ISH VERSION HSC CHEMIS’ Chapter-2: Qualitative Chemistry Ry = 109678 cm"! (0.8, Dj 8., SB,JB-18] What isthe law of mass action? pH of pure water is 7 - Explain. ¢. Calculate the number of orbital in the last energy level of the above stem d. If the electron of the stem is transferred into shell B, then what will be the color of the emitted ray? Explain mathematically. Answer to the question no, 1 HB At a fixed temperature, at a fixed time, the rate of any reaction is proportional to the active mass (je. molar ‘concentration or partial pressure) of i's reactant at that time. Bl The pH of any solution depends on the presence of molar ‘concentration H” and OH" in that solution, As the concentration of [H'] and [OF] produced due to the dissociation of pure water are almost same, the equation of ionic product is (1) [OH] = 10""* Or, (H*] [H"] = 10" [As, [H*] = [OH] (H') = 107 Now, taking log on both sides, log [H*] =-log 107” Or pH =7 ic, the pH of pure water is pH = 7 So it can be said that, as the concentration of the ions produced by the dissociation of pure water are same, the pH of pure water is 7. [Bi The principle quantam number in the fourth energy level is, n If the principle quentam number is n, then the value of subsidiary quantam number is from zero (0) to (n-1), :. [= from 0 to (n~ 1). = from 010 (4 1). = from 0103 1,2, 3 Again, magnetic quantam number, m= :. When, [= 0, m= 0, no. of orbital = 1 J=1,m=-1,0, + 1, no. orbital = 1=2,m—2,~ 1,0, +1,+ 2, no. of orbital = 5 1=3,m=~3,-2,~1,0,+ 1, +2, +3, no. of orbital =7 Jo 010 #1, ». When, ), 1, 2,3, then the total number of orbital = ‘We know that in a principle energy level. the total number of magnetic quantam number is the number of orbital in energy level. As in this case the total number of magnetic quantam number is 16, so the total number of orbital will be 16. In the stem, the electron is positioned in principle enerey level D i.e. ny = 4 and after changing energy level it comes to the principle energy level B. ie. n, = 2. We know, E-8(Gz-33) hs Or, ¢= 109678 (F-#) ont 20564-625 cm" Or, = 4-862 x 10% em Or, k= 4-862 x 10% x 107 am [1-em = 1. = 486-27 nm So, the determined wavelength is 486.27am which is in the range of the color sky blue of wavelength 450 — 500 nm. So the color of the emitted ray of the mentioned electron will be sky blue, wc { 10" nm} om mc xy solution 10 mL 01M container-A ccontainer-C i. Solubility of MN;= 0.0002 mol L™ ii, Kyp Of MY, = 1.85 10° 10.8. DB. 5.B.1.B-18] What is sigma bond? Al,O; is a amphoteric oxide— Explain. Determine the solubility product of the salt in pot A. Will there be any ppt of MY2 in pot C? Explain mathematically Answer to the question no. 2 Bl The bond created due to face to face overlapping of the two valence orbitals during the creation of covalent bond is known as sigma bond. Bil The oxides which can act both as acid and base are knwon as amphoteric oxides. Here Al,O; reacts with both acid and base and produces salt, So, according to the characteristics Al0s is an amphoteric oxide, ‘Als03 +2NaOH —> 2NaAIO, + 2H,0 (As acid) Al05 + 6HCI—> 2 AlCl + 3H,0 (As base) angeHi The salt of pot A is MN; MN; = M™* + 2N" If, the solubility is $ then, the solubility product of MN: = S x (2) = 4S? Given, = 0.0002 mol L: «+ Solubility product of MN, = 4 x (0.0002)° =3.2« 10 moPL? The solubility product of the salt MN; in pot Ais 3.2x 10"! moPL? I The reaction occured in pot C is MN2 + 2XY — MY? + 2NX. Here, MY2—» M+ 2Y7 So, the actual concentration of mixture M: iven below: ViS\= VoouiSe V\=15 mi. -vS S)=5x10°M. Or, $= Vea ~ (15 + 10)mL 155% 10% 35 =3x10°M The actual concentration of mixture Y: VAS: = Vint S2 VS, MS. Or, Sy 1001 Or, $= 35 =0.04M In case of MY;, ionic product Kp = [M™"] [Y]* =3x 10% (0.047 48x10" In case of MY>, solubility product, Ksp = 1.85 x 10* AS, Kw > Kop ‘There will be a ppt of MY>. electron IRB. CB, Ctg.B., BB-18) a What is anti-oxidant? b. Activation energy will reaction— Explain it. ©. Calculate the total electron in Z shell from the value of and m. d. Due to the change of step of the electron mentioned in the stem, in which region of the electro magnetic, spectrum the emitted ray will exist? Explain ‘mathematically Answer to the question no. 3 BU Antioxidant is a type of chemical or artificial food preserver which mainly preserves food by protecting it from oxidative degradation. I The difference of the average energy (E4) of the reactant ‘molecules in the initial stage and average energy (Ex) of the molecules in the intermediate complex. stage is called activation energy. The increase or decrease of activation influence the rac of energy is related with the increase or decrease of temperature. With the increase of temperature the collision among the reactant molecules increases and more molecules acquire the required activation energy for the completion of reaction, According to Arhennian's equation: k= Ache =e Or, Ink = InA RE K = Rate constant of reaction. E, = Activation energy. [Gin the stem for the mentioned Z shell, n= 3. Here, t m s ‘No. of electron 1=0]m=0 dot 2 fe (@) a-3 i) 6 10 Total 18 BW The electron in the stem is transitioned from =3) to Y ie. (ny = 2). We know, 1 n=2 or &u(; m=3 1 Ry= 109678 em 1 On5= Or, k= 6.564 x 10% cm Or, 2 = 6.564 10x 107mm [1 em= 107 nm| 0r,1.= 656.4 nm So, the radiation willbe in visible range. 40 mL 0.05M. NaOH solution 50 mL. 6x 104M ZnSO, solution ney container-2 Solubility product of Zn(OH)2, Kap = 1 x 10°!” IRB. CB, Cig B, B.B-18) a. What is heat of combustion? b. Why OF, can not be formed? ¢. Calculate the solubility of Zn(OH); according to the stem, . Is there any possibility of forming ppt. if we mix the solution of container-I with container-2? Explain. ‘Answer to the question no. 4 BI At a fixed temperature and 1 atm pressure, the heat change that occur when I mole of any element or compound is completely burnt in oxygen is called heat of combustion.i The electronic configuration of oxygen is: (8) —> Is" 2s? 2p,? 2p,' 2p.! It is seen that, there are two unpaired electron in the valenocd shell of oxygen. So oxygen can easily form OF; with two flourine. But as oxygen don’t have any vacant d orbital in the valence shell, there is no chance of clectron transition in excited state, For this reason OF, can't be formed. If we mix the ZnSO, solution of container-1 with NaOH solution of container-2 of the stem, we get Zn(OH)2 ‘Zn(OH)2 —> Zn"? + 20H" Now, Let the solubility of Zn’? is S ‘The solubility of OH” is 28. «Solubility product, Ksp=S x (28) Or, 1x 10 : $=1.397x10°M I We get the following reaction if we mix container+! with container-2 : ZnSO, + 2NaOH —> Zn(OH)2 + Na,SO, ‘The actual conc. of Zn™ in the mixture: VueuiS2= ViSi YY, =50 ml. MiSs S)- 6x 10*M. aM. 1 OFS ya Vooa = (50+ 40)mL 50x6x 104 =90 mL On, 8 =""99 S=? S$: =3.33.