CONSTANTS AND

CONVERSIONS
ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

1
MEMBERS
 ANGLE CONVERSIONS
1 revolution (rev) = 360 degrees
= 2 radians
= 400 grads
= 400 gons
= 6400 mils
EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW
2
MEMBERS
METRIC CONVERSIONS - PREFIXES

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

3
MEMBERS
 LENGTH CONVERSIONS
1 ft = 12 inches
1 yard = 3 ft
1 mile = 5280 ft
1 nautical mile = 6080.2 ft
1 nautical mile = 1.152 miles
1 meter =
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 m = 3.28 ft
1 cm =
1 mile = 1.609 km
1 acre = 43560

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

4
MEMBERS
VOLUME CONVERSIONS
1
1 gallon (gal) = 3.7854 L
1
1 gallon = 4 quartz (qt)
1 qt = 2 pints
1 bbl (barrel) = 42 gal
1 drum = 1 dr = 55 gal
1 cavan = 25 gantas
1 ganta = 8 chupas = 3 Liters

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

5
MEMBERS
MASS AND WEIGHT/FORCE CONVERSIONS
1 kg = 2.205
1 = 7000 grains = 16 oz
# = (other symbol for pound)
1
1 = 4.449 N = 32.174 poundals = 1 slug – ft/
1 poundal = 1
1 kilopond = 1 kilogram
1 pond = 1 gram
1 ton = 1 English ton = 1 short ton = 2000 lbm = 907.03kg
1 tonne = 1000 kg = 1 Metric ton = 2205 lb
1 long ton = 2240 lb
1 slug = 1 English slug = 32.174 lbm
1 hyl = 1 metric slug = 1.055 slug(English)
1 kip = 1 kilopound = 1000 lb = 1000#
1N=

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

6
MEMBERS
ENERGY AND POWER CONVERSIONS
1 BTU = 778 ft-lb
1 BTU = 1055 Joules = 1.055 kJ
1 BTU = 252 calories
1 hp = 2545 BTU/hr
1 hp = 42.4 BTU/min 1 kJ = 1 kPa -
1 kW = 3412.2 BTU/hr 1 J = 1 N-m = 1 W – s
1 hp = 746 Watts 1 J = 1 Volt – Coulomb
1 chu = 1.8 BTU 1 erg = 1 dyne – cm
1 eV (electron volt) = 1.602 xW-s (const 23)
1 Joule = 1 Therm = 100,000 BTU
1 cal = 4.187 Joules
1 kcal = 4.187 kJ
1 hp = 550
1 hp = 33000
1 ft-lb = 1.356 Joules
1 kwh = 3600 kJ

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

7
MEMBERS
ADDITIONAL CONVERSION OF UNITS

1 FOOT = 3 HANDS
1 SPAN = 9 INCHES
1 FATHOM = 6 FEET
1 CABLE =120 FATHOMS 1 PECK = 8 QUARTS
1 HECTARE = 100 ARES 1 PACE = 30 INCHES
1 ARE = 100 SQUARE METERS 1 QUINTAL = 100 KILOGRAMS
1 FURLONG = 220 YARDS = 201 METERS 1 SCRUPLE = 20 GRAINS
1 ACRE = 43560 SQ. FT 1 STERE = 1 CUBIC METER
1 LEAGUE = 3 MILES 1 QUARTS = 2 PINTS
1 SECTION = 1 SQ. MILES 1 KIP(KILOPOUND) = 1000 LBS
1 KNOT = 1.152 MPH
1 BBL = 42 GALLONS
1 DRUM = 55 GALLONS

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

8
MEMBERS
 TIME CONVERSIONS
1 minute = 60 seconds
1 hr = 60 minutes
1 DECADE = 10 YEARS
1 hr = 3600 seconds 1 SCORE = 20 YEARS
1 day = 24 hrs 1 SILVER = 25 YEARS
1 month = 30 days 1 GOLDEN = 50 YEARS
1 DIAMOND = 75 YEARS
1 year = 365 days 1 CENTURY = 100 YEARS
1 leap year = 366 days 1 MILLENIUM = 1000 YEARS
1 year = 8760 hours

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

9
MEMBERS
 PRESSURE CONVERSIONS
1 atm = 14.7 psi (
1 atm = 29.921 in Hg (inches mercury)
1 atm = (meters of Water)
1 atm = 1.01325 bar
1 atm = 101.325 kPa
1 atm = 760 mm Hg ( mm of mercury)
1 atm = 760 torr
1 atm = 1.0332 kg/
1 bar = 100 kPa

NOTE:
atm = Atmospheric Pressure
EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW
10
MEMBERS
 HORSEPOWER CONVERSIONS

