CONSTANTS AND

CONVERSIONS
ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

1
MEMBERS
 ANGLE CONVERSIONS
1 revolution (rev) = 360 degrees
= 2𝜋 radians
= 400 grads
= 400 gons
= 6400 mils
EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW
2
MEMBERS
METRIC CONVERSIONS - PREFIXES

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

3
MEMBERS
 LENGTH CONVERSIONS
1 ft = 12 inches
1 yard = 3 ft
1 mile = 5280 ft
1 nautical mile = 6080.2 ft
1 nautical mile = 1.152 miles
1 meter = 1010 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 m = 3.28 ft
1 cm =104 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
1 mile = 1.609 km
1 acre = 43560 𝑓𝑡 2

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

4
MEMBERS
VOLUME CONVERSIONS
1 𝑚3 = 1000 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
1 gallon (gal) = 3.7854 L
1 𝑓𝑡 3 = 7.481 𝑔𝑎𝑙
1 gallon = 4 quartz (qt)
1 qt = 2 pints
1 bbl (barrel) = 42 gal
1 drum = 1 dr = 55 gal
1 cavan = 25 gantas
1 ganta = 8 chupas = 3 Liters

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

5
MEMBERS
MASS AND WEIGHT/FORCE CONVERSIONS
1 kg = 2.205 𝑙𝑏𝑚
1 𝑙𝑏𝑚 = 7000 grains = 16 oz
# = (other symbol for pound)
1 𝑙𝑏𝑚 = 𝑙𝑏𝑓
1 𝑙𝑏𝑓 = 4.449 N = 32.174 poundals = 1 slug – ft/𝑠 2
𝑙𝑏 −𝑓𝑡
1 poundal = 1 𝑚𝑠2
1 kilopond = 1 kilogram
1 pond = 1 gram
1 ton = 1 English ton = 1 short ton = 2000 lbm = 907.03kg
1 tonne = 1000 kg = 1 Metric ton = 2205 lb
1 long ton = 2240 lb
1 slug = 1 English slug = 32.174 lbm
1 hyl = 1 metric slug = 1.055 slug(English)
1 kip = 1 kilopound = 1000 lb = 1000#
1 N = 105 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

6
MEMBERS
ENERGY AND POWER CONVERSIONS
1 BTU = 778 ft-lb
1 BTU = 1055 Joules = 1.055 kJ
1 BTU = 252 calories
1 hp = 2545 BTU/hr
1 hp = 42.4 BTU/min 1 kJ = 1 kPa - 𝑚3
1 kW = 3412.2 BTU/hr 1 J = 1 N-m = 1 W – s
1 hp = 746 Watts 1 J = 1 Volt – Coulomb
1 chu = 1.8 BTU 1 erg = 1 dyne – cm
1 eV (electron volt) = 1.602 x10−19 W-s (const 23)
1 Joule = 107 𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 1 Therm = 100,000 BTU
1 cal = 4.187 Joules
1 kcal = 4.187 kJ
𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏
1 hp = 550 𝑠
𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏
1 hp = 33000 𝑚𝑖𝑛
1 ft-lb = 1.356 Joules
1 kwh = 3600 kJ
EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW
7
MEMBERS
ADDITIONAL CONVERSION OF UNITS

1 FOOT = 3 HANDS
1 SPAN = 9 INCHES
1 FATHOM = 6 FEET
1 CABLE =120 FATHOMS 1 PECK = 8 QUARTS
1 HECTARE = 100 ARES 1 PACE = 30 INCHES
1 ARE = 100 SQUARE METERS 1 QUINTAL = 100 KILOGRAMS
1 FURLONG = 220 YARDS = 201 METERS 1 SCRUPLE = 20 GRAINS
1 ACRE = 43560 SQ. FT 1 STERE = 1 CUBIC METER
1 LEAGUE = 3 MILES 1 QUARTS = 2 PINTS
1 SECTION = 1 SQ. MILES 1 KIP(KILOPOUND) = 1000 LBS
1 KNOT = 1.152 MPH
1 BBL = 42 GALLONS
1 DRUM = 55 GALLONS