% 104M The actual cone, of OH" in mixture, VeauiS: = ViSy VAS, WS ot V, = 50mL. S,=6x 104M Viet = (50+ 40)mL- 40x 0.05 =90 mL 0r,8:= =0.022M ‘Zn(OH); > Zn™* + 20H" Kp = [2n""] (OH? = 3.33 x 10" x (0.022 1.646 x 107 Ky=1x 10” . Ke>Ker ‘There will be ppt at Zn(OH) ~~ Electron Orbit n=2 Nucleus [DB-17] a Whatis orbital? b, What is the reason for stability of colloid? ¢ Calculate the number of orbital of the outermost shell by calculating the value of / and m in the stem I. d. Compare the atomic mode of I and II in the stem. Answer to the question no. 5 Bi The region around the nuclus where the probability of finding revolving and fixed energy electron cloud is 90-95%, that region of electron cloud is called orbital Bi The brownian movement of the colloidal particles help in giving the stabiity of the colloid. For this kind of motion, the particles move to and from randomly and as @ result the probability ofthe particles coming closer gets low and they can ‘not conjugate. So the main reason for the stability of colloid is their electron charge. As for a definite colloid. same kind of charge exists in each particle, so a mutual repulsive force ets, between them, As a result the particles can not conjugate and can't form big particles, so the colloid attain stability. [in figure, |, the electron are arranged into three principle energy level. So according to this figure the calculation of quantam number and orbital number is given below: _ Principal|Subsidiary] Magnetic | Number of] Total _| Jaqvantam| quamam |quantam number | orbitals number of number number () (mm) | orbitals | L@ | | o i 3 1 s1041 | 3 9 2 (2o+i+2) 5 | ‘So, according to the chart above, the total number of orbitals in the outer most shell of fig. I in the stem is 9 [i The given atomic mode! | and II ofthe stem are respectively Bohr and Rutherford atomic model. The comparison between them is given below: i) The basis of Rutherford’s atomic model is a-particle scattering test. On the other hand, the basis of Bohr’s atomic model is the combination of quentam theory on light scattering of Max Plank and Einstein. ii) In Rutherford's model the size and number of the electron’s orbit is not cleared. Here it is said that, the electrons revolve round the nucleus like the planets revolve round the sun, On the other hand in Bohr's atomic model it is said that, every clectrons revolves the nucleus in some fixed circular orbit of fixed radius. ‘The reason shown for the stability of Rutherford model is the resultant of the attraction of static electric force between positively charged nucleus and negatively charged elecron towards the nucleus and the centripetal force of the revolving electron outwards of the nucleus. On the other hand, the reason for stability of Bohr's atomic model is the presence of clectron in some fixed energy levels created by the influence of nucless and the revolving of electron in those fixed energy level without radiating energy. There is no explanation of the atomic spectum in Rutherford's atomic model. But according to Bohr's ‘model, electron absorb energy and transmitted from lower ‘energy level to upper energy level. It may also radiate the ‘energy and come back to its previous energy level. Duc to the absorption of energy a black spectrum is created and due to the radiation of energy a bright spectrum is created, So from the above discussion it can be said clearly that, there is clear difference between Rutherford's and Bohr's atomic model. So in respect of acceptance, Bohr’s model is more appropriate. iit) iv)MOMSHA A ~ (0 — 1)ans',B~ (n—Id'ns?, Here n=4 (B16) 8, What is common-ion effect? b. In which orbital between 3d and 4p electron will enter first? ¢. Determine the four quantam number of the last electron of the element A. 4. Which among the elements A and B will produce colored compound? Explain with reason. Answer to the question no, 6 Hl The process by which the dissociation rate of the weak electrolyte is reduced due to the presence of a strong electrolyte is known as similar-ion effect. In which orbital the electron will enter first is determined by ‘Aufbau's principle or (n + 1), According to ths principle. the orbital of which (n + /) value is low has low energy and electron will enter to it first. But if the (n + J) value of two orbitals are ‘same, then electron will enter the orbital whose n value is lower. For both 3d and 4p orbital the (n +f) value is 5. But for 34 orbital the n value is 3 and for 4p orbital the n value is 4. So, electron will enter 3d orbital first. I The last electron of the given element A enters into (n~ 1)d orbital As, the value of nis 4 So, the value of four quantam numbers of the last electron are Principal quantam number = n= 1=4-1=3 i) The value of subsidiary quantam number, / ford orbital is 2. (iii) Magnetic quantam number, m= 2. ) Spin quantam number, 3= + I The clement A is chromium (Cr) and the clement B is seandinium (Sc). Between them the element A produces colored compound, Because we know that the transmitted elements and their stable ions who have unfilled d orbital, produce colored compound. Here, the stable ion of Cr is, Cr” —> 34s? ‘The stable ion of Sc is, Sc” —+ 34%4s? 86, in the stable ion of Cr the d orbital is unfilled. But for the stable ion of Sc the d orbital is completely vacant. So the non- degenerate condition seen in Cr-ion duc to unifilled d orbital is not seen in Sc-ion due to vaccant d-orbital. Mainly, as there is no electron in the d orbital for Sc’, no dd transition is possible here, so the ion Sc’? and it’s compound are colorless. On the other hand, for Cr” in presence of visible light electron is transitioned from lower energy d orbital (t,) to higher energy d orbital (¢,) by absorbing energy of fixed wave length. Here one electron from tz, of Cr’? absorbs energy of 498nm of the visible light and transtioned to orbital ¢. 498.0 * ‘wavelength radiation te ty So, it ean be said that, due to d-d transition of electron in Cr”? ion, i's compounds are colored. : ‘Temperature 0.30 M solution 0.01M solution Container-1 Container-2 At 20°C, K, of MQ=3.5 x 10°* Kp OF PN = 2.5 107 8-16] 2, Write down the law of mass action. b. Which between H2S03 and HNO; is more acidic and why? ¢. If the MN solution of the stem is saturated then calculate the solubility product of MN at 20°C, 4. If the two solutions in the stem are mixed, will there be any ppt? Explain with reason. Answer to the question n BI Ata fixed tmperature the rate of any reaction is proportional to the active mass (partial pressure in case of liquid and concentration in case of gas) of i's reactants. This is the law of mass action, Bl Between H,SO, and HNOs, HNO, is more acidic. Because ‘we know that the acid whose oxidation number of the central atom is more is more acidic. Here for H;S0s the oxidation number of the central atom $ is 44. Again for HINOs, the oxidation number of the central atom Nis45. So between H,SO and HNO,, HNO, is more acidic. IG [the given MN solution is saturated then it will dissociate in the following way: MN > M' + NP 03M 03M 03M +. At 20°C the solubility product of MN, K,p= IM’ [N'] = 0.30 x 0.30 =0.09 So, the solubility product of MN is 0.09. It we mix the two solution of the Stem we get the following reaction: MN+PQ—>MQ+PN Here, ionic product of MQ, Kiya) = 0.3 x 0.01 3x10? 5x 104 Given, Ky, of MQ, Kyuay = Kiy>Ky So, there will be a ppt of MO. Again, the ionic product of PN, King = 0.01 x 0.3 =3 x 107 Given, the Kyy of PN, Kaen) = + Kap > Kip So, there will be no ppt of PN. So, from the above discu can be product of MQ is greater that it's solubility product, it will fall as ppt. And MQ will dissolve in the solution. 5x 10%[RB-17} a pH? b, Why NHL is a ligand? Explain. ¢. Calculate the maximum number of electron in the ‘outer most energy level of model in the stem with the help of quantam number. 