CAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care Cambridge Assessment Cambridge International AS & A Level International Education Physics 9702 AS Physics Notes on Chapter 2: KINEMATICS 4 Slasert potrible distames between tuo ports saree re ne iors IL Scale. (wnagnitrde only) diy Veckr [raag + divechion) Ji, Exampte: Pod B is 40m li) Ceemples distamc Yotrern dus Noll East 9 A pra ADB is Sm Notes on Kinematios 7 Mors Academy For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care fae Oojuk ming dn a “vile Wao racecar velocities tut the a velocity is zero aa Sofad displ. is Zero, i Rode of dranye of, bi Rakes of change sms stance dipla on OR distance braved per Diplownwid per unit time. unit time. iL Scalar Jt Vectr ji, ve 4 A: Alstom ii ov $3 t NST Unit: st iy, St Ut 1 4¥ | Saks SE -—@e | ~@ << 1 +8 Mverase Gped tefl ait nee Avernye Velocily > tala displ. mes rey total Hine vCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS O20. Educate, Care 0g” —_—=> Usage v= [Ooms us § ve Sms a= l0-4~ +6m* gey-u G= 3-8 , -S ms? L “rE f Acaknation Declan atin OO = ve4mst Oms! W =-1Oms-! ' O = -4~(-10) «gn L t= 20ms az b-(-10) 2oxio> vet mst [A= B00 ms* OR — Chamye ih veloci urilh vespect te Hime. as Yew t Vector Quaauctita + An ehped movuir on rr g a cide is continuous! a Che th peckion accelerating oo its 3. Wt speed and direction divetion ops changing tet tots tr4s “QO O"O O"O Us Arrs:! ve Smet Us (Ons ve ms! ve-8ms" tee ~Gs AVA w A= 8-4 ate go Ae = Io az V-U_ fo Az -B-(4) t : £ 1 A= Ams? _(acleation) ae (aera a= — Ams? (acceleatin)| Notes on Kinematics iors Academy For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care tel te Ots OO © ves us = lms! S| 4 VM 80 Ge -b-(+10) uz=Toms" c 0-4 a=V-W so a= ~4-(-l0) = [bd ms* £ p O (accel enation) A=+ 6m: | decdeatm) ve-Gms" Q-V-W t = 6- (-lo0) OL = 160 m5? Equations of, Motion Covditows wakionn 1. ve utak « -- & s+ (wav )t € v 1. Straight line mation z $+ Vays WAV. Va Strowghe Une amalyyis RO? 2. Constant Aecdenation (Biseiuka val zt 4 whe Das «$2 Uk + lab v>- ur = Das 2 veUtak ve usa Ssfutv)t eae > (urusat) a (ar )(4) $+(dusat )t ut + Lat? ge yee w $o 20 Notes on Kinamatios 7 ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Ledvate, Care Seat + 1 at vi urs 2as 2 $= f Wtutat) + 2 V-U = at $/ wey) be (44 +at le at 2 2 : f (seuycu) se [due , ab 2a Zz 2 $+ uk + Late (vtu)(v-u)= veut 2 viuts as (ath) (a-v) Example # | An Object is Armed Example #2 Aw object is faunched ee pow weal upuouds bat © Laight a 20m . v= 0m©) wale a velocity of any air §S ms A voristomce bo negligible, @ {-ss wo air -yeristence , +4t 20m Aree v Abrmine 7G 5 wh He to fall “IG Sh max betght veade. ii vhost i wll time ly fea aK tals the prond Ligure gra lite POTN Hime 4 feégat jb UzOmst — g620m ae Vbms> 227 1 we Sst a= - 4.8 ms vO $*27 $= ut + Lat? veut 2as 2 ot- (1S) 2(-98)s 3-04 LAME Crew ea ji Us ms! as -%bms-* v20 £227 ii, usOmst $*20m ae 2Bms> ve? valutak vw = das 0 = (5 +(-48)E vi- O* = 2(49)(20) WF 19 Bie ESSLEED Notes on Kinematics = iors Academy For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care dij t= bsx2 $70, U=ISist, a= —4-8ms* t=? Uz lSmst a= - 48 mg? , ve -1S mst t+ 77 seut + tae 3 Sms mn O= ISt + 1 (-4-8)E" veut at z “15 = 15 + (-49) En O= ISt - 4.4t* -30+-9.8E -1Sms O= t (IS -4-4t) 42 3065 £205 I5- 4.4 =O te 305 A wan time to veach max Leight Ji, max Werght veacned oom. gland diy Hime whem be cwosser fhe att i yg Nal