives oxygenated blood from left atrium
➢ Wall of ventricle show 2 papillary muscles and are attached to
the cusps of mitral valve

N.B. The walls of left ventricle are 3 times thicker than the right
ventricle
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 Blood supply of heart
➢ The heart receives its arterial supply
from the right and left coronary arteries
➢ The coronary arteries arise from the
Aorta
➢ Veins of the heart ( are called cardiac
veins )
➢ They end at the coronary sinus which
opens into the right atrium

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 Blood vessels
The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system
Their function is to transport blood throughout the body
They are of 3 types:
1) Arteries
2) Veins
3) Capillaries

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 Difference between artery and veins
The arteries
Transport blood from the heart
Carry oxygenated blood except
pulmonary artery which carries
deoxygenated blood
Their small branches called arterioles
The vein
Transport blood towards the heart
Carry deoxygenated blood except
pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated blood
Their small branches are called venules

They don’t have valves They have valves to help drain blood against
gravity
Walls are thick Walls are thin
The walls contain an elastic layer so The walls don’t have elastic layer so can
don’t collapse collapse

N.B. Arteries which do not anastomose are called anatomical end arteries,
e.g., artery of retina, spleen, kidneys and lungs.
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 Capillaries
❖ Microscopic vessels that form a network
❖ Connect arterioles to venules
❖ Thin walled and allow exchange of nutrients , gases and waste
products between blood and tissue fluids
❖ There are direct connections between arteries and veins without
intervention of capillaries these are the arteriovenous anastomosis.
❖ Blood sinusoids ( similar to capillaries) are found in bone marrow,
spleen , liver and some endocrine glands

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 The main arteries

1) The aorta which is formed of 3 parts ascending , arch and descending

• The ascending aorta gives the coronary arteries → supply the heart
• The arch of aorta gives :
i. Brachiocephalic trunk ( which gives right common carotid and right
subclavian arteries
ii. Left common carotid to head and neck
iii. Left subclavian to left arm

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 The descending aorta:
• It enters the abdomen through the aortic opening of diaphragm to
become the abdominal aorta
• Ends by dividing into right and left common iliac arteries

2) Right and left pulmonary arteries: which carry deoxygenated blood to

the lungs to be oxygenated

3) Coronary arteries: which arise from ascending aorta →supply the heart

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 4) Arteries of upper limb :
Subclavian artery→ axillary artery → brachial artery→ radial and
ulnar arteries
• The brachial artery which is used to measure blood pressure
• Radial artery is used to measure pulse

5) Arteries of lower limb :

External iliac artery→ femoral artery → popliteal artery→ anterior
and posterior tibial arteries

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 The main veins of the body
1) The superior vena cava
▪ Internal jugular vein + Subclavian vein = Brachiocephalic veins
▪ Right brachiocephalic vein + left brachiocephalic vein = superior vena cava
▪ they carry venous blood from head , neck and upper limbs
▪ they open into right atrium

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 The main veins of the body
2) Inferior vena cava
✓ Carries venous blood from trunk and lower limb to right atrium
✓ Formed by union of 2 common iliac veins ( external and internal iliac veins)

3) The pulmonary veins

2 from each lung , carry oxygenated blood and open into left atrium

4) Portal vein
▪ Formed by union of splenic and superior mesenteric veins
▪ Before entering the liver, it divides into right and left branches .
▪ Drains blood from abdominal part of gastrointestinal tract and spleen
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 Blood Circulations
Pulmonary circulation

Blood from the right ventricle is pumped through → pulmonary

trunk→ Pulmonary arteries→ lung → after gas exchange blood
returns to the heart through → 4 pulmonary veins → to the left
atrium.

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 Blood Circulations (2)

Systemic Circulation

Blood passes from left ventricle →

aorta → to all the body through various
arteries and veins→ returning blood →
superior and inferior vena cava→ the
right atrium.

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 Blood Circulations (3)
Portal Circulation

The nutrient materials absorbed from the

alimentary tract → portal vein→
metabolized in liver → hepatic veins→
inferior vena cava → right atrium
→distributed to all parts of the body

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Lymphatic system

6th lecture
 The Lymphatic system

• Helps in maintaining the fluid

balance and plays a large role in
immunity
• Formed of lymphatic vessels and
lymphoid tissue

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 Lymphatic vessels
1. Lymph vessels are arranged in superficial or deep to the deep fascia.
2. Lymph vessels have valves
3. Lymph vessels are present all over the body except in the central
nervous system, bone marrow and spleen.
4. lymphocytes travel through the lymph vessels and into the lymph nodes
where the lymphocytes destroy harmful substances and organisms.

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 Lymph vessels
✓ Lymph vessels drain the left
side of the body into thoracic
duct
✓ Lymph vessels drain the right
side of the body drains into
right lymph trunk
✓ Both end at the junction
between internal jugular vein
and subclavian vein

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 Lymphoid tissue
❖ Lymph nodes interrupt the lymphatic vessels.
❖ Lymph nodes act as filter for materials carried in the lymph
❖ Lymphoid tissue is also located in:
i. Tonsils
ii. Appendix
iii. Wall of intestine.
iv. Thymus.
v. Spleen.

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