4d, If the model is applicable for hydrogen atom, then determine the wavelength of radiated energy by calculating the radiating energy during electronic Answer to the question no. $ [i The negative logarithm of the molar concentration of rydrogen ion (H") in a solution is called it's pH. The atom, ion or compound that provide lone electron pair @uring the formation of complex compound are known as ligand. As there is a pair of lone electron in :NH3 molecule, it can act as ligand during the formation of complex compound. For example: HAN: NH; NU cu an” “Ninn, ‘Tetra ammine copper (11) ion [Cu(NHs)aI"" During the formation of tetra-ammine copper (II) iron, four NH, provide four lone pair electron to Cu’? and forms the ‘complex ion. So NH, is a ligand. Wi The outermost shell of the given model is M i.c. n= 3. tf dl Total | al m | < wads number of | | orbital 3/0 0 [3s 1 ~ {1 [3p 3 9 | 2 3d 5 | So, the number of electron in the outermost energy level lumber of orbital x 2 =9x2 8. ‘So, according to the chart above, a maximum of 18 electrons ‘can resite in the outermost shell of the given model. WH If the given mode! is applicable for hydrogen and when ‘electrons are transitioned from M shell (n = 3) to K shell (n= Dee, m=3 afd es Cas = 9,754 x 10°m 025 «107m “Ry = 1.09678 x 107 m“"} ak Again, = 1.025 « 107m = 6.626 x 10s = 3x 10'ms" = 1.937 10") So, from the calculation, the radiated energy due to electron transition of the model is 1.937 x 10°"*J and the wavelength is 1.025 = 10m, room | | 100 mt corm | | om KCL AgNO; coniainer-I containet-2 container 3 [RB-16) a. What is a-particle? b. Why the pH scale is confined between 0-14? ¢. Determine the concentration of chloride ion (CI) in container-1 d. Will there be any ppt if container-2 and and container-3 are mixed? Analyze mathematically. Answer to the ques nn. heleum nucleus formed of two protons and (wo BI The neutrons is called a-particle ($He*). [ii The negative logarithm of the molar concentration of H” ion in a solution is called it's pH. If the concentration of H’ ion is more than 1M then the pH will be less than 0. Again if the concentration of OH ion is more than IM in the solution then the pH could be more than 14> But in dilute solution the ‘conentration of H” and OH is not more than 1M. In solution, if, (H"]= IM pH=-log 1=0 In solution, if, [OH]= 1M pOH =—tog 1=0 *. pH= 14—pOH = 14-0= 14 So, the pH scale is confined between 0 to 14. [For the given solution of container-1, AgCl—> Ag’ +r Here, [Ag’] = [CI] = S as in saturated solution, AgC! dissociates to produce Ag” and CI’ of same concentration, So, according to the equation of solubility product, K,p= [Ag] [CI] =S? Or, 15x 10° = S* + $=1.225 «107M So, the concentration of CI” ion is 1.225 x 10° M. BI The following reaction occurs if we mix the content of container 1 and 2: KCI + AgNO; — AgCl + KNOs Given, Ky of AgCl = 1.5x 107" mof/L?, ‘Now. if the soliblity product of AgCl is greater than its ionic product, there will be ppt.So, the total volume of the mixed solution, V = (100+ 100) mL 200 mL. Now, in the mixed solution, 100 «0.01 200 100 «0.02 200 Tonic product of AgCl, Ki, = [Ag"]ICT] O1x3x 107 x 10° mol/L? As, Kig > Ky $0 according to the calculation there will be ppt of AgC. A + NH,OH (Excess) —> [A(NH3)4]°" + Hz0 Dark blue B* + NH,OH (Excess) —> [B(NH;)]"* + H20 Colorless [Atomic number of A and B are respectively 29 and 30] [RB-16) Concentration of Ag’ = =5x107M Concentration of C= =0.01 M What is curing? b. Milk is an emulsion— Explain. ¢. How the reactant ions A and B™ of the stem can be identified with same reagent? Explain. 4. Wether the structure of the produced complex ions are same or not— Explain with appropriate logic. Answer to the question no. 10 El The process of preserving a food by edible salt or it's solution is called curing. Bi Milk is a emulsion or colloid. Because here the insoluble particles of the fat is dispersed homogenously throughout the ‘water medium. Here the diameter of the smallest particle of the solid substances is 2 - 100 nm. The particles are macro-ators which do not remain separated in the same condition for too long and remains in non-homogenous condition. So it can be said that milk is an emulsion. 1G By the given atomic number A*? and B” are respectively Cu"? and Zn” ion. Identification of Cu” 1-2 mL of copper salt solution is taken in a test tube and 2-3 drops of NH,OH is added and thus light blue colored Cu(OHl)2 solution is produced. If excess NH,OH solution is added in the produced solution then the light blue colored solution is ‘changed to dark blue colored solution (CuSO, + NH{OH ~> Cu(OH),.CuSO, + (NH,)280, Cu(OH)s, CuSO, + (NH.)SO. + NH.OH (extra) + 2[Cu(NH;),]SO, + HO Identification of Zn‘? ion: In a test tube 1-2 mL. of zine sal’s solution is taken and few drops of NH,OH solution is added in it. As a result colorless ppt of Zn(OH); is produced which gets dissolved if ‘concentrated NaOH is added. 21°" + NH,OH > Za(OH); + NH} 2n(OH), + NaOH — Naz2n(OH). -> NazZnOp + HO So Cu"? and Zn"? reacts with same reagent NH,OH and produce dark blue and colorless ppt respectively and thus they can be identified easily. Tl Here the two products are respectively [Cu(NH;),J°" ion and [Zn(NH),]* ion. Formation of [Cu(NH,),|” = Electronic configuration of Cu (29) = Is* 2s 2p* 3s? 3p° 4s! 3d'° [Cu(NH;),}" ion is paramagnetic, because there is odd number of electron in Cu’? ion. From X-ray it is seen that the structure of the compound is square planer. Here sp’d hybridization occurs and there are four (°NHs) ligand in the compound. 3d 4s 4p cw"ARPPT O 3d 4s ap (CuNH).? [HAP Te 7 Hany cut HN: 'NH3 Figure: Formation of [Cu (NHy)<2” Formation of [Zn (NH3)4l"* = Zng3oy' Is? 2s? 2p? 3s? 3p° 3d!” ‘Though Cu’? is paramagnetic, Zn*? is diamagnetic. From X-ray itis seen thatthe structure of the compound is tetrahedral, Here SP’ hybridization occurs and here also (:NH3) ligands are present. 3d 4s 4p a Cake 3d 4s 4p ome Cele ys] ee] Ni NIGNE NA) sp :NHy HR ‘RH; 2NHs, Fig : Formation of [NHs)4]”" 8-171 What is Hund's law? Why there is no polarization of cation by anion? Calculate the absorbed energy during the transition of the electron in the stem. 4. Inthe stem, one electron cach in s orbital of Z energy level and s orbital of Y energy level are spinning in the same direction, Here the two electron mait Pauli’s exclussion principle— Explain.Answer to the question no, 11 Wis different orbitals of same energy the electron will enter in such a way that they remain in maximum odd number and the spin of them will be of same direction, WB When two oppositely charged ions come closer, then the Positive charge of the cation attracks the electron cloud of the amion towards it. At the same time the nucleus of cation repels ‘he nucleus"of anion. If the attraction force of the cation is ‘more effective than the repulsion force, the clectron cloud of ‘mion comes towards the cation. This type of dislocation of the Pa larony, 14 = 1097 x 10° G-3) = 1.523 x 10° m 2. AE = 6,624 x 10% 3 x 10* x 1.523% 10°F = 3.026 x 10-5 ‘So. by above calculation the absorbed cncray is 3.026 10°. BB Here given that, Z energy level is 3rd principle energy level (2~3) and Y energy level is 2nd principle energy level (n=2). For energy level n = 3, the value of / for s orbital is 0 and for energy level n = 2, the vaue of / for s orbital is also zero. For, ! =0, for the both orbital the value of m is zero. As two electron axe of same spin, their s value will also be same i.e. +h Here the above mentioned n is principle quantam number, ¢ is ssbsidiary quantum number, m is