rabere be fac a, (vaghe ae ie. ib he be amet, we ABs? ve Omit t? y most ted thdallnny second ve ustat Wis Ufe 1. Home of O= 20+ (-4.8)t fi t= 204s Wh ue mst sae —4Bms> ve Om $27 ’ Veurs Das O- (20)" = 2(-4.8) 5 a) $= 204m b) 100+ 20.4 = 120.4 Notes on Kinamatios € ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Ui, Milhod #1 t = 2.04x2 Muhod #2 Us20ms" , as -4mm5* he Sout t Lat™ rv Oe rot + 1(-4s)t* 2 O+ rot- 4.at™ 4a’ - rot = 0 t( 444-20) <0 teo | t*20 44 th 4.085 Me Mdlod #1 us Oms" , t+? Seub + Lat™ 2 woo = 20¢ +1 (-4.9)t* 2 =100 = 20 - 44t* (204x2 2 f* 1= 44s 49-20 - 100 = O 48 baud t= 44s tr - 2.4, RES a t= trie + ty = 2.04 + 4.96 Notes ov Kneratios 7 Melod #3 = LOms?, ae -4-ms* ve-loms! , t=? veutat -20 = 20 + (-48)t - +t -43 te 48s Malod #2 trise= 2.045 twas? ithe Ss utsLat® 120.4 = O + 1(9-8)E* z Educate, Care Jy Ws 20ms" » = -F-3ms-> S* -100m ve 2? vi-u* = 2as v* -(20)" « 2(-4.8){-100) prclize wo usOms' a+ Vms* $= 1204m ve 2? viuts das VP~O = 2(4.8)(I20.4) Ve ABMs! uso ax aight d+ S 204m ok *veutabe 4B.6 = 0+ 4BE ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care Overtaking durdonry amorion A goods train passes through a station at a steady speed of 10ms~'. An express train is at rest at the station. The express train leaves the station with a uniform acceleration of 0.5ms~ just as the ‘goods train goes past. Both trains move in the same direction on straight, parallel tracks. How much time passes before the express train overtakes the goods train? GRADIENT: VeLociTy m= Oye ds ov On Ab AREA: MEANINGLESS Aeibh $0 Aci (tks) 2 2 Notes on Kinamatios A 6s B 10s Cc 208 D 40s” tot bain av tw Os Express ‘ = aust Wane Tan Durom ~O—r =O tpmewaartan sta 5 (F5 soume displ Goode Train Express Train Sy Se 0.25 - 1D -d ves $= ut +tat® lot = 0.25¢* t 2 0.15 - [Dt =O o-$ $= O+t(05)b™ + (0-25 - |0)=0 t 2 ¢ = dase DISPLACEMENT — Time GRAPHS VELOCITY —Time GRAPHS nt i 4s th al aye GRADIENT : ACCELERATION m= fy. Wed oe AL AREA: DISPLACEMENT Az lbh Az L(txv) 2 2 Kae ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care CONSTANT GRADIENT VARIABLE GRADIENT “LINE * CURVE ~ m=+inc m= m4 dee mz— ms - de me me-ine 3 Tf curve gels verti 7 qmacont . iat greg pe pwns ib ineveases gradient b m= 0 Te curve ge horizmilak 7 ion . yf gropl- got» Aownwouds ibs & f 4 oonts gradivuk Is wrgakive —RISPLACEMENT - TIME GRAPHS Oo ® 1 4 sn yn i o u tf ths lm |m 6: oe | GRADIENT/ VELOCITY: zev0 GRADIENT/ VELOCITY: zero MOTION: objet is at rst MOTION: object is at ak te origin. TE ghtanr oy Welurice on gin. Notes on Kinamatios iors Academy For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS educate, Care DISPLACEMENT - TIME GRAPHS @ s\n 0 is ifm ® GRADIENT / VELOCITY + © wrtark (+) @ constank (-) MOTION: 6 fs mneteg ak consti soy fo wig © oO syn ACCELERATION ts 4 la a eae VeLOcITy: Ww 8 lncspaning, u-) MOTION: Object is weinahiny owey rs We Oiyn - Notes on Kinematios REPLACEMENT = Time GRarus iw NO Sim. @ GRADIENT/ VELOCITY = ©. cornet amk (-) ® comtant +) MOTION A ig ama ak oar ae toworr myn © sn © DECELERATION th -s|m ® GRADIENT / VELOCITY : QO deraming (+) @ deosanirg -) MOTION: Object is decteratn away from Abe sign Mors Academy For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care ®@ eK @ 6 tf “she eae veer: see VELOCITY: Cenraning. (: DO wuromng Cc 8 dercanins & © Avreooirg (+) MOTION: Objet 4s auoving~ MOTION: ohject is moving anilh deel veloa tye jet ea stewards — Onn