Pillar Sub-pillar # Indicator name

Employment at risk
11100
(inversed scoring)

Industrial
strength &
diversity

GDP at risk (inversed

11200
scoring)

Gross debt position

12100
(inversed scoring)

Household debt, loans

12200 and debt securities
(inversed scoring)

Nonfinancial corporate
debt, loans and debt
12300
Debt levels securities (inversed
scoring)

Absorptive
Capacity
 Debt levels

External debt stocks

12400
(inversed scoring)

Absorptive
Capacity 12500 Sovereign credit rating

12600 Inflation rate

Informal employment
13100
(inversed scoring)

Youth not in
employment, education
13200
Labour market or training NEETs
(inversed scoring)
strength

Unemployment rate
13300 (inversed scoring)

Trade openness
14100
Reliance on (inversed scoring)
international
markets Investment openness
14200
(inversed scoring)

15100 Income share held by

lowest 20%

Social resilience
Social resilience
GINI index (inversed
15200
scoring)

Availability of the
16100
national food supply
Food security

16200 Self-sufficiency ratio

21100 Work from home

21200 Employment flexbility

Labour market
adaptability
Availability of social
21300
protection

Active labour market

21400
policies

Law and order and

22100 governance

Government long-term
22110
vision

22120 Regulatory quality

22130 Rule of law

 22140 Regulatory Enforcement

22200 Social capital, trust and

transparency
Governance &
social capital
22210 Social capital

22220 Perception of corruption

22230 Trust in society

22231 Trust in people

22232 Trust in government

Journalists freedom
22233
(inversed scoring)

23100 Economic prosperity

23110 GDP per capita

23120 Median Income

Economic
Resilience 23130 Gross savings

Market size & access to

23200
Market size & foreign markets
prosperity
Resilience

Market size &

prosperity

23210 Market size

23220 Logistics performance

index

Tariffs faced (inversed

23230
scoring)

24100 Internet speed

24200 Internet users

Government online
24300
Digital economy service

24400 Online payments

E-commerce
24500
transactions

25100 Quality education

Education & skills

Digital skills, staff and
25200
vocational training
 26100 Getting credit

Bank nonperforming
26200 loans (inversed scoring)

Financial system
resilience

26300 Regulatory Capital to

Risk-Weighted Assets

26400 Bank Account

31100 Trust in health system

Trust in medical
31110
workers

31120 Confidence in hospitals

Trust in medical advice

31130
from medical workers

31200 Hospital beds

31300 Current health

expenditure
Health system
capacity & access

31400 Medical staff

31500 Access to health care

 31510 Legal health coverage

Healthcare Access and

31520
Quality

Health
Resilience 32100 Risk communication

National emergency
32200
preparedness

Pandemic
preparedness 32300 Laboratory systems

Electronic health
32400
records

Elderly population
33100
(inversed scoring)

Prevelance of
underlying medical
33200
conditions (inversed
scoring)

Urban population
Health risk factors 33300
(inversed scoring)
Access to drinking
33400
water services
Household size
33500 (inversed scoring)

Prevelance of
33600 communicable diseases
(inversed scoring)
Description Unit

Share of employment in economic activity at risk as a percentage of total employment in

the country. The following economic sectors have been identified as high risk in the
medium term: A) Accommodation and food service activities, B) Wholesale and retail
trade, C) Transport, storage and communication, D) Real estate activities & Professional, % of total
scientific and technical activities & Administrative and support service activities, E) Mining employment
and F) the Arts, entertainment and recreation & Other service activities & Activities of
households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of
households for own use & Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies.

Share of GDP in economic sectors at risk as a percentage of total GDP in the country. The
following economic sectors have been identified as high risk in the medium term: A)
Wholesale, retail trade, restaurants and hotels (ISIC G-H), B) Transport, storage and % of total GDP
communication (ISIC I) and C) Oil rents: the difference between the value of crude oil
production at world prices and total costs of production.