magnetic quantam number and s is spin quantam number. Again according to Paul's exclusion principle, no two ‘electrons can have the same four quantam number. The two mentioned electron have same value of subsidiary quantam mumber, magnetic quantam number and spin quantam number. ‘Only the value of principle quantam number is different. So the four quantam numbers of the two electrons are not same. So it be said that the two clectrons follow Pauli's excausion the solubility product of SrF; in container A is 8 x 10" [Dj8-177 What is food safety? Between HClO, and HBrO, which one is more acidic? Explain. ©. Determine the solubility of StF in container B. 4. Explain the reason for the difference of value of solubility of StF in container A and B. oP BI The process of fulfilling the food demand of human kind by supplying balanced food preserved in a qualitiful scientific way is called food safety i We know, for oxy-acids, the acid whose oxidation number of central atom is more is stronger. Here HCIO, and HBrO, are both oxy-acid. The oxidation number of their central atom Cl and Br are both +7. Again we know that if the oxidation number of the central atom is same then the lower size indicates stronger acidity. This is because when the size reduces then charge density increases and the ‘acid becomes stronger. Here the size of Cl is smaller than Br. For this reason HCIO, is more acidic than HBrO, [Bi In the given container B, there is 0.1M NaF. Here, SrF; solution is added. Let, the solubility of SrF, in 0.1M Naf solution is S, Mol So, the concentration of Sr’? ion in the solution is $; moll“ and, the concentration of F ion is (S) + 0.1) mol/L. StF; —> Sr” + 2F™ The solubility product of SrF, in solution, Key = [Sr] x FP Giver, Ke r= 8x10! Bx 10 =, x (25, +0.1)}? 8x 10" = 8, x4 x (S, 40.1)? 48,(S,?+0.2 x S, + 0.17) 48) +0887 +0.48, 48? + 0882+ 048) -8« 10° $,=2x 10? mol/L, So, by the above calculation the solubility of StF in container Bis2x 10° mol L", + HD Here, in container A there is water. In it StF, is added Given, the solubility product of SrF) in 8 x 10°", ‘The equilibrium of StF; in aqueous solution is, StF, —> Se" +2F- Let, the solubility of StF, is X mol L"! - The solubility product of S+F;, Ksp=[Se""][F = 8x 10" => 8x 10" x= 5.848 x 10 mol/ L Again, from the answer (c) we know the solubility of SrF> in container B is 1.99 x 10 mol/L. So the solubility is more in container A than in container B. In container B as there was already some F ion, after adding StF the concentration of F ion increases. So the concentration of excess added SrF2 or F is decreased relatively. So from the above discussion it can be said that, the reason for difference in solubility In container A and B is due to the presence of NaF in container B from before. HUNSaturated solution of ‘Solution of Blue vitriol Blucose and Tactolose x 5 [DjB-17] a What is vacuum distillation? b. What do you mean by solubility product? ©. Describe the method for separating the solute in container A. Analyze the application of chromatographic technique for the solution in container B, ni the question n HW The process of separating a liquid from @ mixture by distillating at a lower temperature by reducing the boiling point of the liquid by reducing the atmospheric pressure on it is called vaccum distillation. Bi At a fixed temperature, the maximum product of the concentration of the ions of a low soluble salt in a solution is called the solubility product of that salt. For example, the electrolytic process if a low soluble salt AgCI, ‘AgCl—+ Ag’ + CI + The solubility product of AgCl, Ksp=[Ag'] x [CI] At a fixed temperature, the value of Ksp is constant. Ksp means the product of the concentration of the ions Ag’ and Cl" "in a saturated solution of AgCl. This value is constant, It doesn't depend separately on the concentration of Ag’ ion and Cr ion Blue vitriol is crystallized copper sulfate. It can be separated from the mixture by the process of crystalization as pure crystals. First, the compound is dissolved in appropriate solvent and the solution is saturated at high temperature. As in the stem the solution is saturated, it is not further required to be saturated. Then by filtering the undissolved solid impurities are removed. Then heat is applied to the filtraté and itis connected to a much higher concentrated solution. Then the solution cooled slowly. Then crystals appear slowly at the bottom of the conainer. If there is small amount impurity dissolved is the solution, after cooling the solution the inpurities are easily dissolved. So, by this crystallization technique the solute of container A ccan be separated. [i In the container B of the stem, the solution is a mixture of glucose and lactose. Both are carbohydrate, For their separation, generally paper chromatography is applied. Paper chromatograpy is a partition chromatography. Here stationary phase is the absorbed water by the cellulose on the surface of the paper and the mobile phase is the mixture of several solvents. Before the initiation of chromatography, the contituents of the mixture (here glucose and lactose) are distributed between stationary phase and mobile phase. (here 4:1 mixture of n-butanol acidic acid and water) on the basis of their solubility. After a definite time glucose and lectose are translocated at different places of the paper. At the same time, if glucose and lectose solution are applied separately ot the parallel of the mixture, then we can compare the translocated position and identify the constituents of the mixtue. ‘The separation can be identified by the Ry value. For a fixed solvent system and if the condition remain same, then the Ry value will be discharged. Generally the separated substances are colorless. For this reason the separated spots are visualized by specific reagents. Hore ammoniacal AgNO; is used, -] Solvent front ——T— Glucose © -—— Lactose Mixture (container B solution) jlucose x3 Lactose ___Distance travelled by the Re Distance travelled by the solvent Lif we use butal acetic acid-water mixture (4:1:5) then the value of Ry for glucose is 0.18 and for Lactose is 0.09.) ())" A [Dj.8-16 , What is ionization potential? 1 b. Write down the principle of chromatography. 2 ©. Caloulate the absorbed energy by the transitioned electron of the stem. 3 d. In the stem, one electron in each of s orbital of M energy level and s orbital of L energy level are spining in the same direction. In this case the electron follow Paul's exclusion principle— Explain ‘ Answer to the question no, 14 Bl in gaseous condition the amount of energy required to remove 1 mol of electron from the outermost shell of 1 mol of separated atoms to produce 1 mol of unit positive charged ions is called ionization potential. Bi Chromatography is mainly a separation technique which is mainly applied for the separation of molecular mixture. In this technique, on a large surface like (i) taking an adsorbant in a glass column or burette, (ii) on liquid on a solid base the mixture is absorbed. Then if liquid or gas is run through it then the constituents of the mixture are separated based on their different adsorption rate, How much a substance will be adsorbed on the adsorbant_is dependent on the nature of that substance. If the substance is polar then generally adsorption is ‘more. The separation by chromatography is suspended on the rate of adsorption and the rate of mobile phase. [i The given electron is transistoned from K shell to L. shell. For K shell, ny = 1For L shell, m= 2 ‘Now, Here 1 14 2.