Exaang te #1 4) ei te Ow Sipe vol tis ra e + tt $n 1 collision 2 aallivion © se oO ts sm @ Notes on Kinamatios 7 iors Academy For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS educate, Care Example #3 “— «qd [ve =o sm. as + secicge ue helow “origin ° ts i] ind wae taken Qo ongin VELOCITY- TIME GRAPHS * < ae eS ° ts ts ae aye GRADIENT / ACLELERATION: GRADIENT / ACCELERATION: LERO ZERO MOTION: MOTION: Rest OBJECT |S MOVING aT CONSTANT VELOCITY, VELOCITY- TIME GRAPHS & oO «Si gt aye tt xe © about the divestion of +f mation. +s ® . ae a aye Notes on Kinematios 2 Mors Academy For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care GRADIENT / ACCELERATION: GRADIENT/ ACCELERATION: © constant (+) @ wnstant (-) @ onsiant (-) (9s -ve @® Constant (+) acedovokion, wet deceleration) MOTION: MOTION: OBTECT I$ MOVING WITH OBJECT IS MOVING WITH CONSTANT — ACLELERATION . CONSTANT DECELERATION. Ons Sams s Arms bmp Ss Brnds > nafs —» Anas —> adrmps > O ms VELOCITY- TIME GRADHS ’ x ° +s é as Z GRADIENT / ACCELERATION: GRADIENT / ACCELERATION: © Increasing (+) DECREASING (+) © inereasing (-) DECREASING (-) MOTION: MOTION: OBTECT If MOVING WITH OBJECT I$ MovING WITH INCREASING ACCELERATION, DECREASING ACCELERATION, Omp “> Sms > 3mls Ms mp 25 ms Ons > Sm mye tm lem VELOCITY- TIME GRADHS S < yw o ve oO tf ts () < ® . ae aye Notes on Kinamatios 3 iors Academy For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS eve GRADIENT / KCLELERATION: © INCREASING (-) Q@_ INCREASING (+) MOTION: OTECT IS MOVING UYITH INCREASING DELELERATION, toms > Gms > Toms 3 4ms ye" tan ak Wrox Weight GRADIENT / ACCELERATION: DECREASING (-) DECREASING (+) MOTION: OBE Is MOVING WITH DECREASING DELELERATION, Sms > (Ooms 4 bmjs Boys NO MR RECIStINCE COB ote = grovitationst ef frdiet dell axe, oceatenobion Notes on Kinamatios ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Ledcat,1care ms pit Wa nd No MR RESST ANCE etbivit vole wet gine we rma bth Y us . Ntens* ny ‘me! 1 Q 2 2 ©. Sms energy loss dunry rllision 1 alligim Fe PROJECTILE MOTION A 20 motion under the “i is called jedi. pretion 1 ee tow, 1. No aay yesictane a) No extéanat b) No Las ob ameryy ao beat 2. Pceleradion is constawt and ek to gravitational _acceleralion EF Vs will seq constamk Vink — divection. throughout mation ay than” 45 mo fers alovy aris to duanye it Notes on Kinamatios ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care he pt 4b 8: & SinQ =P a ove h hn P os 0= Sin B= Wy tan B= Vy v y Ve Vas VOOsO) Ny=Vsin® Eqaations of ation cannel be ich on heaved track | . can only work mn straight Une Ipveakdour -lbe + Time links oth x-axis & y-anis + Time po (om x-axis can be ued il yraus and vite vasa, * prjected hori” 4,70 igh Type. tt PE nag = mg Wyo Vs Me th M4 co Me © KE mex = mw KE ox = mv e z + PE=O0 PE=O0 Notes on Kinamatios 6 ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care @ A vey wows a stone wih a horzontal velocty of 10ms" tom the top of abusing The heght of the bukang e 8.0m. The stone wavele slong 8 curved path unl ite Be Ground, 2 shown in yest = Us O ms" - ae ee 0 44.3 mst i wis 5 te = 80m . seut hat” 0+ Lage el “Ate [94 How tng does 1 take te stone to reach the ground? (Ar resistnce can be neglected) A 06ts 8 oss = cna © 165 ‘A cyclist pedals along a raised horizontal track. At the end of the track, he travels horizontally into the air and onto a track that is vertically 2.0m lower. xis axis ) Uy =O, A= BBs ves Seam, t277 t Seut+tat™ 220 +1 ¢4aye™ L b= 0.6345, ‘The cyciist travels a horizontal distance of 6.0m in the air. Air resistance is negigible, ‘What is the horizontal velocity v of the cyclist atthe end of the higher track? A 63ms' B94) =— C9. 