NIGERIA ORAL LITERATURE

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Aspects of Nigeria Oral Literature
Nigeria has a rich tradition of oral literature that encompasses various aspects. It includes
folktales, proverbs, riddles, and oral poetry. These forms of literature are passed down through
generations, preserving cultural values, history, and wisdom. They serve as a means of
entertainment, education, and communication within Nigerian communities. Oral literature reflects
the diverse cultures and languages found throughout Nigeria.
Traditional Oral Narrative forms
Traditional oral narrative forms in Nigeria include folktales, legends, myths, and epic poems. These
narratives are often passed down through generations and serve as a way to preserve cultural
heritage, convey moral lessons, and entertain listeners. They are usually performed orally, using
storytelling techniques and vivid language to captivate the audience. These narratives often feature
supernatural elements, heroes, and animals as characters, reflecting the beliefs and values of
Nigerian communities.
Meaning of Myths.
Myths are traditional stories or legends that explain natural phenomena, customs, and beliefs of a
particular culture or society. They often involve gods, goddesses, and supernatural beings, and are
used to convey important cultural, religious, or moral messages. Myths are passed down orally
from generation to generation and play a significant role in shaping the collective identity and
understanding of a community.
Meaning of Legends.
Legends are traditional stories or narratives that are often based on historical events or figures.
They blend elements of fact and fiction, making it difficult to distinguish between what is true and
what is exaggerated. Legends typically involve heroic characters and extraordinary feats, and they
are passed down through generations orally. Like myths, legends serve to convey cultural, moral, or
historical lessons and are an important part of a community's storytelling tradition.
Meaning of Folktales.
Folktales are traditional stories that have been passed down orally from generation to generation
within a specific culture or community. They often feature fictional characters and settings and are
used to entertain, teach moral lessons, and preserve cultural values and traditions. Folktales can
take various forms, such as animal fables, fairy tales, or cautionary tales, and they reflect the beliefs,
customs, and wisdom of the people who tell them.
Meaning of Fables
Fables are short stories, often featuring animals as characters, that convey a moral lesson or teach a
specific value. They are typically concise and have a clear moral at the end. Aesop's fables, such as
"The Tortoise and the Hare," are well-known examples. Fables use animals to symbolize human
traits and behaviors, making them relatable and engaging for readers. They are a popular form of
storytelling that has been passed down through generations.
INTRODUCTION TO TRADITIONAL POETRY
Traditional poetry often begins with an engaging introduction that sets the tone and captures the
reader's attention. It may use vivid imagery, rhythmic patterns, and descriptive language to create a
captivating atmosphere. The introduction of traditional poetry aims to draw the reader into the
poem's world and establish the themes or emotions that will be explored throughout the piece. It
serves as a doorway into the poet's imagination and invites readers to experience the beauty and
power of language.
The Performance Tradition
Performance tradition refers to the practice of conveying stories, myths, or cultural expressions
through live performances. It involves the oral transmission of knowledge, customs, and artistic
forms from one generation to another. Performance traditions can include various art forms such as
music, dance, theater, storytelling, and rituals. These performances often incorporate elements of
improvisation, audience interaction, and the use of costumes, props, and instruments. Performance
traditions play a vital role in preserving cultural heritage and fostering a sense of community and
identity.
BRIDAL POETRY
Bridal poetry refers to poems or verses that are specifically written or recited in the context of
weddings or bridal ceremonies. It can be used to celebrate the union of two individuals, express
love and well wishes for the couple, or capture the emotions and significance of the occasion.
Bridal poetry often incorporates romantic imagery, heartfelt sentiments, and traditional wedding
themes. It can be performed during the wedding ceremony, included in wedding invitations or
programs, or shared as a special gift for the couple.
PRAISE POETRY
Praise poetry, also known as panegyric poetry, is a traditional form of oral literature that is found in
many cultures around the world, including Nigeria. It is a form of poetry that is used to honor and
celebrate individuals, communities, or historical events. Praise poetry often uses elaborate language,
vivid imagery, and rhythmic patterns to express admiration, respect, and gratitude. It serves as a
means of preserving and transmitting cultural values, history, and achievements. In Nigeria, praise
poetry is commonly performed during special occasions, ceremonies, and gatherings to honor
notable figures or to commemorate important milestones.
