NETWORKING INTERVEW QUESTIONS

APPLICATION LAYER
1. What is the application layer?

Answer: The application layer is the seventh and top layer of the OSI model that provides services to the
end-user applications.

2. What are the functions of the application layer?

Answer: The functions of the application layer are to enable communication between different
applications, provide a user interface, manage data exchange, and handle errors.

3. What are the common protocols used in the application layer?

Answer: Some common protocols used in the application layer are HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet, SSH,
and DHCP.

4. What is HTTP?

Answer: HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a protocol used for transmitting data over the World
Wide Web. It is used to request and transmit web pages, images, and other resources.

5. What is FTP?

Answer: FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol used for transferring files between computers over a
network.

6. What is SMTP?

Answer: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a protocol used for transmitting email messages
between servers and clients.

7. What is DNS?

Answer: DNS (Domain Name System) is a protocol used for translating domain names into IP addresses.
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8. What is Telnet?

Answer: Telnet is a protocol used for establishing a remote connection to a computer over a network.

9. What is SSH?

Answer: SSH (Secure Shell) is a protocol used for establishing a secure remote connection to a computer
over a network.

10. What is DHCP?

Answer: DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol used for automatically assigning IP
addresses to devices on a network.

11. What is a socket?

Answer: A socket is a mechanism used for communication between two applications over a network.

12. What is a web server?

Answer: A web server is a computer program that provides web pages to clients over the World Wide
Web.

13. What is a web browser?

Answer: A web browser is a program used for accessing and displaying web pages on the World Wide
Web.

14. What is a cookie?

Answer: A cookie is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored on a user's device to track user
activity and preferences.

15. What is a web API?

Answer: A web API (Application Programming Interface) is a set of protocols and tools used for building
software applications that can access web-based services.

16. What is SOAP?

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Answer: SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is a protocol used for exchanging structured information
between applications over a network.

17. What is REST?

Answer: REST (Representational State Transfer) is a protocol used for creating web services that can be
accessed over the Internet.

18. What is a JSON?

Answer: JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data format used for exchanging data
between applications.

19. What is XML?

Answer: XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a markup language used for encoding documents that can
be read by both humans and machines.

20. What is SSL/TLS?

Answer: SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) are protocols used for securing
communication over a network. They provide encryption and authentication of data transmitted
between two applications.

PRESENTATION LAYER
1. What is the presentation layer?

Answer: The presentation layer is the sixth layer in the OSI model, responsible for formatting and
converting data from one format to another.

2. What are the functions of the presentation layer?

Answer: The presentation layer provides three main functions: data encryption and decryption, data
compression and decompression, and data formatting.

3. What is data encryption?

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Answer: Data encryption is the process of converting plain text into cipher text to ensure the
confidentiality and integrity of the data.

4. What is data compression?

Answer: Data compression is the process of reducing the size of data to save bandwidth and storage
space.

5. What is the difference between lossless and lossy compression?

Answer: Lossless compression preserves all the original data and allows for perfect reconstruction, while
lossy compression sacrifices some of the data to achieve greater compression ratios.

6. What is MIME?

Answer: MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is a standard that extends the format of email
messages to support text, audio, video, and other multimedia formats.

7. What is ASCII?

Answer: ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a character encoding standard
that assigns a unique code to each character, allowing computers to represent and communicate text.

8. What is EBCDIC?

Answer: EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) is a character encoding standard
used mainly on IBM mainframe computers.

9. What is Unicode?

Answer: Unicode is a character encoding standard that supports all the characters of all the world's
major languages, including ASCII and other character sets.

10. What is data serialization?

Answer: Data serialization is the process of converting data structures or objects into a format that can
be transmitted or stored, such as JSON or XML.

11. What is data deserialization?

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Answer: Data deserialization is the process of converting serialized data back into its original format.

12. What is a protocol data unit (PDU)?

Answer: A protocol data unit (PDU) is a unit of data that is passed between layers of the OSI model.

13. What is a header?

Answer: A header is a block of data at the beginning of a PDU that contains information about the PDU
itself, such as the source and destination addresses.

14. What is a trailer?

Answer: A trailer is a block of data at the end of a PDU that contains information about the PDU, such as
the length of the data.

15. What is a codec?

Answer: A codec is a software or hardware that encodes or decodes digital data, such as audio or video.

SESSION LAYER

1. What is the Session Layer?

Answer: The Session Layer is the fifth layer of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model,
responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections between applications.

2. What are the functions of the Session Layer?

Answer: The Session Layer provides services such as session establishment, session management, and
session termination. It also manages session checkpoints, synchronization, and recovery.