= wavelength 27 Rar ae, Ry = Ridgberg constant 10.97 x 10° mt 1 Or, = 10.97 10x ( f R= 1215 x 107m So, the sbsorbed energy, Eh? 3x10" COONH, — C00’ cad +2NH,’ White ppt Identification of CI ; Take 1-2 ml of solution and add 2-3 drops of AgNO,. A white ppt is formed which is insoluble in dilute HNO, but is completely soluble in excess NH,OH and form a complex compound named diam er chloride. ‘The reactions are : 1 + ARNO + AgCI (6) + NO" (White ppt) AgCl-+2NH,OH > [Ag (NHs)ICI + 24,0 Soluble di-ammine silver chloride In this way with the above mentioned reaction and reagents the the cation (Ca) and anion (CI) of the given compound can be identified. Hit the solution of container A and B are mixed together then the following reaction occurs : CaCh + NaF —> CaP, + NaCl Here, 40 ml 6x 10° M CaCt, solution = 40m! 6 x 10° M Ca’? solution 40 ml 6 x 10° M NaF solution = 40ml 6 x 10° MF” Solution. So, the actual concentration of Ca’, Here, Initial volume of Ca"? Vv, =40mL 406% 10? | Initial concentration of Ca” 80 S\=6x 109M =3x10°M | Changed volume of Ca", V2=80 mL. ‘Changed concentration of Ca’, $=? ‘Actual conentration of F, concentration of F, $= 6x 10M 40 x 6x 10° | Initial volume of F”, V, = 40m 80 ‘Changed volume of F-, V2 = 80 mL =3x10°M_— | Changed concentration of F, S:=? 28=3x10°M Again, CaF;—» Ca? + 2F- The ionic product of CaP, Ky = (Ca?) . (FT = Gx 107) (3x 10°F =2.7x 10% Given, at 25°C the solubility product of CaF) is, Ky =4 x 10" AS, Ksp < Ky, there will be ppt of CaF, , NaOH 6 104M, 0s 40m Ave coming 8 Solubility product of Zn(OH), is 1 « 10°”, (C.B-16] a Whatiis colloid? 1 b. Explain the importance of using safety glass in the laboratory. 2 ©. Determine the solubility product of the compound in container A. J 4. Ifcontainer A and B are mixed, is there any chace of forming ppt? Analyze. 4 Answer to the question no. 16 Bi if. substance (solid, liquid or gas)is dispersed as particle of radius from 10-7 to 10 em in another substance (solid, liquid ‘or gas) and produce a bi-phanic stable heterogeneous system, then this system is called colloid.For the following reasons we should use safety glass in the laboratory: i) volatile substances can't enter eye during chemical reaction, ii) Liquid substance can't touch eye by bumping during heating. During removing Ammoia and other volatile solvent, it can't enter eye. ii) [ZnSO, of container A is dissociated in the following way in equilibrium— ‘ZnSO, —> Zn** + SO,? Given, concentration of ZnSO, solution is 6 x 10 moV/L. So, [Zn] =6 x 10“ mo. [80,7] =6x 10% mov. Now, the solubility product, Zn") (S0.*] [6 x 10] [6 x 10] =3.6 107 So, the solubility product of compound of container A or ZnSO, is 3.6 x 107. The following reaction occurs if the container A and B's solution are mixed together : ZnSO, + 2NBOH —+ Zn(OH), + Na,SO« Here, Kyy of Zn(OH)2 = 1 x 107! 50 ml 6x 10M ZnSO, sol* = 50 mL 6 x 104M Zn* sol* 40 mi 0.05 M NaOH sol" = 40 ml 0.05 M OH" sol” :. Concentration of Zn™ ion in the mixture : ViSi=ViS2 Or, 50x 6 x 104 = 90x Sy =3.33 x 10°M. "Concentration of OH ion inthe mixture: VS = V2S2 r, 40 x 0.05 = 90 x Sy ss $= 0.022M ‘Now, Zn(OH); dissociates to form the following equilibrium : Zn(OH); —> Zn"? + 20H" :. lonic product of Zn(OH),, Ki, = [Zn] (OH = [3.33 x 10] (0.022) = 1612x107 :. So, there will be ppt of Zn(OH), in the mixture. e-partcte Q Mt ‘tom (tg 8-17] a. Whatis orbit? 1 b. Bohr’s theory is applicable for He"— Explain. 2 €. Determine the angular momentum of the electron in the sem. 3 4. Explain the structure of atom by identifying Q substance with particle M. ‘Answer to the question no, 17 El According to Bohr's atomic model, the fixed circular path around the nucleus for the rotation of clectrons is called orbit. Bl We know that, Bohrs atomic model is more accurate than Rutherford's atomic model. This is because, onc of the principle of Bohr’s atomic model is, when electron enters from one energy level to another, then the electron absorbs. or radiates a fixed amount of energy. As a result a line is formed in the atomic spectrum. Again Bohr's atomic model can explain the spectrum of H atom having only one electron or ions having one electron (He*, Li?"). But it can't explain the spectrum having many electron. So, as there is only one electron in He’, here Bohr’s theory is applicable. Bi For the given electron, n=l Plank’s constant, h ~ 6.626 x 107s We know that, Angular momentum, mvr: _ 1x 6.626 x 10% * 2% 3.14 = 1,054 10 kgm?" So, by the above calculation the angular momentum of the electron is 1.054 x 10 kgm’s'. GI Here in the figure, Q is the nucleus of the stom. On the other hand M is a-particle or helium nucleus. Identifying Q by scattering M, the structure of atom is described below ‘Nucleus of the Electron Figure: at particle scattering Description of the text : Highly encrgized a-particles are projected on a thin gold sheet of thikness 0.0004 cm and a sereen with zinc sulfite coating P, is kept behind the gold sheet Flouresence is created when a-particles fall on it. Observation : i) Almost 99% o-particles goes through the gold plate directly and luminates the ZnS screen. ii) But only a few a-particles have deviated path. iii) Ony 1 in almost 20,000 a-particle comes directly backward. Conelusion = i) Most of the space inside an atom is empty. As the mass of electron is neglegible in comparison to the mass of a~ particle, so electron might present in the free space. But they have no effect on the moving path of a-particles, ii) As only a small amount of a-particle comes backward directily, it proves. that these particles have collided directly with something heavy and are repulsed by it. So the entire mass of the atom is stored in a very small place at the center of the atom. As a-patticle is positively charged, so the center of the ‘atom is also positively charged. This heavy and positively charged center is called the nucleus. So by the above discussion, the structure of atom is described by identifying Q substance or nucleus with the help of M or a particle scattering. iii)(MEEESEALY The electronic configuration of valence shell of ‘element "A" in fourth period of periodic table is (n — 1)d°ns*. (Ctg.B.-16] What is Rider constant? 