2018 9th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC 2018), 3 - 4 August 2018, Shah Alam,

Malaysia

Modeling of Energy Meter Using MATLAB/Simulink

Nurul Hafiqah Azmi*, Nor Adni Mat Leh, Nur
Atharah Kamaruzaman
*Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia
13500 Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
nhafiqah94@gmail.com

Abstract—This paper presents the simulation of energy meter investigates the efficiency of the energy meter system as a
to measure the electric parameters like active power, reactive device that can be used to reduce the electricity billing by
power, power factor and energy consumption. Energy meter display the power consumption per hour, week and can
is a device which plays an important role in order to measure estimates the energy usage per day.
the energy consumption of each consumer’s house. Therefore, A simulation studied was conducted on three phase energy
the purpose of this project is to design and analyze the meters by using MATLAB / Simulink Software to analyze the
performance of three phase system modeling energy meter. performance of the different types of loads. The performance of
Different types of loads including Resistive Load (R load), the energy meter system can be observed detailed in the
Resistive-Inductive (R-L load) and Resistive-Capacitive Load simulation result.
(R-C load) have been studied to analyze the performance of
the energy meter. In this project, the modeling of energy meter II. METHODOLOGY
was designed by using MATLAB / Simulink Software. This
energy meter modeling consists of voltage block, current A. Flowchart of project
block, load block, power factor block and energy
measurement block. The results obtained in the simulation can Start
been seen details in this paper. The result between the
simulation and calculated load show that the energy meter
system is high accuracy and efficiency. Measure Current (A)

Keywords-Energy Meter, Energy Consumption, three-phase

system, MATLAB / Simulink Measure Voltage (V)

I. INTRODUCTION

There are many inventions created by people to upgrade

the electricity meter by using different design software such as No Phase Angle
LabVIEW, Arduino and MATLAB / Simulink Software [1-3]. Difference:
Energy meter is one of the equipment that compute the amount If, θ = 0⁰ (Resistive)
of power usage by the consumers and electrically power device θ < 0⁰ (Capacitive)
and stores the historical power usage of the consumer [4]. θ > 0⁰ (Inductive)
Besides, power meter said to be the modern device in
measuring energy consumption in future [5]. Currently, the
excessive use of electricity causes global environmental
Yes
change, which is a rise in global warming rates. Thus, it will
have increased the usage of electricity and this can negatively
Power (W)
affect the earth like greenhouse gas emission. Actually, the
traditional meter that supplied by TNB does not display the
helpful information to the consumers which is the consumers Energy Consumption
just know the monthly consumption and this situation can
make the consumers lack of knowledge about electricity power
End
consumption. Therefore, a modeling of three phase energy
meter is proposed to solve this problem. This paper
Figure 1: Flowchart of Modeling Energy Meter

978-1-5386-6321-9/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE 75

 2018 9th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC 2018), 3 - 4 August 2018, Shah Alam, Malaysia

Figure 1 shows the flowchart of modeling energy meter
using MATLAB / Simulink Software. The voltage and current
were measured for different loads which are R load, R-L load and
R-C load. This system used three phase modeling energy meter
and the value for voltage and current changed depends on the load
used. Next, the system needs to check the phase angle difference
of the load used in order to make sure the power factor was
measured correctly. If the phase angle difference does no tally
with the condition, the system modeling need to start again by
measuring voltage and current. After that, the power factor can be
measured based on the phase angle difference. From the value of
power factor, this system can be identified the type of load used.
Then, the energy consumption was generated automatically. The
setting time for the test simulation was set for each of the load.
The measurement of the energy consumption can be seen in term
of graphical display of the different load used.
power factor is done here. The power factor is calculated
from the phase angle difference of voltage and current.
Voltage block: It is produces the value of voltage from the
load connected.
Current block: It is produces the value of current from the
supply and load connected.
Load block: This block contains of ideal switch that is
connected in series with the load. Function of the ideal switch
in this block is to simulate the energy consumption of the
load and also this switch operated simultaneously of all
phase.

B. Mathematical Modeling

Equation 1 represent an expression of the measured load or

active power for three phase energy meter system:

𝑃 = √3𝐼𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 (1)

Figure 2: The load subsystem
Where Pin (1) is the measured load, I is the current and V is
the voltage across the load. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 is the formula to find Energy measurement block: It is function as to display the
power factor. energy consumption for different type of load and this block
An expression of the output current is given in Equation 2 converts the value of energy produced from Watt (W) to
by using Ohm’s Law. Kilowatt (kW).
𝑉
𝐼= (2)
𝑅

Where R is the resistance of the connected load.

Equation (3) is the basis computation for the energy

consumption (E) of any given load during a time interval
where is from t0 until t1:
Figure 3: The energy measurement subsystem
𝑡1
𝐸= ∫𝑡0 𝑣(𝑡)𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 (3)

Where v(t) is the supply voltage and i(t) is the load current
of three phase energy meter system.