All liabilities that require future payment of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the
creditor. This includes debt liabilities in the form of special drawing rights, currency, and
deposits; debt securities; loans; insurance, pension, and standardized guarantee schemes;
and other accounts payable. (See the 2014 edition of the IMF’s Government Finance
Statistics Manual and Public Sector Debt Statistics Manual). The term “public debt” is used % of GDP
in the Fiscal Monitor, for simplicity, as synonymous with gross debt of the general
government, unless otherwise specified. (Strictly speaking, the term “public debt” refers to
the debt of the public sector as a whole, which includes financial and nonfinancial public
enterprises and the central bank.)

Total stock of loans and debt securities issued by households as a share of GDP % of GDP

Total stock of loans and debt securities issued by nonfinancial corporations as a share of
% of GDP
GDP
Total external debt stocks to gross national income. Total external debt is debt owed to
nonresidents repayable in currency, goods, or services. Total external debt is the sum of
public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit,
and short-term debt. Short-term debt includes all debt having an original maturity of one
% of GNI
year or less and interest in arrears on long-term debt. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of
value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included
in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of
employees and property income) from abroad.

Average of S&P, Moody's & Fitch available sovereign debt credit rating. A sovereign credit
rating is an independent assessment of the creditworthiness of a country or sovereign 1-22, 22=best
entity.

The rate of inflation is the percent change in the average consumer price index (CPI). CPI is Annual percent
a measure of a country's average level of prices based on the cost of a typical basket of
consumer goods and services in a given period. change

% of total
Share of informal employment in total employment
employment

Proportion of youth, persons aged 15-24 years, not in education, employment or training % of youth (15-24
as a percentage of the total youth population. years old)

The unemployment rate expresses the number of unemployed as a percent of the labour
force (which includes persons in unemployment plus those in employment). The
% of total
unemployed are persons of working age who were not in employment, carried out employment
activities to seek employment during a specified recent period and were currently
available to take up employment given a job opportunity.

Sum of exports and imports of goods and services divided by gross domestic product. % of GDP

Sum of inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) stock divided by gross
% of GDP
domestic product.

Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of %

population indicated by deciles or quintiles.
The Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases,
consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates
from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of
total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the
0-100, 0=best
poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz
curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the
maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality while 100
implies perfect inequality.

Score on the availability pillar of the Food security Index which measures the sufficiency of
the national food supply, the risk of supply disruption, national capacity to disseminate 0-100, 100=best
food, and research efforts to expand agricultural output.

Self-sufficiency ratio is the percentage of food consumed dividided by food produced.

0-100, 100=best
Formula: Production x 100 / (Production + Imports–Exports)

Percent of total work that can be done from home in a given country. Based on
% of total
percentage of activities that each occupation can do from home and the share of
employment in each occupation. employment

Qualitative assessement of the flexibility of employment (rules of hiring, working hours,

0-1, 1=best
redundancy rules and redundancy costs).

Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex,

distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, %
pregnant women, newborns, work-injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable

Average to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do labour market policies
help unemployed people to reskill and find new employment (including skills matching, 1–7, 7 = best
retraining, etc.)?" [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Aggregation of sub-indicators 22110-22140

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent does the government
1-7, 7=best
have a long-term vision in place?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Regulatory quality captures perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and Standard deviation
implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector (-2.5 to 2.5,
development. 2.5=best)

Rule of law captures perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and Standard deviation
abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, (-2.5 to 2.5,
property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence. 2.5=best)
Regulatory Enforcement captures the extent to which regulations are fairly and effectively
implemented and enforced. Regulations, both legal and administrative, structure 0-1, 1=best
behaviors within and outside of the government.

Aggregation of sub-indicators 22210-22230

Score on the Social Capital sub-index includes the percentage of citizens who volunteer,
0-100, 100=best
give to charity, help strangers, and who feel they can rely on family and friends.