9ms* D 15ms" Notes on Kinamatios 7 Tan's Academy For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care An astronaut on the Moon, where there is no air resistance, throws a bail. The bai’ initial velocity ‘has a vertical component of 8.00ms"' and a horizontal component of 4.00ms"', as shown. initial velocity crmueea YX Sz ut+ Lat 80oms"| 7; ve oe +t M he pee 4.00ms" J vis evs The acceleration of free fall on the Moon is 1.62ms", nat wt be tho Spa Ba 800s ater being town? A 66ms" B 77ms"— © 106ms" D 146ms" ‘ . vent at Ws ptew? Mattes ye tinct PBA CLND Vs (658) (4) a= hoLms® V* 658 ms teas Vt BP mast Wr? Notes on Kinamatios 8 ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Ledcat,1care rates 4 Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. me “oe 1. (@) Distinguish between scalar quantities and vector quantities. Scalar panne i bude, (b) In the following list, underline all the scalar quantities. acceleration force ‘Kinetic energy mass an weight 1) {c) A:stone is thrown with a horizontal velocity of 20ms™' from the top of a cliff 15m high. The path of the stone is shown in Fig. 1.1. Wi find the hericertad Ap) en be 2Oms- t 20: Sx 195 + Spt 3m Air resistance is negligible. For this stone, () calculate the time to fall 15m, $= (Sm geut that Uy 20 - A= Ang? Sz ory cave cee t= 195s HMO = rreneel PS cnnosninere 8 (2) (i) calculate the magnitude of the resultant velocity after falling 15m, u, +0 vteuts 2as A> VBmns-e z 7 Imp ise v*- 0 = 2098)lis) ‘ : v2? VE TDL ms b's pteb h -f072)"(20)”~ = 16.3 ms" resultant velocity = .. .. ms" [3] euciesz011 sroaranut Notes ov Kneratios 7 ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care 2 (a) Explain what is meant by a scalar quantity and by a vector quantity bade ama divection, vector: 1 (b) A ball leaves point P at the top of a cliff with a horizontal velocity of 15ms~', as shown in Fig. 2.1 “y= bau P 15ms+ path of ball ‘ground Fig. 241 yy ‘The height of the clif is 25m. The ball hits the ground at point Q. Air resistance is negligible. (i) Calculate the vertical velocity of the ball just before it makes impact with the ground at Q. {aes v2 yrzzas Wy=0 me Qe +98ms-> v% of 2(99)(25) $= 15m Vs D2. yo 2? vertical velocity = veel ms" 2] (ji) Show that the time taken for the ball to fall to the ground is 2.38. Veurat Dl= O + (48)t ns a euctes 2014 roars Notes on Kinamatios 2 iors Academy For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS | Ede Care (iii) Calculate the magnitude of the displacement of the ball at point Q from point P. rE he pte h hee (25 )°+(338) in op he4lam “b' 333m displacement = 4 TT (iv) Explain why the distance travelled by the ball is different from the magnitude of the displacement of the ball. Distance traveled war “We loweTin ft waned aff fe bit, Dah... fa, aig li on [2] Notes on Kinamatios a ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care 2 A ball is thrown from a point P with an initial velocity u of 12s at 0° to the horizontal, as ilustrated in Fig. 2.1. tat uve Fig. 2.1 ‘The ball reaches maximum height at Q. Air resistance is negligible. (@) Calculate the horizontal component of u, (Le horizontal component = .. (i) the vertical