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CENTRAL TENDENCY
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Central Tendency
OVERVIEW
The general purpose of descriptive statistical
methods is to organize and summarize a set
score
Perhaps the most common method for
summarizing and describing a distribution is
to find a single value that defines the average
score and can serve as a representative for the
entire distribution
In statistics, the concept of an average or
representative score is called central tendency
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Central Tendency
OVERVIEW
Central tendency has purpose to provide a
single summary figure that best describe the
central location of an entire distribution of
observation
It also help simplify comparison of two or
more groups tested under different conditions
There are three most commonly used in
education and the behavioral sciences: mode,
median, and arithmetic mean
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Central Tendency
The MODE
A common meaning of mode is ‘fashionable’,
and it has much the same implication in
statistics
In ungrouped distribution, the mode is the
score that occurs with the greatest frequency
In grouped data, it is taken as the midpoint of
the class interval that contains the greatest
numbers of scores
The symbol for the mode is Mo
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Central Tendency
The MEDIAN
The median of a distribution is the point along
the scale of possible scores below which 50%
of the scores fall and is there another name for
P50
Thus, the median is the value that divides the
distribution into halves
It symbols is Mdn
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The MEAN of Ungrouped Data
The mean (M), commonly known as the
arithmetic average, is compute by adding
all the scores in the distribution and
dividing by the number of scores or cases
ΣX
M=
N
The weighted mean
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The MEAN of Grouped Data
When data come to us
grouped, or Σ f.Xc
when they are too lengthy M =
for comfortable addition N
without the aid of a
calculating machine, or X Xc f f.Xc
when we are going to
group them for other 20 - 24 22 1 22
purpose anyway, 15 - 19 17 4 68
we find it more convenient 10 - 14 12 7 84
to apply another formula
for the mean: 5-9 7 5 35
0-4 2 3 6
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f f
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 X 0 X
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
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Central Tendency
THE MODE
The word MODE means the most common
observation among a group of scores
In a frequency distribution, the mode is the
score or category that has the greatest
frequency
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Central Tendency
SELECTING A MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
How do you decide which measure of central
tendency to use? The answer depends on
several factors
Note that the mean is usually the preferred
measure of central tendency, because the mean
uses every score score in the distribution, it
typically produces a good representative value
The goal of central tendency is to find the
single value that best represent the entire
distribution
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Central Tendency
SELECTING A MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
Besides being a good representative, the mean
has the added advantage of being closely
related to variance and standard deviation, the
most common measures of variability
This relationship makes the mean a valuable
measure for purposes of inferential statistics
For these reasons, and others, the mean
generally is considered to be the best of the
three measure of central tendency
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Central Tendency
SELECTING A MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
But there are specific situations in which it is
impossible to compute a mean or in which the
mean is not particularly representative
It is in these condition that the mode an the
median are used
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Central Tendency
SYMMETRICAL DISTRIBUTION
SHAPE
If a symmetrical distribution has only one
mode, it will also be exactly in the center of the
distribution. All three measures of central
tendency will have same value
A bimodal distribution will have the mean
and the median together in the center with the
modes on each side
A rectangular distribution has no mode
because all X values occur with the same
frequency. Still the mean and the median will
be in the center and equivalent in value
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NEGATIVELY SKEWED DISTRIBUTION
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