1 b, Why we use HCI acid in flame test? 2 Determine the set of four quantam number for the electron d-subshell of element A. 3 Will the [A(CN)<]* ion be colored or not? Explain on the light of the stern, 4 Answer to the question no, 18 Mi The resultant weight obtained when the raider is shifted one unit left to right of the marked 0 to 100 on the beam of Paul- ‘Bungi balance is known as Raider Constant. [i The metallic salts are cither less volatile or non-volatile. If ‘we use strong HCI in flame, the metallic salts react with it and forms metallic chloride salt. The metallic chloride salts are relatively more volatile. When this salt is introduced to the ‘oxidizing flame of the bunsen burner, it gets easily vapourised. In vapour condition the metal cation receives electron from the nearest anion and converts to metal atom. This metal atom receives light of fixed wave length from the bumer and gets excited. Again the excited atom releaves energy and creates special color in the bumer and comes back to normal For these reasons conc. HC! is used in flame test. Wi Here the clement positioned in the fourth period and the 1s25°2p°3s'3p'3d"4s* ‘Now, for the d subshell i.e 3d° the value of the four sets of quantam numbers are : Principle quantam number (n) = 3 ‘Subsidiary quantam number () The values of magnetic and spin quantam numbers are : Magnetic quantam number | Spin quantam number (3) m= from0to+/ | 2 i | i #2 | a i jon will be colored. ‘According to the question there arc six electrons in the d orbital of the element A. So it's orbital is not filled. When the ligands come closer to the d orbital of the transition element Fe during the formation of the complex ion [Fe(CN),]*, then due to repulsion of d-orbitals energy deviated slightly. As a result the d-orbitals get non-degenerated from degenerated condition and are divided into wo different energy levels of different energy. day dz ‘Non-degenerated condition Fig : The division of the orbitals of the element A due to the presence of the ligands. Here the difference of energy level (AE) is related to the fixed wavelength of the visible light spectrum, As a result the odd electron absorbs that light and the remaining wavelength ‘create a different unique color and is reflected in our eye. ic the complex ion of transition element gets colorized KRMESED two compounds A and B form respectively dark blue and brown ppt with the aqueous solution of Ky{Fe(CN)c} ‘Though A doesn't glue any color in flame but B creates a bluish ‘green color. Kig 8-16] a What is chromatography? 1 b. Why the value of K, can't be infinite? 2 © Which ion is present in compound B? Write with equation. 3 d. Analyze the difference between A and B in flame test 4 jon no. 19 Answer El The process of separating the constituents of a mixture by panning it through a stationary phase with the help of gaseous or liquid mobile phase and thus the constituents get separated based on their different rates of absorption, solubility and distribution co-efficient is known as chromatography, Hl The valuc of equilibrium constant K. can't be infinite Because for reversible A +B = C+D reaction, from the lav of mass action : x. -fLo TA] [B} Here for getting an infinite value of K, the reactants concentration must be zero i.e. [CLID} xp But at equilibrium the reactant’s concentration can’t be zero. For this reason the equilibrium constant K, can't be infinie. By the question, the aqueous solution of B reacts with Ka{Fe(CN)q] to give brown pp. So the given B compound is a cu” salt. Its aqueous solution reacts with reagent potassium ferrocyanide Ky[Pe(CN),] 10 give brown ppt. The reaction is described below Take | — 2 ml of solution of copper salt (Cu*) and add 1 ~- 2 drops of potassium ferrocyanide in it. As a result a brown ppt will form due to the formation of Cu(II) ferrocyanide. From this observation it is concluded that in compound B cu” ion is present. The reaction is : Cut (ag)+ K,[Fe(CN).](2q)—> Cus[Fe(CN)c]¥ + 4K"(aq) Brown ppt I It we heat the given salts A and B in the blue flame of Bunsen bumer, then the valence electrons of the salts transsitioned from the lower stable position to higher position,‘Again when the excited electron returns to lower energy state from higher energy state then the cations of the salts radiates the absorbed energy as light ray of characterized wavelength. Only the radiated ray in the visible light region (400 ~ 750 nm) ccan be visualized in the flame, ‘As the compound B is a salt of Cu’, so copper(II) salt gives green color when placed in the flame. The wavelength of green color is between 520 ~ 536 nm that our eyes can detect easily. So for Cu** ion we see light in the region of visible spectrum. The electronic configuration of Cu is [Ar]3d’4s', Here only the odd electron of 4s and 3d are transitioned. For this reason the rays of spectrum can be separated easily On the other hand, in the clectronic configuration of iron there are four odd electron in the d-orbital. When heated, these four electron are transitioned. So in the spectrum of Fe there are many Lines and as the lines are very close to each other, a yellow color is seen. This color is visualized for Na also. The range of yellow color is 565 — 590 nm, So for Fe there is no fixed identaiable color, itis hard to identify in flame test. So it can be said that due to difference in electronic configuration of Cu and Fees. the color of flame for the elements in flame testis different. ERIE K, of PY, = 1.85 x 107 Figure-| Figured (B-17] a. WhatisR? 1 b, Why solubility reduces due to same ion effect? 2 c. Determine [P*] in the mixture of the 1* and 2% container. 3 4, Will there be any ppt duc to the mixture of the 1* and 2™ container? Explain mathematically. 4 An n Ei The ratio of the distance travelled by the constituent and the solvent in paper chromatography is denoted by Ry. I At « fixed temperature if we continue to add solute to a solvent then at first the solute gets dissolved and later on at a certain stage the solute diposits in the bottom instead of dissolving. The solution produced in this stage is called saturated solution, Its a reversible process and this condition of the solution is called the solution equilibrium. If we add more similar ions from outside in equilibrium condition, then according to Le-chatelier's principle the equilibrium will shift left and the solubility gets reduced e.g. KCI(s) + H,0 = K*(aq) + CI(aq) In the above reaction if we add K* ion from outside then the | equilibrium will shift left and the solubility of KCI will be reduced. BX I? we mix the solution of the two containers together we get the following reaction PQ+2XY —> PY: + QX Here, PY, —» P? + 2¥" *. Conentration of P®*, [P?*] aye 50x05 100 -: (P™]=0.25M. Here, volume, V = 50 mi Solubility, $ = 0.5 M Total volume, Vina: = (50 + 50) ml = 100ml. :. So by the above calculation the concentration of P™ is (P”"] 0.25M. WU 1¢ we mix the solution of the two containers together we get the following reaction : PQ+2XY—+ PY, + QX Here, PY; —> P"? +2" +. Toni product, * Ke= Pty? From (c), (P?"] = 0.25 M :. Concentration of Y" Here, Volume, V = Solubility, S=0.1 M Total volume, Visa = (50 + 50) ml = 100 mL mi °. From (i), Ky = (0.25) x (0.05)? 6.25 x 10 mol’? Given, Ksp of PY, = 1.85 x 10% $0, Ionic product, Kip > Solibility product, Ksp So, there will be ppt of PYs. A, B and C are three compounds whose boiling points are respectively 46°C, 78°C and 100°C. (SB-16] a. What is malt? 1 b. The elements of group I do not form bi-positive ions casily— Explain, 2 c. How will you determine the purty of compound B? 3 d. Which separation technique is most suitable for separating the mixture of A, B and C compounds? Analyze it. 4 Answe ition 1 EL If we keep berly in dark place openly at 15°C then it gets germinized and the powder of dry germinized berly is called Malt [Elements of group | has electronic configuration of S! at the outermost shell. So they can easily remove that one electron of the outermost shell and gets the stable electronic configuration like the inert gas and form unit positive charged ion. On the other hand, to form bi-positive charged ion they have to release two electrons from the outermost shell. But for releasing the 2nd eleciron the stable condition has to be broken. This require a huge amout of energy. For this reason. the elements of group 1 don't form bi-positive ions easily. [i To determine the purity of the given B compound, distillation technique is used. The process of vapourising @ liquid