C. The Energy Meter model

The block shown in Figure 4 is the full models of three phase

energy meter that provided the energy consumption of
different loads used. There are several blocks that involved
in this system as shown below:

Power Factor block: The operation and calculation of the

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 2018 9th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC 2018), 3 - 4 August 2018, Shah Alam, Malaysia

Figure 4: The Three Phase Energy Meter Circuit

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. R Load

Table 1
Measurement of active power between simulation and
calculated of R load

No Calculated Load Simulated Load

(W) (W)
1 2494.50 2494
2 1246.92 1247
3 831.50 831.4
4 623.59 623.5 Figure 5: Waveform of measured voltage of 100 ohms
5 498.84 498.8
6 415.75 415.7
7 356.33 356.3 Based on the simulation result shown in Figure 5, the
8 311.76 311.76 value of voltage for 100 ohms is 394V. Then, the simulation
9 277.12 277.1 tests were recorded by varying the load from 100 ohms, 200
10 249.45 249.4 ohms, 300 ohms, 400 ohms, 500 ohms, 600 ohms, 700 ohms,
800 ohms, 900 ohms, and 1000 ohms. It observed that the
Resistive loads are the loads consisting of any heating voltage for the entire resistance constant as the value of
element. Different of resistance value were connected to three resistance increases. This satisfies by using the Ohm’s Law
phase energy meter which are from 100 ohms to 1000 ohms. states that the current is directly proportional to the voltage and
The readings and measurements of the energy meter were inversely proportional to the resistance. In the energy meter
taken and recorded in Table 1. The graphical behavior of the system, as the resistance increases, the current flow become
energy meter was recorded. lower and the voltage does not change.

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 2018 9th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC 2018), 3 - 4 August 2018, Shah Alam, Malaysia
Figure 6: Comparison of current between 100 ohms until 1000 ohms
Figure 7: Comparison of active power between 100 ohms until 1000
ohms
Figure 6 shows the comparison of current of the resistances
load between 100 ohms until 1000 ohms. The results show
that as the resistances increase, the current decrease. While in
Figure 7 shows the active power for the R load when the
resistances increase, the active power decreased.
Figure 8: Waveform display of measured power factor
Graph in the Figure 8 shows that the power factor is unity
which is equal to 1. This can be said that the load used in this
system modeling is purely resistive.
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Figure 9: The energy consumption of resistive load
From Figure 9 above shows that the graph of energy
consumption of R load which is purely resistive. The graph
produced are constant straight line approximately at 0.01 joule
until it reached 15.02s the graph linearly inclined and then 900
drop and the continue linearly inclined and drop at 15.14s. The
graph formation is known as unbalance graph that caused by
the unbalance system. The problem happened due to switching
large load which caused surge happen to the voltage and
current flow in the system. Thus, voltage and current surges
causing the system to be unstable.
Figure 10: Waveform of measured reactive power of R load
Figure 10 shows the graph of reactive power are unstable and
consists of ripple due to the noise that came from the load
itself. The noise might be in the form of harmonic distortion
that is the ripple form on the graph. This might as well effects
a little bit on the energy measurement graph of the system.
B. R-C Load
Capacitive load is the dual of the inductive loads.
Normally, if the load draws current along a sinusoidal pattern
that peaks before the voltage sine which is the current
waveform leads the voltage waveform, the load is known as
the purely capacitive. Many of the loads have capacitive
elements, they are generally come from the additive of
resistive and inductive load.
 2018 9th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC 2018), 3 - 4 August 2018, Shah Alam, Malaysia

the TNB.

Figure 11: Waveform of measured voltage of R-C load Figure 14: Waveform of measured reactive power of R-C load

From Figure 14, the graph shows the reactive power of R-C
load. It can be observed that this graph is much better compare
to the reactive graph of R load which contains more noise.

Figure 12: Waveform of measured current R-C load

From Figure 11, the value of voltage is the same as the voltage
of the resistive load. But the value of current produced by R-
C load decreases compared to R load. This is because
capacitor function as charges and discharges the electric
charge that stores in it. As compared to theoretical part, the Figure 15: Energy consumption of R-C load
current is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely to
the resistance. In this case, the value of the resistance is fixed. C. R-L Load
As the resistor discharges the capacitor the voltage drops and
the current is reduced. For the construction of R-L circuit, the load subsystem
that contains the ideal switch cannot be directly connected in
series with the inductance. In such case, the snubber resistance
and capacitance need to be add to the ideal switch block.

Figure 13: Waveform of measured power factor

From Figure 13 above shows the value of power factor was Figure 16: Waveform of measured voltage R-L load
less than 1. It can be observed that it contains some
components of capacitive. When the power factor is low, the
cost of electricity bill will be higher. The industrial factory
that produced power factor less than 0.85 will be penalized by

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 2018 9th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC 2018), 3 - 4 August 2018, Shah Alam, Malaysia
Figure 17: Waveform of measured current R-L load
From Figure 16 and 17 shows that the value of voltage and
current of R-L load. The value of current was lower than
resistive load.
Figure 18: Waveform of measured power factor R-L load
As shows in Figure 18, the graph shows the power factor less
than 1 and consists of ripples. The ripples occurred due to
noise that might come from the inductor itself. The
disturbance gives a small effect to the system which caused
the ripple formation on the power factor graph.
Figure 19: Waveform of measured reactive power R-L load
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Figure 20: Graph of energy consumption
IV. CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, three phase energy meters has been
modeled and designed. The performance of the three types of
loads were discussed in detail in this paper. It has a satisfactory
efficiency in the reliability of the energy meter to measure the
voltage, current, power factor, active power, reactive power
and the energy consumption. Energy meter is the devices that
can be used to measure and display the power reading of the
consumer’s house. This energy meter helps the consumer
aware the wasting of the energy by display the pattern of the
energy of each of the load. This simulation design is therefore
recommended for implementation by adding the hardware and
monitor the energy using Internet of Things (IoT).
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