component of u. vertical component = .. {b) Show that the maximum height reached by the ball is 4.3m. Wye 42mst vewe2as Vy = Om O° (4.2) 2(-44)s a+ -4.5ms* $27 2 (€) Determine the magnitude of the displacement PQ. ‘' we wh pret h “am we(4sfecay Se (43}4Cay f 094 veutat Deaiecanit t044s displacement = .. m(4] Total: 8] OUCLES 2016 7022 Ae [Turn over Notes on Kinamatios 2 ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care 7 3 Aballis thrown against a vertical wall. The path of the ball is shown in Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.1 (not to scale) The ball is thrown from S with an initial velocity of 16.0ms~' at 60.0° to the horizontal. ‘Assume that air resistance is negligible. (a) Forthe ball at S, calculate () its horizontal component of velocity, a MS [1] (i) its vertical component ot velocity. 1S gin Go. Vs vertical component of viodh 2860s 12-47 (mM city (b) The horizontal distance from S to the wall is 9.95m. The ball hits the wall at P with a velocity that is at right angles tothe wall. The ball rebounds to a point F that is 6.15m from the wall. Using your answers in (a), (calculate the vertical height gained by the ball when it travels from S to P, Wee ve urs las Were O' 13°: 2(-4-8)s ee Shem “e height = mt) ea eset [Turn over Notes on Kinamatios 2 ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Ledcat,1care 8 (ii) show that the time taken for the ball to travel from S to P is 1.338, fe ves Exes = “ Ve TAS 1) =(-33 (ili) show that the velocity of the ball immediately after rebounding from the wall is about 4.6ms. ve$ vz4.6wb © ame time bo Me Soh 133 i m {c) The mass of the ball is 60 x 10-%kg. (i) Calculate the change in momentum of the ball as it rebounds from the wall. change in momentum = Ns] (ii) State and explain whether the collision is elastic or inelastic. a1) euctes 2011 sreavont1 Notes on Kinamatios m ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHysics Educate, Care 4 = - - 9 40m 40m x iv Zz tels tots 7 xz, se 40m ge uke tat Se fom seubalalt tens z 1 t+ 18s a us 22 4O= ulid) + Laci2) u=27 BO~ u(18) +8018) earth ? + yor nut ra —© 8 = Sut lo2a -© aS ORF mst geut+Lat® 8 Two markers M; and M, are set up a vertical distance h apart. - fy seatesat” stee! ball Ne wee sh shate _ ee ea" ae tat + M,— time fe 8 A moving body undergoes uniform acceleration while travelling in a straight line between points X, Y and Z. The distances XY and YZ are both 40m. The time to travel from X to Y is 128 and from ¥ toZis 6.08. What is the acceleration of the body? @ osrms* —B o49ms* —¢ —056ms* DA. ms? time zero I gt? +h = Late r 2 time he Lat — 7 he dalt, -t7) 2 A steel ball is released at time zero from a point a distance x above M;. The ball reaches M; at time f; and reaches M, at time t,. The acceleration of the ball is constant. Which expression gives the acceleration ofthe ball? a a —m c —2h_ ty Get G8) Notes on Kinamatios Ey ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care 9 In order that a train can stop safely, it will always pass a signal showing a yellow light before it reaches a signal showing a red light. Drivers apply the brake at the yellow light and this results in uniform deceleration to stop exactly at the red light. ‘The distance between the red and yellow lights is x. What must be the minimum distance between the lights if the train speed is increased by 20%, without changing the deceleration of the trains? A 1.20% B 