Score on the Corruption Perception Idex (CPI), which is based on how corrupt a country’s
public sector is perceived to be by experts and business executives. It is a composite index,
0-100, 100=best
a combination of 13 surveys and assessments of corruption, collected by a variety of
reputable institutions. The CPI is the most widely used indicator of corruption worldwide.

Aggregation of sub-sub-indicators 22231-22233

Percentage of respondents who answered a lot when asked "How much do you trust people in % of respondents
your neighborhood?" [Options: a lot, some, not much, not at all]
Percentage of respondents who answered a lot when asked "How much do you trust the
% of respondents
national government in this country?" [Options: a lot, some, not much, not at all]

Score on the World Press Freedom Index which assesses the degree of freedom available to
journalists. Based on qualitative data from an experts survey on pluralism, media
independence, media environment and self-censorship, legislative framework, transparency,
0-100, 0=best
and the quality of the infrastructure that supports the production of news and information and
quantitative data on abuses and acts of violence against journalists during the period
evaluated.

Aggregation of sub-indicators 23110-23130

GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GDP is gross domestic
product converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An
international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as the U.S. dollar has in the Purchasing power
United States. GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident
parity; international
producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in
dollars
the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of
fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current
international dollars based on the 2011 ICP round.

The median income reflects how much the person at the 50th percentile of the income Purchasing power
distribution earns. parity per day

Gross savings are calculated as gross national income less total consumption, plus net
% GDP
transfers.

Aggregation of sub-indicators 23210-23230

Sum of GDP plus exports minus imports in current US dollars. GDP at purchaser's prices is
the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product
taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. Exports of goods
current US
and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the
rest of the world. Imports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other
market services received from the rest of the world.

Score on the Logistics Performance Index which reflects perceptions of a country's logistics
based on efficiency of customs clearance process, quality of trade- and transport-related
infrastructure, ease of arranging competitively priced shipments, quality of logistics 1-5, 5=best
services, ability to track and trace consignments, and frequency with which shipments
reach the consignee within the scheduled time.

The trade-weighted average of the applied tariff rates, including preferential rates that the
rest of the world applies to each country. The weights are the trade patterns of the
importing country’s reference group (2014 trade data). The reference year for tariffs %
changes according to the destination market. The majority of countries included in the
data report 2015 tariff data.

Average of Fixed Broadband download speed and Mobile Broadband download speed Mbps

Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3
months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, % of population
games machine, digital TV etc.

Score on the Online Service Index which assesses the scope and quality of country's
national website. The key point is that the average user needs to find information and
0-1, 1=best
features quickly and intuitively for a site to be “usable” with content readily discoverable
by the intended beneficiaries.

Percentage of individuals who used the internet to pay bills in the past year in a given % of total
country. population age 15+

Qualitative assessement of countries' percentage achievement of 2020 target value. The

target is set taking into account the highest volume of all e-commerce transactions, both 1-10, 10=best
B2B and B2C, per capita.

Learning-Adjusted Years of School are calculated by multiplying the estimates of Expected

Years of School by the ratio of most recent Harmonized Test Score to 625, where 625
Years
corresponds to advancement attainment on the TIMSS (Trends in International
Mathematics and Science Study) test.

Average of responses to the following three questions of the World Economic Forum
Executive Opinion Survey: 1) Digital skills among active population: "In your country, to
what extent does the active population possess sufficient digital skills (e.g. computer skills, 1-7, 7=best
basic coding, digital reading)?", 2) Quality of vocational training “In your country, how do
you assess the quality of vocational training?”, 3) Extent of staff training “In your country,
to what extent do companies invest in training and employee development?”
Score on theDoing Business Indicator "Getting credit". It covers two aspects of access to
finance—the strength of credit reporting systems and the effectiveness of collateral and 0-100, 100=best
bankruptcy laws in facilitating lending.

Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans are the value of nonperforming loans
divided by the total value of the loan portfolio (including nonperforming loans before the
deduction of specific loan-loss provisions). The loan amount recorded as nonperforming
should be the gross value of the loan as recorded on the balance sheet, not just the % of bank loans
amount that is overdue. Defaulting loans are payments of interest and principal past due
by 90 days or more. The loan amount recorded as nonperforming includes the gross value
of the loan as recorded on the balance sheet, not just the amount that is overdue.

Regulatory capital to risk-weighted assets ratio is calculated using total regulatory capital
as the numerator and risk-weighted assets as the denominator. It measures the capital %
adequacy of deposit takers. Capital adequacy and availability ultimately determine the
degree of robustness of financial institutions to withstand shocks to their balance sheets.

The percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together % of total
with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution or report personally population age 15+
using a mobile money service in the .past 12 months

Aggregation of sub-indicators 31110-31130

Percentage of respondents who answered a lot when asked "How much do you trust the
% of respondents
national government in this country?" [Options: a lot, some, not much, not at all]

Percentage of respondents who answered a yes when asked "In your country, do you have
% of respondents
confidence in Hospitals and Health Clinics?"
Percentage of respondents who answered a lot when asked "In general, how much do you
trust medical and health advice from medical workers, such as doctors and nurses, in this % of respondents
country?" [Options: a lot, some, not much, not at all]

Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized
hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In most cases beds for both acute and chronic care per 1,000 people
are included.

per capita, PPP

Current expenditures on health per capita expressed in international dollars at purchasing (current
power parity (PPP).
international $)

Number of medical staff (physicians & nurses and midwives) per 1,000 people. Physicians
include generalist and specialist medical practitioners. Nurses and midwives include
professional nurses, professional midwives, auxiliary nurses, auxiliary midwives, enrolled per 1,000 people
nurses, enrolled midwives and other associated personnel, such as dental nurses and
primary care nurses.

Aggregation of sub-indicators 31510-31520

Percentage of the population with legal coverage. Coverage includes affiliated members of
health insurance or estimation of the population having free access to health care services % of population
provided by the State.

Score on the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index which assess personal health care
access and quality based on updated estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases,
Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016). The index used 32 causes from which 0-100, 100=best
death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health
care access and quality by location and over time.

Score on the indicator "Risk communication" which assess the mechanism for multi-
sectoral and multidisciplinary communication is needed to respond to any public health 0-100, 100=best
event or risk.

Score on the sub-indicator "National public health emergency preparedness and response
plan" which assesses whether a country has a preparedness and response plan in place to 0-100, 100=best
deal with an emergency.

Score on the indicator "Laboratory system" which assesses lab capacity for detecting
priority diseases, specimen referral and transport system and laboratory quality systems.
0-100, 100=best

Score on the sub-indicator "Coverage and use of electronic health records" which assesses
the quality of electronic health records since well-designed electronic health records are
more comprehensive and capable of use across the health system than handwritten 0-100, 100=best
records.

Population ages 65 and above as a percentage of the total population. Population is based
% of total
on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal
population
status or citizenship.

Total disease burden from Cardiovascular diseases, Diabetes & endocrine diseases,
Cancers, Respiratory diseases & Liver disease, measured in DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life DALYs lost per
Years) per year. DALYs are used to measure total burden of disease - both from years of individual
life lost and years lived with a disability. One DALY equals one lost year of healthy life.

Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical % of total
offices. population
% of total
Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services.
population

The average number of usual residents (household members) per household. average size

Share of all deaths for all ages due to communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and
nutrition conditions include infectious and parasitic diseases, respiratory infections, and % of total deaths
nutritional deficiencies such as underweight and stunting.
Date