HORSEPOWER (METRIC)
HORSEPOWER (ENGLISH)
1 Metric HP = 75 k
1 HP = 550 ft-lbf/s
1 Metric HP = 736 W = 0.736 kW
1 HP = 33, 000 ft-lbf/min
1 Metric HP = 1 French horse
1 HP = 42.4 BTU/min
1 Metric HP = 1 Chueval Vapuer
1 HP = 746 Watts = 0.746kW
1 Metric HP = 1 Pferdestarke
1 HP = 1 Arabian horse
1 Metric HP = 1 P.S. (Power of a horse)
1 HP = 1 mule

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

11
MEMBERS
TEMPERATURE SCALES

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

12
MEMBERS
PARTS AND PERCENTAGE

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

13
MEMBERS
CONSTANTS

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

14
MEMBERS
DENSITY, SPECIFIC WEIGHT
AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

SG = 1.0 (Water)
SG = 1.03 (Seawater)
SG = 0.80 (Oil)
SG = 13.6 (Mercury)

Note: Density is at STP (standard temperature and pressure)

1 atm pressure and 21

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

15
MEMBERS
SPECIFIC HEATS
For Water:
Gas Constant R For Air

R = 0.287
For Ice:

Universal Gas Constant

For Air: = 8.314
= 1545

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

16
MEMBERS
 Specific Heat Ratio k

Argon (Ar)= 1.666

MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW)
Helium (He) = 1.666
C (Carbon) = 12
Mercury (Hg) = 1.666
=2
= 16 x 2 = 32 Neon (Ne) = 1.666
Air = 1.4
Hydrogen (H2) = 1.4
S (Sulfur) = 32 Carbon Monoxide (CO) = 1.399
He (Helium) = 4 Nitrogen (N2) = 1.399
Ammonia (N) = 17 Oxygen (O2) = 1.395
Methane () = 16 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) = 1.288
Water (O) = 18
Ammonia (NH3) = 1.304
Methane () = 1.321

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

17
MEMBERS
LATENT HEAT OF FUSION/VAPORIZATION
For Water/Ice/Steam

For Water to Ice (Fusion/Freezing)

For Boiling Water (Vaporization)

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

18
MEMBERS
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE AND TRIPLE POINT

Critical Temperature of Water:

375°C

Triple Point of Water:

0.01°C, 0.6113 kPa

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

19
MEMBERS
LATENT HEAT OF FUSION/VAPORIZATION
For Water/Ice/Steam

For Water to Ice (Fusion/Freezing)

For Boiling Water (Vaporization)

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

20
MEMBERS
 GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION

g = 32.2 ft/

Universal Gravitational Constant, G Mass of earth

G = 6.67 Radius earth

CALCU: CONSTANT 39

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

21
MEMBERS
1 Pa – s = 10 poise
EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW
22
MEMBERS
HEAT TRANSFER
Thermal Conductivity conversion

RADIATION:
Emissivity :
Stefan-Boltzmann Constant
For Black Body

CALCU: CONSTANT 31

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

23
MEMBERS
REFRIGERATION CAPACITY
What is the equivalent 1 TOR = 12,000 BTU/hr = 200BTU/min = 3.516 kW

value of the
following? 1 Tonne = 3.88kW

Insert or Drag & Drop your photo

TOR to kW
EER = 3.412COP
Tonne to kW
Formula for EER
1 TOR = 4 FRIGORIES
TOR to frigories

Note: TOR = tons of refrigeration 24

PRODUCT LOAD CONSTANTS
SPECIFIC HEAT ABOVE FREEZING POINT

𝐶 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒𝐹𝑃

SPECIFIC HEAT BELOW FREEZING POINT

𝐶 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐹𝑃

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

25
MEMBERS
REFRIGERANT CYLINDER COLORS

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

26
MEMBERS
PIPING COLORS

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

27
MEMBERS
STRESSES
SI UNITS ENGLISH UNITS

• 1 kPa = 1000 Pa
• lb/ = psi
• 1 MPa = 1000 kPa
• 1 kip = 1000 lb
• 1 MPa = 1 N/
• 1 Gpa = 1000 MPa
• kips/ = 1 ksi

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

28
MEMBERS
Modulus of Elasticity of Steel, E
E = 30
= 207

Modulus of Rigidity of Steel, G

G = 12 or 11.5
= 83 or 80

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

29
MEMBERS
• SPECIFIC WEIGHT OF STEEL,

• POISSON’S RATIO OF STEEL,

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

30
MEMBERS
• THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF STEEL,

• MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF ALUMINUM, E

E = 10

EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO ES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

31
MEMBERS
POWER TRANSMITTED