1.25x © 14x D 1.56x . Se ruts us Y « g v=u* =205 uas ud OF (hrwtez ys veut = das wt 20/fK, a at 5 O- ur = dan utO24 flee Aes url x “we tw ~ Cow) 7 8) ao now we 14qe Ss a Was = (Lys be hee ” $2 1 MYm 9 A sprinter runs a 100m race in a straight line. He accelerates from the starting block at a constant acceleration of 2.5m's~ to reach his maximum speed of 10ms~'. He maintains this speed until he crosses the finish line Which time does it take the sprinter to run the race? A 4s B 10s © x D 20s 2.Seng"* toms" SLES wow mee Om i 4rd ee veutat a os toror2.5t t be as ime t v™ ur=2as wows disk > 80m to - ot= 2(25)s i= S* 20m lo= go eee rees E> + bbs Notes on Kinamatios cy ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care 2.1 Equations of Motion CONTENTS 2.1.1 Displacement, Velocity & Acceleration 2.1.2 Motion Graphs 2.1.3 Area under a Velocity-Time Graph 2.1.4 Gradient of a Displacement-Time Graph 2.1.5 Gradient of a Velocity-Time Graph 2.1.6 Deriving Kinematic Equations 2.1.7 Solving Problems with Kinematic Equations 2.1.8 Acceleration of Free Fall Experiment 2.1.9 Projectile Motion DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY & ACCELERATION Defining Displacement, Velocity & Acceleration Scalar quantities ‘= Remember scalar quantities only have @ magnitude (size) © Distance: the total length between two points © Speed: the total distance travelled per unit of time Vector quantities ‘+ Remember vector quantities have both magnitude and direction © Displacement: the distance of an object from a fixed point in a specified direction © Velocity: the rate of change of displacement of an object © Acceleration: the rate of change of velocity of an object Equations SPEED AND VELOCITY ARE MEASURED IN METRES PER SECOND (me) ‘ACCELERATION 1S MEASURED IN METRES PER SECOND EACH SECOND (ms?) CHANGE IN DISPLACEMENT as VELOCITY = ee IN PHYSICS, THE SYMBOL A MEANS “CHANGE? ‘As = CHANGE IN DISPLACEMENT ‘at = CHANGE IN TIME ACCELERATION = GUANGEEIN” VELOCITY =. od ‘av = CHANGE IN VELOCITY 4 TIME Notes on Kinamatios ca ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care Motion Graphs '* Three types of graph that can represent motion are displacement-time graphs, velocity- time graphs and acceleration-time graphs ‘+ Ona displacement-time graph.. © slope equals velocity © the y-intercept equals the initial displacement. © a straight line represents a constant velocity © a curved line represents an acceleration © a positive slope represents motion in the positive direction © a negative slope represents motion in the negative direction © azero slope (horizontal line) represents a state of rest © the area under the curve is meaningless VELOCITY INCREASING | | VELOCITY INCREASING, CONSTANT veLociTy| | AT A CONSTANT ACCELERATION INCREASING RATE AT A CONSTANT RATE s/m s/m DISPLACEMENT DISPLACEMENT DISPLACEMENT s/m TIME +76 TIME +7¢ TIME +75 DISPLACEMENT —TIME DISPLACEMENT TIME DISPLACEMENT TIME. GRAPH FOR CONSTANT| | GRAPH FOR INCREASING | | GRAPH FOR INCREASING VELOCITY ‘VELOCITY ACCELERATION * Ona velocity-time graph.. © slope equals acceleration © the y-intercept equals the intial velocity © a straight line represents uniform acceleration © a curved line represents non-uniform acceleration © 2 positive siope represents an increase in velocity in the positive direction © a negative slope represents an increase in velocity in the negative direction © a zero slope (horizontal