2019

2018 or latest

2018

2018

2018
2018

2020

2020

2018

2018 or latest

2019 or latest
available

2018 or latest

2018

2018 or latest
2018 or latest

2019

2017

2019

2019

2018 or latest

2018–2019; weighted
average or most
recent period
available

2018–2019; weighted
average or most
recent period
available

2018

2018
2020

2019

2019

2018

2018

2020

2018

2013 or latest
available

2018
2018

2018

2015 or latest

Mar-20

2018 or latest

2018

2017

2019

2018

2018–2019; weighted
average or most
recent period
available
2019

2019 or latest

2018 or latest

2017 or latest
available

2018

2018

2018

2015 or latest
available

2017 or latest
available

2019 or latest
2017

2015

2019

2019

2019

2019

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018 or latest

2016
Source

International Labour Organization. “Employment by sex and age — ILO modelled estimates.” ILOSTAT database,
https://ilostat.ilo.org/data. Accessed 14-05-2020.

Gross Value Added by Kind of Economic Activity at current prices - US dollars, National Accounts Section of the
United Nations Statistics Division http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=SNAAMA&f=grID%3A201%3BcurrID%3AUSD
%3BpcFlag%3A0 Oil rents estimates based on sources and methods described in "The Changing Wealth of
Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in the New Millennium" (World Bank, 2011).
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS

International Monetary Fund, Fiscal Monitor (April 2020).

https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/G_XWDG_G01_GDP_PT@FM/ADVEC/FM_EMG/FM_LIDC

International Monetary Fund, Global debt (December 2019).

https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/HH_LS@GDD or if data is not available
https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/household-debt--of-nominal-gdp

International Monetary Fund, Global debt (December 2019).

https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NFC_LS@GDD
World Bank Group, International Debt Statistics https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.DOD.DECT.GN.ZS

Own calculations based on S&P, Moody, Fitch sovereign debt credit rating retrivered on Trading Economics (TE).
https://tradingeconomics.com/country-list/rating

International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (April 2020).

https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/OEMDC

International Labour Organization. "Women and men in the informal economy: a statistical picture" Third
edition. (2018). Geneva.
https://ilo.userservices.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/delivery/41ILO_INST:41ILO_V2/1252879760002676

International Labour Organization. “Share of youth not in employment, education or training (NEET) by sex.”
ILOSTAT database, https://ilostat.ilo.org/data. Accessed 14-05-2020.

International Labour Organization. “SDG indicator 8.5.2 - Unemployment rate.” ILOSTAT database,
https://ilostat.ilo.org/data. Accessed 14-05-2020.

World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS

UNCTAD, FDI/MNE database (www.unctad.org/fdistatistics).

World Bank Group, Development Research Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained
from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies
are from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see
PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm).
World Bank Group, Development Research Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained
from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. For more information and
methodology, please see PovcalNet ( iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm).

The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited - The Global Food Security Index. https://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/

Own calculations based on data from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), New Food
Balances. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS

Own calculations based on International Labour Organization. “Employment distribution by occupation (by sex)
-- ILO modelled estimates, Nov. 2019 (%)” ILOSTAT database, https://ilostat.ilo.org/data. Accessed 14-05-2020.
using work from home percentage estimates per occupation - ISCO 1 digit (Table 1) in Charles Gottlieb & Jan
Grobovsek & Markus Poschke, 2020. "Working from Home across Countries," Cahiers de recherche 07-2020,
Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en économie quantitative, CIREQ.

Own calculation based on World Bank Group’s Doing Business indicators on Employing Workers.
http://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/media-api/topicsconfig-assets/docs/LMR-DB19-
service-sector-data-points-and-details.xlsx

International Labour Organization estimates based on country data compled through the ILO Social Security
Inquiry (SSI) https://www.sdg.org/datasets/indicator-1-3-1-ilo-proportion-of-population-covered-by-at-least-
one-social-protection-benefit-by-sex-percent-3/data

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 2019 edition.

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 2019 edition.

World Bank Group, Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/

World Bank Group, Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/

World Justice Project Rule of Law Index https://worldjusticeproject.org/

2019 Legatum Prosperity Index™ (www.prosperity.com)

Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi

The Wellcome Global Monitor https://wellcome.ac.uk/reports/wellcome-global-monitor/2018

The Wellcome Global Monitor https://wellcome.ac.uk/reports/wellcome-global-monitor/2018

Reporters Without Borders - 2020 Press Freedom Index https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index.