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

8
MEMBERS
 TIME CONVERSIONS
1 minute = 60 seconds
1 hr = 60 minutes
1 DECADE = 10 YEARS
1 hr = 3600 seconds 1 SCORE = 20 YEARS
1 day = 24 hrs 1 SILVER = 25 YEARS
1 month = 30 days 1 GOLDEN = 50 YEARS
1 DIAMOND = 75 YEARS
1 year = 365 days 1 CENTURY = 100 YEARS
1 leap year = 366 days 1 MILLENIUM = 1000 YEARS
1 year = 8760 hours

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

9
MEMBERS
 PRESSURE CONVERSIONS
𝒍𝒃
1 atm = 14.7 psi (𝒊𝒏𝟐 )
1 atm = 29.921 in Hg (inches mercury)
1 atm = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝐦𝑯𝟐 𝑶(meters of Water)
1 atm = 1.01325 bar
1 atm = 101.325 kPa
1 atm = 760 mm Hg ( mm of mercury)
1 atm = 760 torr
1 atm = 1.0332 kg/𝒄𝒎𝟐
1 bar = 100 kPa

NOTE:
atm = Atmospheric Pressure
EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW
10
MEMBERS
 HORSEPOWER CONVERSIONS

HORSEPOWER (METRIC)
HORSEPOWER (ENGLISH)
𝒎
1 Metric HP = 75 k𝒈𝒇 − 𝒔
1 HP = 550 ft-lbf/s
1 HP = 33, 000 ft-lbf/min 1 Metric HP = 736 W = 0.736 kW
1 HP = 42.4 BTU/min 1 Metric HP = 1 French horse
1 HP = 746 Watts = 0.746kW 1 Metric HP = 1 Chueval Vapuer
1 HP = 1 Arabian horse 1 Metric HP = 1 Pferdestarke
1 HP = 1 mule 1 Metric HP = 1 P.S. (Power of a horse)

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

11
MEMBERS
EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW
12
MEMBERS
PARTS AND PERCENTAGE

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

13
MEMBERS
EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW
14
MEMBERS
 DENSITY, SPECIFIC WEIGHT
AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
𝑘𝑔 kg
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000 3 = 1 = 62.4 lbm/𝑓𝑡 3
𝑚 Liter SG = 1.0 (Water)
SG = 1.03 (Seawater)
𝑘𝑁 SG = 0.80 (Oil)
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) = 9.81 𝑚3 = 62.4 𝑙𝑏𝑓/𝑓𝑡 3
SG = 13.6 (Mercury)

𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.2 3 = 0.075 3
𝑚 𝑓𝑡

Note: Density is at STP (standard temperature and pressure)

1 atm pressure and 21°𝐶

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

15
MEMBERS
 SPECIFIC HEATS
For Water:

𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑘𝐽 Gas Constant R For Air

𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶𝑣 = 1.0 = 4.187
𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙ °𝑅 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝒌𝑱 𝒇𝒕−𝒍𝒃𝒇
R = 0.287 𝒌𝒈−𝑲 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟒𝟐
For Ice: 𝒍𝒃𝒎 −𝑹

𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶𝑣 = 0.5 = 2.094
𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙ °𝑅 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Universal Gas Constant 𝑹𝒖
𝒌𝑱
For Air: 𝑹𝒖 = 8.314 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍 −𝑲
𝒇𝒕−𝒍𝒃𝒇
𝑹𝒖 = 1545 𝒍𝒃𝒎𝒐𝒍 −𝑹
𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝐶𝑝 = 1.005 = 0.24
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙ °𝑅

𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝐶𝑣 = 0.718 = 0.1714
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙ °𝑅

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

16
MEMBERS
 Specific Heat Ratio k

Argon (Ar)= 1.666

MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW) Helium (He) = 1.666
C (Carbon) = 12
Mercury (Hg) = 1.666
𝐻2 = 1x2 = 2
𝑂2 = 16 x 2 = 32 Neon (Ne) = 1.666
𝑁2 = 14𝑥2 = 28 Air = 1.4
𝐶𝑂2 = 44 Hydrogen (H2) = 1.4
S (Sulfur) = 32 Carbon Monoxide (CO) = 1.399
He (Helium) = 4 Nitrogen (N2) = 1.399
Ammonia (N𝐻3 ) = 17 Oxygen (O2) = 1.395
Methane (𝐶1 𝐻4 ) = 16 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) = 1.288
Water (𝐻2 O) = 18 Ammonia (NH3) = 1.304
Methane (𝐶1 𝐻4 ) = 1.321