3. What is a session?

Answer: A session is a logical connection established between two or more applications running on
different network nodes, which enables them to communicate and exchange data.
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4. What is a session ID?

Answer: A session ID is a unique identifier that is assigned to a session to enable its identification and
management.

5. What are the different types of sessions?

Answer: The different types of sessions include simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex sessions.

6. What is the role of the Session Layer in security?

Answer: The Session Layer provides security services such as encryption, decryption, and authentication
to ensure secure communication between applications.

7. What is the difference between the Session Layer and the Transport Layer?

Answer: The Session Layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating sessions
between applications, while the Transport Layer is responsible for reliable and efficient end-to-end data
delivery.

8. What is session hijacking?

Answer: Session hijacking is an attack in which an attacker gains unauthorized access to a session by
stealing the session ID or manipulating session variables.

9. What is a session timeout?

Answer: A session timeout is a mechanism that terminates a session if there is no activity detected
within a specified period of time.

10. What is a session border controller?

Answer: A session border controller is a device that manages the signaling and media streams between
two or more IP networks to enable secure and reliable communication.

TRANSPORT LAYER
 NETWORKING INTERVEW QUESTIONS

1. What is the Transport Layer?

Answer: The Transport Layer is the fourth layer in the OSI model that provides end-to-end
communication between applications on different hosts.

2. What are the two primary protocols at the Transport Layer?

Answer: The two primary protocols at the Transport Layer are TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

3. What is the difference between TCP and UDP?

Answer: TCP is a reliable protocol that ensures data integrity and delivery, while UDP is an
unreliable protocol that does not guarantee data delivery.

4. What is the purpose of flow control in TCP?

Answer: Flow control in TCP is used to regulate the rate at which data is sent between hosts to
prevent data loss or network congestion.

5. What is congestion control in TCP?

Answer: Congestion control in TCP is used to manage network congestion by regulating the rate
at which data is sent between hosts.

6. What is a socket?
Answer: A socket is a combination of an IP address and a port number that is used to establish a
connection between two applications.

7. What is a port number?

Answer: A port number is a 16-bit number that is used to identify a specific process or service
on a host.
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8. What is a three-way handshake?
Answer: A three-way handshake is a TCP process that is used to establish a connection between
two hosts.

9. What is a SYN packet?

Answer: A SYN packet is the first packet in a TCP connection that is used to initiate a connection
between two hosts.

10. What is an ACK packet?

Answer: An ACK packet is a TCP packet that is used to acknowledge receipt of a data packet.

11. What is a sequence number?

Answer: A sequence number is a unique number assigned to each packet in a TCP connection
that is used to ensure data integrity and delivery.

12. What is a window size in TCP?

Answer: A window size in TCP is the amount of data that can be sent between hosts before an
acknowledgement is required.

13. What is a checksum in TCP?

Answer: A checksum in TCP is a value calculated from the data in a packet that is used to ensure
data integrity.

14. What is a UDP datagram?

Answer: A UDP datagram is a packet of data that is sent over a network using the UDP protocol.

15. What is the maximum size of a UDP datagram?

Answer: The maximum size of a UDP datagram is 65,507 bytes.
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16. What is a datagram socket?
Answer: A datagram socket is a socket that is used for UDP communication.

17. What is a connection-oriented protocol?

Answer: A connection-oriented protocol is a protocol that establishes a connection between
two hosts before data is sent.

18. What is a connectionless protocol?

Answer: A connectionless protocol is a protocol that does not establish a connection before
data is sent.

19. What is the purpose of a checksum in UDP?

Answer: The purpose of a checksum in UDP is to ensure data integrity.

20. What is the difference between a socket and a port?

Answer: A socket is a combination of an IP address and a port number, while a port number is a
number used to identify a specific process or service on a host.

Network layer
1. What is the network layer in networking?

Answer: The network layer is the third layer of the OSI model and is responsible for routing packets
between networks.

2. What is the primary function of the network layer?

Answer: The primary function of the network layer is to provide logical addressing and routing services.

3. What is the difference between logical and physical addressing?

Answer: Logical addressing is used at the network layer to identify devices on a network, while physical
addressing is used at the data link layer to identify devices on a local network segment.
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4. What is IP?

Answer: IP (Internet Protocol) is a protocol used for routing packets across the Internet.

5. What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6?

Answer: IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses. IPv6 also includes additional
features such as improved security and auto-configuration.

6. What is a subnet?

Answer: A subnet is a portion of a network that shares a common network address.