World Economic Outlook (April 2020) - International Monetary Fund

https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/OEMDC

Birdsall, Anna Diofasi and Nancy. “The World Bank's Poverty Statistics Lack Median Income Data, So We Filled In
the Gap Ourselves - Download Available.” Center For Global Development, 6 Feb. 2016,
www.cgdev.org/blog/world-bank-poverty-statistics-lack-median-income-data-so-we-filled-gap-ourselves-
download-available. based on data from PovcalNet, World Bank.

World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNS.ICTR.ZS
World Bank, International Comparison Program database.

World Bank and Turku School of Economics, Logistic Performance Index Surveys. http://www.worldbank.org/lpi.

World Economic Forum - The Global Enabling Trade Report 2016 calculations based on data from the
International Trade Centre, Market Access Map database, http://www.macmap.org/

Speedtest Intelligence - Speedtest Global Index March 2020 https://www.speedtest.net/global-index

International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report and database.

http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx

United Nation's E-government Knowledge base.

https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/About/Overview/-E-Government-Development-Index

World Bank, Global Findex Database https://globalfindex.worldbank.org/

Huawei, Global Connectivity Index 2019

Learning-Adjusted Years of Schooling (LAYS) : Defining A New Macro Measure of Education (English). Policy
Research working paper;no. WPS 8591 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/243261538075151093/Learning-Adjusted-Years-of-Schooling-
LAYS-Defining-A-New-Macro-Measure-of-Education

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 2019 edition.

World Bank, Doing Business Indicators. https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploretopics/getting-credit

International Monetary Fund, Global Financial Stability Report.

International Monetary Fund, Global Financial Stability Report.

World Bank, Global Findex database. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/global-financial-inclusion-

global-findex-database

The Wellcome Global Monitor https://wellcome.ac.uk/reports/wellcome-global-monitor/2018

The Wellcome Global Monitor https://wellcome.ac.uk/reports/wellcome-global-monitor/2018

The Wellcome Global Monitor https://wellcome.ac.uk/reports/wellcome-global-monitor/2018

World Bank based on data from the World Health Organization, supplemented by country data.
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.BEDS.ZS

World Health Organization, Global Health Expenditure database https://apps.who.int/nha/database

World Bank based on data from the World Health Organization's Global Health Workforce Statistics, OECD,
supplemented by country data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS,
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.NUMW.P3
ILO World Social Protection Report 2017–19: Universal social protection to achieve the Sustainable
Development Goals table B.13 Deficits in universal health protection
by rural/urban areas (global, regional and
country estimates)

GBD 2016 Healthcare Access and Quality Collaborators. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and
Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the
Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 23 May 2018. http://www.healthdata.org/node/6446

The Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) and the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (JHU) and The Economist
Intelligence Unit (EIU), 2019 Global Health Security Index. https://www.ghsindex.org/

The Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) and the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (JHU) and The Economist
Intelligence Unit (EIU), 2019 Global Health Security Index. https://www.ghsindex.org/

The Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) and the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (JHU) and The Economist
Intelligence Unit (EIU), 2019 Global Health Security Index. https://www.ghsindex.org/

The Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) and the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (JHU) and The Economist
Intelligence Unit (EIU), 2019 Global Health Security Index. https://www.ghsindex.org/

World Bank staff estimates based on age/sex distributions of United Nations Population Division's World
Population Prospects: 2019 Revision.

Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017) Results.
Seattle, United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), 2018.

United Nations Population Division. World Urbanization Prospects: 2018 Revision.

United Nations, Global Sustainable Development Goals Indicator Database.

https://www.sdg.org/datasets/c07043bb641d43fba42922b28021e688
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019).
Database on Household Size and Composition 2019.

World Bank based on the data from WHO's Global Health Estimates.