line) represents motion with constant velocity © the area under the curve equals the change in displacement Notes on Kinamatios 2 iors Academy For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care VELOCITY v/ms-* SVELOCITY v/ms-* VELOCITY v/ms~* : ol ‘VELOCITY TIME GRAPH FOR INCREASING ol VELOCITY —TIME VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH FOR CONSTANT| | GRAPH. FOR INCREASING TIME te TIME te TIME t7e VELOCITY VeLociTy ACCELERATION + Onan acceleration-time graph... © slope is meaningless © the y-intercept equals the initial acceleration © a zero slope (horizontal line) represents an object undergoing constant acceleration © the area under the curve equals the change in velocity z g Z 8 gta rg t=4e eeu + 2a This final equation can be derived from two of the others Notes on Kinamatios ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care SUMMARY veutat saut+ Sat! (v+u) 2 ‘Summary of the four equations of uniformly accelerated motion Solving Problems with Kinematic Equations u? + 2as ‘© Step 1: Write out the variables that are given in the question, both known and unknown, and use the context of the question to deduce any quantities that aren't explicitly given 9,81 m s®, an object which starts or finishes at rest wil © e.g, for vertical motion a= haveu=Oorv=0 ‘© Step 2: Choose the equation which contains the quantities you have listed © e.g. the equation that links s, u, a and tis s = ut + %at® ‘© Step 3: Convert any units to SI units and then insert the quantities into the equation and rearrange algebraically to determine the answer D) Worked Example oO “The diagram shows an arrangement to stop trans that are travelling too fast. ot speed 50 ms" oon mean speed of travel > trai a = marker 1 marker 2 “Trains coming from the left travel ata speed of 50 ms‘. At marker 1 the driver must apply the brakes so thatthe tran decelerates uniformly in order to pass marker 2 at na mare than 10 ms". ‘The train cartes a detector that notes the times when the tran passes each marker and will apply an emergency brake ite time between passing marker 1 and marker 2s les than 20 How far from marker 2 should marker 1 be placed? step + [OUR KNOWN VARIABLES ARE = ue50 met v= /One* + 22208 AN WE ARE ASKED TO. FIND DISTANCE,s, ste 3. [NO REARRANGING IS REQURED SO WE SMPLY step 2 [SO THE EQUATION THAT LINKS u,v, AND s IS: PLUG IN THE VARIABLES: Notes on Kinamatios a iors Academy For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care 2.1.8 ACCELERATION OF FREE FALL EXPERIMEN Acceleration of Free Fall Experiment ‘© A.common experiment to determine acceleration ofa falling object which can be carried out inthe lab Apparatus ‘+ Metre rule, ball bearing, electromagnet, electronic timer, trapdoor ELECTROMAGNET BALL- BEARING. ‘Apparatus used to measure g Method When the current to the magnet switches off, the ball drops and the timer starts When the bal hits the trapdoor, the timer stops ‘The reading on the timer indicates the time it takes for the ball to fall a distance, h This procedure is repeated several times for different values of h, in order to reduce random error ‘The distance, h, can be measured using a metre rule as it would be preferable to use for distances between 20.cm-1m Notes on Kinamatios Ey ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care Analysing data + Tofind g use the same steps asin the problem solving section ‘© The known quantities are © Displacement s = h © Time taken = ¢ © Initial velocity u = 0 © Acceleration a = g ‘* The equation that links these quantities is © seutt+ at oh Age ‘Using this equation, deduce g from the gradient ofthe graph of h against Sources of error ‘ Systematic error: residue magnetism after the electromagnet is switched off may cause the time to be recorded as longer than it should be ‘* Random error: large uncertainty in distance from using a metre rule with a precision of Imm, oF from parallax error 2.1.9 PROJECTILE MOTION Projectile Motion ‘© The trajectory of an object undergoing projectile motion consists of a vertical component and a horizontal component © These need to be evaluated separately ‘+ Some key terms to know, and how to calculate them, are: © Time of flight: how long the projectile isin the air © Maximum height attained: the height at which the projectile is momentarily at rest © Range: the horizontal distance travelled by the projectile Notes on Kinamatios WF ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care feted yO aoos tot ‘ACCELERATION, o- anime? | THE EQUATION THAT RELATES THESE quamries 1s — Onwee-st THe Toe TO NsxauM ce Meare a= Bad MOOAA FEIGAT ATTANED HORZONTAL MOTION (=) Game! INTIAL SPEED, ve usd THE equaTiOn TuaT metaTes Tues | Nicienanion oo ae DSmACeMENT = & ate 20 = seo? 29H * Remember: the only force acting on the projectile, after it has been released, is gravity ‘© There are three possible scenarios for projectile motion: © Vertical projection © Horizontal projection © Projection at an angle «Let's consider each in turn: D Worked Example O° To calculate vertical projection(free fall) A science museum designed an experiment to show the fl of a feather ina vertical lass vacuum tube ‘Tne time offal rom resis 5s. vacuum ‘what it the length of the tube, L7 we cor no Ret ‘TNE EQUATION THAT RELATES. THESE auanres 1S Danaea saat A THE EQUATION THAT UMS THESE VARIABLES hee sau foe THs POHL WE GAT NO TO COOH VENTEA, NOTIN Lefer Past ne Mast ut eben Sas =t.9g1105"=142m oe Led rostvostaa2 Notes on Kinamatios a ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care D) Worked Example oO To calculate horizontal projection ‘A motorcycle stuntrider moving horizontally takes off from a point 1.25 m above the ground, landing 10 m away as shown, What was the speed at take-off? IN THIS PROBLEM, WE NEED TO CONSIDER BOTH VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL MOTION. LET'S CONSIDER THE VERTICAL MOTION FIRST. THE KNOWN VARIABLES ARE 8=4.25m 0=981ms2 THE EQUATION THAT LINKS THESE VARIABLES 1S doe NEXT: LET'S CONSIDER THE HORIZONTAL MOTION. citi THE KNOWN’ VARIABLES ARE “ee b=40m a=0 t=05e ust s= So SINCE THE ACCELERATION IS ZERO, WE CAN USE DISPLACEMENT TIME VELOCITY = 1. os Ome" D) Worked Example Oo IN THIS PROBLEM, WE ONLY NEED TO CONSIDER VERTICAL MOTION UP TO THE POINT Q. FIRST WE MUST LIST THE KNOWN VARIABLES I2sin'50) a= 84 me? ° He? Notes on Kinamatios Ey ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & PhysicsCAIE AS LEVEL 9702 PHYSICS Educate, Care THE EQUATION THAT LINKS THESE VARIABLES IS veut +2as 2os= vu? asuTT, ae (p> Exam Tip 2a 0 (42sin 501" Sere Make sure you don't make these common mistakes + Forgetting that deceleration is negative as the object rises a 2sin50F «43, * Confusing the direction of sin @ and cos @ ee + Not converting units (mm, cm, km etc.) to metres Notes on Kinamatios ry ‘ilon's Acadery For Maths & Physics