by applying heat and then again liquifying it by cooling is called distillation. By this distillation we can separate two liquid mixtures purely.At first for purifying the impure liquid is taken in a distillation flask and a thermometer bulb is attached to the side tube of the flask by a corck. Then the distillation flask is kept on a wire ‘mesh and heated and at the same time a libig cooler is added to the side arm and cold water is circulated from down to top. ‘Now if heat is applied to the flask, temperature of thermometer first gets raised and then becomes constant. Then at that ‘temperature the liquid starts boiling and after being liqufied in the cooler the pure liquid is collected in the container. By this simple distillation technique we can determine the purity of B ‘compound. Wi Here to separate the mixtures of A, B and C purely, the application of fractional distillation is more appropriate. The ‘carefulness of this technique is explained below with reason : ‘The difference of the boiling point among the compounds is less than 40°C. So by using fractional column between distillation flask and cooler, we can separate the liquid components of the mixture, This process of using fractional column to separate the ‘components of aliquid mixture by distillation is called fractional distillation. Here the boiling points of the mentioned compounds are A (46°C), B(78°C) and C(100°C) respectively. Mixture of these 3 components when taken in a distillation flask and heated, the vapour of the 3 liquids starts getting upward. But during rising upward of the vapour through the fractional column the less volatile B and C (78°C and 100°C) gets liquified and comes back to distillation flask. But the most volatile A (46°C) enters Libig-cooler from the fractional column and gets collected after being liquified. After completion of the distillation of A, the temperature gets rised and at 78°C the distillation of second liquid (B) starts. Again a collector container is connected on the ‘other end of the Libig-coller and this liquid is collected, At last at 100°C the 3rd liquid (C) is collected. In this way every ‘component of the mixture can be seprarated purcly.. So it can be said that, fractional distillation technique is the most ‘appropriate here for separating the mixture of A, B and C purely. AElement B Element [SB-16) ‘What is buffer solution? ' b. How the halides of group I exists in a aqueous solution? Explain it. 2 Determine the angular velocity of onc electron at the ‘outermost energy level of the element A. 3 4. Why the physical condition of elements A and B are not same? Analyze it. 4 Answer to the question no, 22 i The solution whose p" value docsn't change inspite of adding a small amount of acid or base is called a buffer solution. i The elements of group I reacts with halogen and forms helide. These halides in aqueous solution form hydroxide and these hydroxides are strong base. The reason is the difference of electronegativity between the basic elements of group I and oxygen. As the difference of elecronegativity of the basic elements of group I and oxygen is higher than the difference of ‘lectronegativity of oxygen and hydrogen, the compound M OH is easily dissociated and form M" and OH” ion. As OH ion is produced in aqueous solution, so the halides of group 1 are basic. MX + 1,0 MOH + HX M= Element of group I X = Halogen Bi Here, at the outermost energy level of the given element A, there are 7 electrons in the 3rd principle energy level. So the total number of clectron of clement A is 17. Here, €o= 8.854 x 10 C°N“'m? n=3 : h= 6.624 x 10" Js, m= 9.1 107" kg. Z=17 c= 16x10" «+ Radius of the last orbit, qth? mee 8854 x 10"? x (6.624 x 10? BANG x 9.1 10 x 17x (16x 10 *F = 185% 10" m ++ Angular momentum, = mr=5t 3 x 6.624 x 10 2x 3.1416 x 9.1 x 10" x 18.015 x10" 929 x 10%ms™ So, the angular velociy of an electron at the outermost energy level of clement A is 1.929 « 10'ms"'. Tre total number of eletrons of the given element A is 17. So, the element is Chlorine (CI). ‘Again the total number of electron of the given element B is 35. So, the element is Bromine (Br). ‘They are 60th halogens. Inspite of being halogen or elements of same group there are some differences in their physical characters, The reason behind this is described below : The boiling points of halogens get increased if we go from top to bottom of the group. This is because of the increase of the Van- der-Wall’s force among the atoms. Again as we go down of a group, the atomic size increases and the atomic mass also increases. For this reason the boiling point of Bry is 59°C and that of Cl is 35°C. This difference brings change in their phyical conditon. As a result from top to bottom of a group, there is gradual change from gas to liquid. For this reason Bry is a brownish liquid and Ci, is a greenish gas. ‘Again the electronegativity of Br is lesser than Cl as the size of Br is larger than Cl, the attraction force on the electrons of last shell is lower in Br then Cl. So the electronegativity of Cl is 3 and Br is 2-8. Again electron affinity is lesser in Br than Cl and the size of C! is bigger than Br. So, from the discussion above, it is proved that, the physical condition of A and B are not same. In a solution of 250gm MzA, the solubility of MzA is changed with emperature in the following way femperature | __ Solubility” 25 28 45 37 + Atomie number of M and A are respectively 1 and 16. (B-17]a. What is catalytic promoter? 1 b. Why cither is not completely dehydrated during distillation? 2 ¢. If the solution is taken from the higher temperature to lower temperature, how much solute will be crystallized? 3 4. IEMZ (atomic number of Z is 17) is added to the solution, what will be the change of solubility of MzA? Analyze it 4 swer to the question no, 23, El The substances which itself can't influence the rate of reaction but being present with the catalyst can increase the rate of reaction are called catalytic promoter. DY During the distillation of ether it is not completely dehydrated because pure ether can form per-oxide in prescnec of atmospheric oxygen. As a result there is a chance of explosion at the end of distillation. The reaction of ether with atmospheric oxygen is; CH, 0- Coll +3,0) > Gis 0-0 CoH, Diethyl ether Diethyl peroxide Bi The mass of solubilized H3S at 45°C 37x.250 100 ‘The mass of solubilized HS at 25°C B= 9258 «+ The mass of crystallized HS after being cooled to 25°C from 45°C = (92.570) 8 =25¢ So, 22.5 gm of H,S will be crystallized from the solution. IDAs the atomic number of M and A are respectively 1 and 16, so the M and A elements are respectively hydrogen (H) and ssulpher (S). So the MzA compound will be H,S. This H,S is a low solubilized compound and it dossociates in the following, way : HS = 2H" +S Ky" 2H [81 If strong electrolytic substance HCI (MZ, Z = 17) is added in that solution, the solubility of H,S will be reduced. As there is, similar ion H. ‘Then at fixed temperature the product of the concentration of H” and S* will always be same for the saturated solution of HS. ‘The value of that product is equal to the solubility product of the solute at that temparature. Now if in the saturated solution of H,S strong electrolytic substance HCI is added having similar ion H”, then the concentration of the similar ion H in the solution increases. But at fixed temperature the value of Kp is constant. So to keep the value of Ksp constant, some similar ion H” will be added ion s* and form insoluble H,S. So the solubility of HS wil be reduced. So fiom the above discussion it can be said that, mainly due to the similar ion effect the solubility of HS is reduced due to adding of the strong electrolyte HCI or similar ion HI". a Sj A B X,80,(aq) + (A + B)—+ Brown ppt 18-17) a. What is representative element? 