INCANTATION
Incantation refers to the use of spoken words, chants, or rituals with the belief that they have
magical or supernatural powers. In traditional Nigerian oral literature, incantations are often recited
or performed as a form of invocation or enchantment. They are believed to have the ability to bring
about specific outcomes, such as healing, protection, or spiritual connection. Incantations can be
found in various cultural practices, including traditional medicine, religious ceremonies, and
storytelling. They are often characterized by rhythmic patterns, repetitive phrases, and the use of
symbolic language to create a powerful and transformative effect.
RELIGIOUS POETRY
Religious poetry is a form of poetic expression that explores themes of spirituality, faith, and
devotion. It encompasses verses and hymns that are inspired by religious beliefs, practices, and
teachings. Religious poetry can be found in various religious traditions, including Christianity,
Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and more. It often seeks to convey a sense of reverence, awe, and
connection to the divine. Religious poetry can serve as a source of inspiration, reflection, and
comfort for individuals seeking to deepen their spiritual understanding and connection to their
faith.
RITUALS
Rituals are ceremonial practices that are performed in a specific order and manner. They often hold
symbolic meaning and are carried out as a way to mark important events, transitions, or to connect
with the spiritual or cultural beliefs of a community. Rituals can vary greatly across different
cultures and religions, but they generally involve a series of actions, gestures, prayers, or chants
that are performed with intention and purpose. Rituals can serve various purposes, such as
expressing gratitude, seeking blessings, cleansing, healing, or commemorating significant moments.
They play a significant role in fostering a sense of community, tradition, and spiritual connection.
MASQUERADE
Masquerades are traditional cultural performances where individuals wear masks and costumes to
represent different characters or spirits. They are often accompanied by music, dance, and
storytelling. Masquerades hold significant cultural and spiritual meaning in many Nigerian
communities, serving as a way to connect with ancestors, celebrate important events, or convey
moral lessons. Each masquerade character has its own symbolism and purpose, and the
performances are often highly anticipated and attended by the community. Masquerades are a
vibrant and visually captivating aspect of Nigerian cultural heritage.
FESTIVALS
Festivals in Nigeria are vibrant and joyous celebrations that showcase the rich cultural heritage of
the country. They bring communities together to celebrate various aspects of their traditions, such
as harvest, religion, or historical events. Festivals often feature colorful parades, traditional dances,
music, arts and crafts, and delicious local cuisine. They provide an opportunity for people to
express their identity, strengthen community bonds, and pass down cultural traditions to future
generations. Some well-known festivals in Nigeria include the Eyo Festival, Osun-Osogbo Festival,
and Durbar Festival.
LULLABY
In Nigerian oral literature, lullabies are a beautiful form of traditional poetry and song. They are
sung to soothe and lull infants and young children to sleep. Lullabies often have gentle melodies
and repetitive lyrics that create a calming and comforting atmosphere. They are passed down
through generations and hold cultural significance in nurturing and bonding between parents and
children. Lullabies in Nigeria reflect the love, care, and cultural values of the community, creating a
peaceful and soothing environment for little ones.
ORAL HISTORY AS A SOURCE OF NIGERIA LITERATURE.
Oral history plays a crucial role in Nigerian literature, serving as a rich source of inspiration and
storytelling. It encompasses the traditions, customs, myths, legends, and historical accounts that
have been passed down through generations by word of mouth. These narratives capture the
essence of Nigerian culture, preserving the collective memory and wisdom of the people. Oral
history provides a unique perspective on the country's diverse heritage, allowing writers and poets
to draw upon these stories to create compelling literary works that reflect the experiences and
values of the Nigerian people.
COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA
Colonialism in Nigeria refers to the period when Nigeria was under the control and influence of
European colonial powers. It had a significant impact on the country's history, culture, and
socio-economic development. Nigeria was colonized by the British from the late 19th century until
it gained independence in 1960. During this time, the British imposed their political, economic, and
social systems on Nigeria, leading to the exploitation of its resources and the disruption of
traditional social structures. Colonialism brought about changes in governance, education,
infrastructure, and the introduction of Christianity. It also led to resistance movements and the
eventual struggle for independence. The legacy of colonialism continues to shape Nigeria's
present-day society and its ongoing efforts towards development and nation-building.
HOW AFRICA WAS REPRESENTED BY NIGERIA.
Nigeria, as a prominent country in Africa, plays a significant role in representing the continent.
Nigeria's diverse culture, rich history, and vibrant arts scene contribute to shaping the image of
Africa on a global scale. Through its literature, music, film, and other artistic expressions, Nigeria
showcases the creativity, resilience, and dynamism of the African people. Nigerian authors like
Chinua Achebe and Wole Soyinka have made profound contributions to African literature,
shedding light on the continent's complexities and challenging stereotypes. Nigerian musicians and
filmmakers have also gained international recognition, further amplifying Africa's cultural
influence. Nigeria's representation helps to dispel misconceptions and promote a more nuanced
understanding of Africa's diversity and contributions to the world.
THE RIGHT OF NIGERIA POETRY AND PROSE.
The rights of Nigerian poetry and prose encompass the freedom of expression and creativity within
the literary realm. Nigerian poets and prose writers have the right to explore various themes,
perspectives, and styles in their work. They have the freedom to address social, political, cultural,
and personal issues through their poetry and prose, reflecting the realities and experiences of the
Nigerian people. These rights include the ability to challenge norms, provoke thought, and
contribute to the ongoing literary discourse in Nigeria and beyond. Nigerian poetry and prose are a
vital part of the country's cultural heritage and serve as a platform for self-expression and
storytelling.
PIONEER NIGERIA POET
One of the pioneer poets in Nigeria is Christopher Okigbo. He was known for his powerful and
evocative poetry, addressing themes of war, love, and the African identity. His works, such as
"Labyrinths" and "Limits," have made a lasting impact on Nigerian literature and continue to
inspire generations of poets. Okigbo's poetry reflects his deep engagement with the socio-political
climate of his time and his commitment to the decolonization struggle. He remains an influential
figure in Nigerian poetry and a pioneer in the exploration of complex themes and innovative poetic
techniques.
Gabriel Okara was a Nigerian poet and writer. He is considered one of the pioneers of modern
African literature. Okara's poetry often explored themes of identity, cultural heritage, and the
complexities of human existence. His most famous work is the poem "Piano and Drums," which
reflects on the clash between traditional African culture and the influence of Western civilization.
Okara's poetry is known for its lyrical quality and vivid imagery, and he made significant
contributions to the development of Nigerian literature.
The development of drama from Alarijo to the European concert tradition.
The development of drama in Nigeria has seen a progression from traditional oral forms, like
Alarijo, to the influence of European concert traditions. Alarijo is a Yoruba theatrical form that
involves storytelling, music, and dance. It was performed by itinerant performers who traveled
from village to village, entertaining and educating the audience through their performances. Over
time, with the arrival of European colonialists, Nigerian drama began to incorporate elements of
European theater, such as stage plays and scripted performances. This European influence brought
new dramatic techniques, themes, and structures to Nigerian theater, leading to the emergence of a
vibrant and diverse theatrical tradition in Nigeria.
 POPULAR TRAVELING THEATRE
One popular traveling theatre in Nigeria is the "Ajo" theatre. It is a traditional form of theatre that
involves traveling performers who move from place to place, bringing their performances to
different communities. Ajo theatre is known for its energetic and interactive style, combining music,
dance, storytelling, and comedy. Performances often address social issues, entertain the audience,
and provide a platform for cultural expression. The traveling nature of Ajo theatre allows it to reach
diverse audiences and bring entertainment and social commentary to various communities across
Nigeria.
Compiled by ADAMS OMOSHALEWA YETUNDE PBC fifehanmi