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

17
MEMBERS
LATENT HEAT OF FUSION/VAPORIZATION
For Water/Ice/Steam

For Water to Ice (Fusion/Freezing)

𝐶𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝐿𝑓 = 80 = 144 = 335 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚

For Boiling Water (Vaporization)

𝐶𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝐿𝑣 = 540 = 970 = 2257 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

18
MEMBERS
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE AND TRIPLE POINT

Critical Temperature of Water:

375°C

Triple Point of Water:

0.01°C, 0.6113 kPa

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

19
MEMBERS
LATENT HEAT OF FUSION/VAPORIZATION
For Water/Ice/Steam

For Water to Ice (Fusion/Freezing)

𝐶𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝐿𝑓 = 80 = 144 = 335 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚

For Boiling Water (Vaporization)

𝐶𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝐿𝑣 = 540 = 970 = 2257 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

20
MEMBERS
 GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION

g = 32.2 ft/𝑠 2 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2

Universal Gravitational Constant, G

Mass of earth→ 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 5.98 × 1024 𝑘𝑔
−11 𝑚2
G = 6.67× 10 𝑁 ∙ 𝑘𝑔 Radius earth→ 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 6400 𝑘𝑚 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦

CALCU: CONSTANT 39

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

21
MEMBERS
1 Pa – s = 10 poise
EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW
22
MEMBERS
HEAT TRANSFER
Thermal Conductivity conversion
𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑊
1 ℎ𝑟−𝑓𝑡−℉ = 1.73 𝑚−𝐾

RADIATION:
Emissivity 𝜀 :
Stefan-Boltzmann Constant 𝜎
−8
𝑊 −8
𝐵𝑇𝑈 For Black Body
𝜎 = 5.67 × 10 = 0.171 × 10
𝑚2 − 𝐾 4 ℎ𝑟 − 𝑓𝑡 2 − 𝑅 4 𝜀=1

CALCU: CONSTANT 31

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

23
MEMBERS
REFRIGERATION CAPACITY
What is the 1 TOR = 12,000 BTU/hr = 200BTU/min = 3.516 kW

equivalent value of
the following? 1 Tonne = 3.88kW

TOR to kW EER = 3.412COP

Tonne to kW
Formula for EER 1 TOR = 4 FRIGORIES
TOR to frigories

Note: TOR = tons of refrigeration 24

PRODUCT LOAD CONSTANTS
SPECIFIC HEAT ABOVE FREEZING POINT

𝐶𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒𝐹𝑃

SPECIFIC HEAT BELOW FREEZING POINT

𝐶𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤𝐹𝑃

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

25
MEMBERS
REFRIGERANT CYLINDER COLORS

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

26
MEMBERS
PIPING COLORS

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

27
MEMBERS
SI UNITS ENGLISH UNITS
𝑁
• = 𝑃𝑎 𝑙𝑏
𝑚2 • = 𝑝𝑠𝑓
• 1 kPa = 1000 Pa 𝑓𝑡 2

• 1 MPa = 1000 kPa • lb/𝑖𝑛2 = psi

• 1 MPa = 1 N/𝑚𝑚2 • 1 kip = 1000 lb
• 1 Gpa = 1000 MPa • kips/𝑖𝑛2 = 1 ksi

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

28
MEMBERS
Modulus of Elasticity of Steel, E
6
E = 30× 10 𝑝𝑠𝑖
3
= 207× 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Modulus of Rigidity of Steel, G

6
G = 12× 10 𝑝𝑠𝑖 or 11.5× 10 𝑝𝑠𝑖 6
3 3
= 83× 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 or 80× 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

29
MEMBERS
• SPECIFIC WEIGHT OF STEEL, 𝛾
𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝛾 = 0.284 3
𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑔𝑓
= 7850 𝑚3

• POISSON’S RATIO OF STEEL, 𝑣

𝑣 = 0.25 𝑡𝑜 0.30

= 𝑢𝑠𝑒 0.30(𝑖𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑)

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

30
MEMBERS
• THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF STEEL, 𝛼
𝛼 = 6.5 × 10−6 /℉
= 11.7 × 10−6 /℃

• MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF ALUMINUM, E

E = 10× 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

31
MEMBERS
POWER TRANSMITTED