Question No 1

A. Explain any two philosophical theories of ethics.

Answer: There are two ethical theories—utilitarianism and virtue ethics—that provide
contrasting viewpoints on what constitutes moral or immoral behavior. According to
utilitarianism, a decision should be made based on its effects and whether it will increase the
happiness of the greatest number of people. A person's character and whether they are
practicing virtues like honesty and compassion are the criteria used in virtue ethics, which
evaluates an action in relation to the character of the person performing it.

Philosophers like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, who thought that improving
everyone's happiness should be the ultimate purpose of morality, are credited with
popularizing utilitarianism. However, utilitarianism's detractors contend that it may result in
the disregard of minority' or individuals' rights.

Aristotle's writings, who held that people should seek to cultivate virtues as part of a well-
lived life, are the foundation of virtue ethics. However, opponents of virtue ethics contend
that defining what is a good character can be subjective and challenging.

Overall, utilitarianism and virtue ethics both provide alternative perspectives on morality and
can be used to address a range of ethical dilemmas. They can be difficult to use in reality and
have their limitations.

B. Differentiate between Universal ethics and Relative ethics with example.

Answer: There are two different ways to comprehend and put ethical concepts into practice:
universal ethics and relative ethics. The foundation of universal ethics is the notion that
certain moral standards apply to all people, regardless of their cultural heritage or religious
convictions. These ideas are frequently referred to as human rights or universal ideals. The
idea that everyone has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, as well as the
notion that it is wrong to hurt or put others through suffering, are examples of universal
ethics.

Relative ethics, on the other hand, is predicated on the notion that moral standards are
relative to the cultural or personal convictions of particular people or groups. According to
this perspective, there is no single definition of what is morally right or bad, hence what is
moral in one culture might not be moral in another. For instance, while eating dogs is
frowned upon in many Western nations, it is acceptable in several Asian nations as a cultural
tradition.

The way these two strategies deal with ethical dilemmas illustrates how they differ from one
another. In universal ethics, moral standards are universally applied to all people and
cultures. For instance, irrespective of a person's cultural or religious views, the concept of
non-harm would be applicable to all. In relative ethics, moral standards are implemented in
accordance with culture or individual convictions. For instance, whereas female genital
mutilation is deemed unethical in certain cultures, it may be ethical in others.
 In conclusion, there are two distinct methods for comprehending and putting ethical concepts
into practice: universal ethics and relative ethics. While relative ethics highlights how moral
principles are relative to cultural or personal ideas, universal ethics emphasizes how moral
principles are universal.
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Question No 2
A. Discuss the duties and responsibilities of citizens for developing a community.
Answer: Contributing to the growth of their community is one of citizens' major duties and
responsibilities. These consist of:

Community involvement: It is the duty of citizens to engage in activities such as

volunteering, attending community events, and supporting regional initiatives.

Respect for rules and regulations: It is the responsibility of all citizens to uphold the laws and
regulations that have been established for the common welfare. This involves paying taxes,
driving safely, and respecting other people's property.

Taking care of public property: It is the duty of all citizens to look after the property that
belongs to them. Cleaning up parks, reporting damage to public structures, and reporting any
suspicious activity that can endanger public safety are all examples of this.

Supporting neighborhood companies: Neighborhood businesses serve as the foundation of a

community, and residents have an obligation to do it. Shopping locally, dining locally, and
promoting locally owned companies to others all fall under this category.

Civil conversation: When addressing topics that have an impact on the community, citizens
have a duty to use civil speech. This entails paying attention to other people's perspectives,
honoring other points of view, and cooperating to discover solutions that are advantageous to
everyone.

In conclusion, residents play a critical part in the growth of their town. Citizens can
contribute to a strong, vibrant community that benefits everyone by taking part in community
events, abiding by laws and regulations, caring for public property, supporting local
businesses, and engaging in polite dialogue.

B. Explain distributive and retributive Justice with relevant examples.

Answer: In the study of ethics and political philosophy, the concepts of distributive justice
and retributive justice are both significant.

The fair distribution of advantages and burdens among society's members is referred to as
distributive justice. In distributive justice, the emphasis is on how opportunities, resources,
and goods are distributed among individuals. A just distribution is one that respects the rights
of every person and is fair and equal. Some illustrations of distributive justice are
Fair distribution of healthcare services: No matter their social standing or income level,
everyone should have equal access to healthcare services.
Distribution of educational opportunities fairly: Education is a valuable resource that should
be shared equally to give everyone the chance to learn and advance their abilities.
Equal wealth distribution: A just society should make sure that wealth is divided such that
everyone benefits, not just a select group of well-off individuals.

On the other side, retributive justice is focused on punishing wrongdoers. It is founded on the
tenet "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth," and aims to make sure that those who perpetrate
crimes are held accountable for their deeds. Following are some instances of retributive
justice:

Prison sentences for criminal offences: As a kind of retribution for their conduct, those who
commit crimes may get a prison sentence.
Fines for breaking the law: To hold offenders accountable for their acts and dissuade future
repeat offenders, fines may be imposed on those who disobey laws and regulations.

Community service: As a means of atoning for their deeds and giving back to society,
offenders may be ordered to complete community service.
In conclusion, distributive justice focuses on the equitable allocation of opportunities and
resources, whereas retributive justice is focused with punishing wrongdoers. For a society to
be just and equal, both ideas are crucial.