7. What is a subnet mask?

Answer: A subnet mask is a number used to identify the network portion of an IP address.

8. What is a default gateway?

Answer: A default gateway is a device on a network that serves as the entry and exit point for network
traffic to and from the Internet.

9. What is a routing table?

Answer: A routing table is a database that contains information about the routes that packets can take
to reach their destination.

10. What is a hop in networking?

Answer: A hop is a term used to describe the movement of a packet from one network device to
another.

11. What is routing protocol?

Answer: A routing protocol is a protocol used by routers to exchange routing information and determine
the best path for packets to travel across a network.
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12. What is the difference between static and dynamic routing?

Answer: Static routing requires administrators to manually configure the routing table, while dynamic
routing uses routing protocols to automatically update the routing table.

13. What is NAT?

Answer: NAT (Network Address Translation) is a process used to translate private IP addresses to public
IP addresses.

14. What is PAT?

Answer: PAT (Port Address Translation) is a form of NAT that allows multiple devices on a network to
share a single public IP address.

15. What is QoS?

Answer: QoS (Quality of Service) is a set of techniques used to prioritize network traffic and ensure that
high-priority traffic receives sufficient bandwidth.

16. What is ICMP?

Answer: ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is a protocol used for sending error messages and
operational information about network conditions.

17. What is ARP?

Answer: ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a protocol used to map a MAC address to an IP address.

18. What is a broadcast domain?

Answer: A broadcast domain is a logical division of a network in which all devices receive broadcast
messages.

19. What is a collision domain?

Answer: A collision domain is a logical division of a network in which network devices can collide with
one another when sending data.
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20. What is the difference between a router and a switch?

Answer: A router is a networking device used to route packets between networks, while a switch is a
networking device used to connect devices on a single network segment.

DATA LINK LAYER

1. What is the purpose of the data link layer?

Answer: The data link layer is responsible for the reliable transfer of data between two adjacent nodes
on a network.

2. What is the difference between a frame and a packet?

Answer: A frame is a unit of data that is transmitted at the data link layer, while a packet is a unit of data
that is transmitted at the network layer.

3. What is error detection?

Answer: Error detection is the process of detecting errors that may have occurred during the
transmission of data, and is an important function of the data link layer.

4. What is the checksum field in a frame?

Answer: The checksum field in a frame is used to detect errors in the data that has been transmitted.

5. What is flow control?

Answer: Flow control is the process of managing the rate of data transmission between two nodes on a
network to prevent congestion.

6. What is the difference between half-duplex and full-duplex communication?

Answer: Half-duplex communication allows data to be transmitted in both directions, but not at the
same time, while full-duplex communication allows data to be transmitted in both directions
simultaneously.
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7. What is the difference between a broadcast and a multicast?

Answer: A broadcast is a transmission that is sent to all nodes on a network, while a multicast is a
transmission that is sent to a specific group of nodes on a network.

8. What is the purpose of the MAC address?

Answer: The MAC address is used to uniquely identify devices on a network at the data link layer.

9. What is the ARP protocol?

Answer: The ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) protocol is used to resolve IP addresses to MAC
addresses.

10. What is the difference between a hub, a switch, and a router?

Answer: A hub is a simple device that connects multiple devices on a network, while a switch is a more
intelligent device that can direct traffic between devices on a network. A router is a device that connects
different networks together and can direct traffic between them.

11. What is Ethernet?

Answer: Ethernet is a common networking technology that uses the CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple
Access with Collision Detection) protocol to transmit data on a network.

12. What is a collision?

Answer: A collision is an event that occurs when two or more nodes on a network try to transmit data at
the same time, causing the data to be corrupted.

13. What is the difference between a MAC address and an IP address?

Answer: A MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) at the data
link layer, while an IP address is a unique identifier assigned to a device at the network layer.

14. What is the purpose of the LLC sublayer?

Answer: The LLC (Logical Link Control) sublayer is responsible for error detection and flow control at the
data link layer.
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15. What is the difference between a unicast and a multicast?

Answer: A unicast is a transmission that is sent to a single node on a network, while a multicast is a
transmission that is sent to a specific group of nodes on a network.

PHYSICAL LAYER

Certainly! Here are 20 interview questions and answers on the physical layer of networking:

1. What is the physical layer in networking?

Answer: The physical layer is the lowest layer in the OSI model of networking and is responsible for
transmitting raw data over a physical medium.

2. What are the common physical media used in networking?

Answer: The common physical media used in networking are twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and
fiber optic cables.

3. What is a bit rate?

Answer: A bit rate is the number of bits that can be transmitted per second over a network.