1 b. Why reagent bottles filled with sulfuric acid is not kept in wooden shelf? Z © Identify ion X* with reaction. 3 d. If we usc Ba(OH); instead of B to identify ion X°. ‘what will be the complications? Analyze with logic. 4 iswer to the question no. 24 Hl The elements of group 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 are called representative elements, BW Sulfuric acid is a strong dehydrant, So when it comes in contact with other substances, it absorbs water from that substance. Main constituent of wood is cellulose. It has 10 maintain a fixed level of water content to maintain the structure of wood. But if we keep bottles filled with sulfuric acid in ‘wooden shelf, the wood will become brittle by loosing water. For this reason reagent bottles filled with sulfuric acid are not kept in wooden shelf, [i The mixture of the given container A and B is Nessler's solution. Because we know that basic potossium mercuric iodide solution is called Nessler’s solution. And Nessler's solution is uscd for the identification of Ammonium ion (NH4"), So it can be said that, the X,SO, of the reaction is (NH,),SO,, So the X* ion is NH," ion, 12 ml of the colorless NH,’ solution is taken in a test tube and ‘Nessler’s solution is added into it. A brown ppt will form. This is mainly due to the formation of ammino mercuric iodide. By this brown ppt the presence of NH," ion is confirmed. Reaction 2NH,' + 2KOH —+ 2K" + 2NH, + 2H.0 2Ka{Hgl,](aq) + 2NH; —> NHpHeals (+) + NH + 4KI Brown ppt If we use Ba(OH), instead of solution B or KOH, the identification reaction of NH,” ion will be: 2NH,’ + Ba(OH), —> Ba + 2NH3 + 2,0 2KofHgl,] + 2NH; —9 NH:Hgols + NHAL+ AKI (Brown ppt) Ba"+ 2 —» Bal; (4) (White ppt) So it is seen that, if we use Ba(OH); instead of KOH during the identification of NH," ion, it will form a white ppt of Bal by reacting with Iodide. This will impose obstacle to identify the brown ppt of NHaHg:Is. For this reason Ba(OH), is not used for the identification of NH,” ion. 148-16)a. What is semi-micro analytical process? 1 b. In room temperature H,O is liquid but HyS is gas— Explain it 2 ¢. Calculate the number of electron in M energy level by calculating the values of / and m. 3 4. Are 2d and 3f orbitals possible in L-energy level? 4 Answer to the question no. 25 [i The process where 10 mg to 50 mg of chemical ingredients are used for the identification and quantitative analysis is known as semi-micro analytical process. BB Oxygen and sulfur are in the same group of the periodic table ic. 14th group and their hydrides are respectively H,0 and H,S. So it is normal to have similarities in their group properties. But in room temperature, H,0 is liquid and H,S is ‘gaseous. Because, in H,0 molecule, O is more electronegative than H and it’s size is smaller than S. So dipole is created in the covalent bond of H,O. As a result H-bond is created due to formation of dipole in H,0. So H,0 is liquid. ‘On the other hand, a small amount of polarisation occurs in H— S bond of HS. So HS remains as gas by remaining as separated molecule, So in room temperature, H,0 is liquid but HaS is gaseous. HBBy calculating the values of m and J, the total number of electrons in shell M is calculated below : Coe a Te |S oyy | NO. Mian | ener otecenin Soo [eee] ome | fot en oeestcre) | at men, | rumber! § | number (mp) | e | 1 eae Feri | wa i TOA paT=6 | ag | an) 0, fared = | { risa | So, from the chart above the total number of electron in shell Mis 18, Hl We know that, the number of orbitls in a principle energy level depends on the subsidiary quantam number /. If, != 0, 1, 2, 3, then orbitals s, p, d and f are possible in that energy level. ‘The principle quantam number of L energy level is ». Subsidiary quantam number, != 0 to (n - 1) =0t02-1) =01 So, 2d orbital is not possible in L energy level. Again 3f orbital is also not possible. Because here for L energy level the maximum value of n is 2 and maximum value of / is |. For 24 and 3f orbital the / value needs to be 2 and 3 respectively. ‘So, from the above discussion it can be said that 2d and 3f orbitals are not possible in L-energy level. oma mixture of CuSO,+ NaCl] | NaCl Benzene, mixture mixture | | Toluene and methanol. A B e (8-16) a. What is pH? 1 b. Explain Hess's law. 2 ©. Explain the signifiance of HCI for separating the solute from the solution B. 3 4. For which mixture between A and C, fractional distillation is applicable for separating? Explain, 4 swer to the question no, 26 El The negative logarithm of the molar concentration of H’ in a solution is called it's pH. Mathematically, pH =~log{H"]. BY If the initial and final conditions are same then wether or not a chemical reaction follows a way in one or more step, the total heat of reaction will always be same. Let, In a reaction path D is formed directly from A and the change of enthalpy in this case is AH,. Again in another reaction path first B is formed from A and then D from B. If the change of enthalpy in these two steps are AH, and AH respectively then aecording to Hess's Law. AH, = AH, + AH; + AH, Av—tthop an AH D Bl Impure salt is solubilized in water and by applying heat a saturated solution is formed. Then the insoluble impurities are removed by filtration then concentrated HCCI is added in it. The mentioned solution B is NaCI mixture and NaCl is dissociated in the following way— NaCl — Na" +r" Now, when the mixture is cooled, then the solubility of NaCl refuses in solvent. Now if HCI is added, the concentration of CT ion will increasc and the solubility product of NaC! will be lesser than the ionie product, So NaCI will from ppt. So crystals of NaCI are formed easily from the solution. By La- Chatelier’s principle the reaction is shifted lef due to the increase of the concentration of Cl” ion and fastens the crystallization process of NaCl. So from the above discussion it can be said that, for fastens crystallization of solution from solution B (NaCI mixture) we use HCI. Il When the difference of boiling points of the constituents of 2 liquid mixture is 20°C or less than they can't be separated by normal distillation process. They have to be separated by fractional distillation process. Here the constituents of container A are CuSO, and NaCl. ‘They are both ionic compounds. Their boiling points are very high and the difference is more than 40°C. So they can't be separated by fractional distillation, On the other hand the ‘compounds in the container C ate hydrocarbons and alcohol and they remain in liquid state by intermoleculer attraction force. They can be separated by fractional distillation duc to their difference in boiling point. ‘The given mixture C is first taken in a distillation flask. Then this flask is attached with a fractional column and libig cooler is added with the fractional column. Then if the mixture is heated the vapour will rise through the column, The more Volatile methanol (64.7°C) vapour is rise first through the column, Then less volatile benzene (80.1°C) is vapourised and