4. What is a baud rate?

Answer: A baud rate is the number of times per second that a signal can change on a communication
channel.

5. What is modulation?

Answer: Modulation is the process of modifying a signal in order to transmit information over a
communication channel.

6. What is demodulation?

Answer: Demodulation is the process of extracting information from a modulated signal.

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7. What is attenuation?

Answer: Attenuation is the loss of signal strength as a signal travels over a communication channel.

8. What is noise in networking?

Answer: Noise in networking refers to unwanted signals that interfere with the transmission of data
over a communication channel.

9. What is crosstalk in networking?

Answer: Crosstalk in networking refers to the interference between two or more communication
channels.

10. What is the difference between simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission?

Answer: Simplex transmission allows data to flow in only one direction, half-duplex transmission allows
data to flow in both directions but not at the same time, and full-duplex transmission allows data to flow
in both directions simultaneously.

11. What is the difference between baseband and broadband transmission?

Answer: Baseband transmission uses a single channel to transmit digital signals, while broadband
transmission uses multiple channels to transmit analog signals.

12. What is Manchester encoding?

Answer: Manchester encoding is a technique in which each bit is represented by a transition in the
signal at the midpoint of a bit interval.

13. What is line coding?

Answer: Line coding is the process of converting digital data into a form that can be transmitted over a
communication channel.

14. What is the difference between analog and digital signals?

Answer: Analog signals are continuous and can have any value within a certain range, while digital
signals are discrete and can only have specific values.
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15. What is the Nyquist theorem?

Answer: The Nyquist theorem states that the maximum data rate of a communication channel is twice
the bandwidth of the channel.

16. What is the Shannon theorem?

Answer: The Shannon theorem states that the maximum data rate of a communication channel is equal
to the bandwidth of the channel multiplied by the logarithm of the signal-to-noise ratio.

17. What is a repeater in networking?

Answer: A repeater is a device that amplifies a signal and regenerates it in order to extend the range of a
network.

18. What is a hub in networking?

Answer: A hub is a device that connects multiple devices on a network and repeats any data it receives
to all connected devices.

19. What is a switch in networking?

Answer: A switch is a device that connects multiple devices on a network and selectively forwards data
to the appropriate destination based on the destination MAC address.

20. What is a modem in networking?

Answer: A modem is a device that converts digital signals into analog signals for transmission over a
communication channel and vice versa.

TCP/IP MODEL
1. What is the TCP/IP model?

Answer: The TCP/IP model is a networking protocol suite that defines how data is transmitted over a
network. It consists of four layers: the Application layer, Transport layer, Internet layer, and Network
Access layer.
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2. What is the Application layer?

Answer: The Application layer is responsible for providing network services to end-user applications. It
includes protocols such as HTTP, SMTP, and FTP.

3. What is the Transport layer?

Answer: The Transport layer is responsible for providing reliable data transfer between hosts on a
network. It includes protocols such as TCP and UDP.

4. What is the Internet layer?

Answer: The Internet layer is responsible for routing packets across the Internet. It includes the Internet
Protocol (IP).

5. What is the Network Access layer?

Answer: The Network Access layer is responsible for the physical transmission of data over a network. It
includes protocols such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi.

6. What is the difference between TCP and UDP?

Answer: TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that provides reliable data transfer, while UDP is a
connectionless protocol that provides faster but less reliable data transfer.

7. What is an IP address?

Answer: An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to a device on a network. It is used to identify the
device's location on the network.

8. What is a subnet mask?

Answer: A subnet mask is a number that identifies the network portion of an IP address and the host
portion of an IP address.

9. What is a default gateway?

Answer: A default gateway is a device on a network that serves as the entry and exit point for network
traffic to and from the Internet.
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10. What is DNS?

Answer: DNS (Domain Name System) is a system used to translate domain names into IP addresses.

11. What is ARP?

Answer: ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a protocol used to map a MAC address to an IP address on
a local network.

12. What is ICMP?

Answer: ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is a protocol used to send error messages and
operational information about the network.

13. What is a socket?

Answer: A socket is a combination of an IP address and a port number that is used to establish a
connection between two devices over a network.

14. What is a protocol?

Answer: A protocol is a set of rules that governs how data is transmitted over a network.

15. What is a packet?

Answer: A packet is a unit of data that is transmitted over a network.

PROTOCOLS
Sure, here are 20 interview questions on protocols for freshers, along with their answers:

1. What is a protocol?

Answer: A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communication between devices on a network.
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2. What is TCP/IP?

Answer: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a suite of communication protocols

used to connect devices on the Internet.

3. What is UDP?

Answer: UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol that is used to transmit data over a
network without establishing a connection first.

4. What is FTP?

Answer: FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol used for transferring files over a network.

5. What is HTTP?

Answer: HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a protocol used for transmitting data over the World
Wide Web.

6. What is HTTPS?

Answer: HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is a secure version of HTTP that uses encryption to
protect data transmitted over the web.

7. What is SSH?

Answer: SSH (Secure Shell) is a protocol used for securely connecting to remote devices over a network.

8. What is Telnet?

Answer: Telnet is a protocol used for remotely accessing devices on a network.

9. What is DNS?

Answer: DNS (Domain Name System) is a protocol used for translating domain names into IP addresses.

10. What is DHCP?

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Answer: DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol used for automatically assigning IP
addresses to devices on a network.

11. What is ARP?

Answer: ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a protocol used for mapping an IP address to a MAC
address.

12. What is ICMP?

Answer: ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is a protocol used for sending error messages and
operational information about network conditions.

13. What is RDP?

Answer: RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) is a protocol used for remotely accessing a computer or device
over a network.

14. What is SIP?

Answer: SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is a protocol used for initiating, modifying, and terminating
communication sessions over a network.

15. What is SNMP?

Answer: SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is a protocol used for managing and monitoring
network devices.

16. What is SMTP?

Answer: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a protocol used for transmitting email over a network.

17. What is POP?

Answer: POP (Post Office Protocol) is a protocol used for retrieving email from a mail server.

18. What is IMAP?

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Answer: IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is a protocol used for retrieving email from a mail
server and managing messages on the server.

19. What is NTP?

Answer: NTP (Network Time Protocol) is a protocol used for synchronizing the time on devices on a
network.

20. What is PPP?

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Answer: PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) is a protocol used for establishing a direct connection between
two network devices.
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 NETWORKING INTERVEW QUESTIONS
Sure, I can provide you with interview questions on networking for fresher with their answers. Here are
60 of them:

1. What is a network?

Answer: A network is a group of devices connected together to share resources and communicate with
each other.

2. What is an IP address?

Answer: An IP address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to a device on a network.

3. What is a subnet?

Answer: A subnet is a logical division of a network that allows devices to be grouped together based on
their network address.

4. What is a router?

Answer: A router is a device that forwards data packets between different networks.

5. What is a switch?

Answer: A switch is a device that connects devices on a network and forwards data between them.

6. What is a hub?

Answer: A hub is a device that connects devices on a network and broadcasts data to all connected
devices.

7. What is OSI model?

Answer: The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual model that describes how data
is transmitted between different devices on a network.

8. What is TCP/IP?

Answer: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a suite of communication protocols

used to connect devices on the Internet.
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9. What is a firewall?

Answer: A firewall is a device or software that controls access to a network and prevents unauthorized
access.

10. What is a VPN?

Answer: A VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a secure network connection that allows devices to
communicate over the Internet as if they were on the same network.

11. What is a DNS?

Answer: DNS (Domain Name System) is a system that translates domain names into IP addresses.

12. What is a subnet mask?

Answer: A subnet mask is a number that identifies the network portion of an IP address and the host
portion of an IP address.

13. What is a gateway?

Answer: A gateway is a device that connects devices on a network to other networks, such as the
Internet.

14. What is NAT?

Answer: NAT (Network Address Translation) is a technique that allows devices on a private network to
communicate with devices on the Internet.

15. What is port forwarding?

Answer: Port forwarding is a technique that allows devices on a network to communicate with devices
on the Internet by forwarding specific network ports to a specific device.

16. What is bandwidth?

Answer: Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be transmitted over a network in a given period of
time.
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17. What is a ping?

Answer: A ping is a tool used to test the connectivity between two devices on a network.

18. What is a traceroute?

Answer: A traceroute is a tool used to trace the path taken by data packets as they travel across a
network.

19. What is a MAC address?

Answer: A MAC address (Media Access Control address) is a unique identifier assigned to a network
interface controller (NIC) for use as a network address in communications within a network segment.

20. What is a VLAN?

Answer: A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) is a logical division of a network that allows devices to be
grouped together based on their function or location.

21. What is a DHCP server?

Answer: A DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server is a server that automatically assigns IP
addresses to devices on a network.

22. What is a DNS server?

Answer: A DNS server is a server that translates domain names into IP addresses.

23. What is a gateway router?

Answer: A gateway router is a router that connects different types of networks together, such as a LAN
and the Internet.

24. What is a proxy server and how does it work?

Answer: A proxy server is a server that acts as an intermediary between a client and a server