The Range Standard Deviation.

The range is the difference between the largest and the
smallest values in a set of data. However, it only gives us
knowledge of the spread of data but it does not tell us
about the disperse of values from central tendency
Average (Mean) Deviation.
The standard deviation (SD) is a measure of spread or
variation of data about the mean. SD computed by
calculating the average distance that the average value is
from the mean. It is used to measure the confidence in
statistical conclusion

The mean absolute deviation of a dataset is the average

distance between each data point and the mean. It gives Standard Deviation.
us an idea about the variability in a dataset. Absolute Formula for Ungrouped Data
value is used to disregard the positive or negative value of
data.

Average (Mean) Deviation.

Formula for Ungrouped Data

Where;

X is each value

X̄ is the mean

Where; n is the number of values

Σ is Sigma, which means to sum up

| | (the vertical bars) mean Absolute Value

X is each value

X̄ is the mean

n is the number of values

QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
is a systematic approach of investigations during which
numerical data are collected and the researchers transform
what are collected into numerical data.
Exploratory Data Analysis.
This is used when it is not clear what to expect from the
data. It makes use of numerical and visual representation
such as graphs. Since the research interest is new, it is
possible to find some inconsistencies.
Descriptive Data Analysis.
This is used to describe or summarize data in a
meaningful way leading to a simple interpretation of data.
The commonly used descriptive statistics are those that
analyze distribution of data such as: frequency,
percentage, measure of central tendency (mean, median,
mode), and dispersion (range, average deviation, standard
deviation)
Inferential Data Analysis.
This is used to test hypotheses about a set of data to reach
conclusions and generalizations beyond merely describing
the data. The commonly used inferential statistics includes
test of significance of difference such as t-test, and ANOVA.
Also the test of relationship such as Product Moment
Coefficient or Correlation or Pearson r, Spearman rho,
regression, and Chi-square test.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS IN EVALUATION
It is important to determine the level of measurement of
quantitative data before proceeding with analysis of data
Nominal Scale
It is used for labeling variables. It also called
categorical variables. The number assigned to the variables
have no quantitative values.
Example: If you want to categorize respondents based on
gender, you could use 1 for male and 2 for female
Ordinal Scale.
It assigned order on items on the characteristics
being measured. Numerical value or quantity has no
value except its ability to establish ranking among set of
data. However, the difference in order between the rank are
not specified.
Example: order in honor roll (first honor, second honor, third
honor)
Interval Scale.
It has equal units of measurement, thereby, making it
possible to interpret the order of scale scores and the
distance between them. However, interval scale does not
have a “true zero”. Variables can be added and
subtracted, but cannot multiplied and divided.
Ratio Scale.
It is considered as the highest level of measurement. It
has characteristics of an interval scale but it has a “zero
point”. All descriptive and inferential statistics can be
applied on ration scales. Variables can be added, subtracted,
multiplied, and divided
DESCRIPTIVE DATA ANALYSIS
Provides simple summaries about the sample and the
measures. different statistical measures are used to analyze
data and draw conclusions under descriptive data analysis
(trochim, 2006).
Measures of Central Tendency.
Central tendency is sometimes called ‘measures of location’,
‘central location’, or just ‘center’. It is a way to describe
what’s typical for a set of data. There are three major ways
to show central tendency: mean, mode and median
Mean 1.1 Median
The mean is the average of a set of numbers. It is the most Formula:
widely used and simplest measure of central tendency.
It is frequently used for interval or ratio variables. The (Mdn) = L + i ( )
mean is calculated by getting the summation of all Where:
observation divided by the number of observation
L = exact lower limit of the class containing the median
class
Median.
i = interval
The median is the middle value of a given set of
measurements, provided that the values are arranged in n = total number of items/observation
increasing or decreasing order. It is also the most Fc= cumulative frequency in the class preceding the
appropriate measure of central tendency for ordinal data. median class
1.1 Mean Fm= frequency of the median class
o For Ungrouped Data The median may be Mode.
calculated from ungrouped data by doing the
following steps: The mode is the most appropriate measure of central
tendency when data are on nominal scale. It is also the
1. Arrange the items or scores from lowest to quick approximation of average but the weakest measure
highest. of central tendency.
2. Count to the middle value. If there are two Measures of Dispersion

For Grouped data If the data are grouped into classes, the Dispersionin statistics is a way of describing how spread
median will fall into one of the classes and the ( n/2)th out a set of data is. It is important for describing the
value spread of the data, or its variation around a central value.
It is also called measure of variability.

The measures to be considered are the range, average

or mean deviation, standard deviation and the variance.
DATA COLLECTION
REFERS TO THE PROCESS OF GATHERING
INFORMATION.
DATA COLLECTION METHOD RELIES ON RANDOM
SAMPLING AND DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS
THAT FIT VARIOUS EXPERIENCES INTO
PREDETERMINED RESPONSES THAT PRODUCE
RESULTS THAT ARE EASY TO SUMMARIZE AND
GENERALIZE.
PRIMARY DATA
ARE KNOWN AS RAW DATA WHICH CAN BE
COLLECTED FROM ORIGINAL SOURCE LIKE
EXPERIMENTAL TEST RESULTS, QUESTIONNAIRE
SURVEY, AND OBSERVATION.
SECONDARY SOURCES
DATA THAT HAS ALREADY BEEN COLLECTED BY
SOMEONE ELSE SUCH AS BOOKS, REPORTS,
JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, AND OTHER.
INTERVIEW
THIS METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA INVOLVES
PRESENTATION OF VERBAL REPLY FROM THE
RESPONDENT.
THIS IS DONE BY ASKING QUESTIONS TO THE
RESPONDENTS VERBALLY.
THIS METHOD ASSUMES THAT THE PARTICIPANTS
POINT OF VIEW IS MORE MEANINGFUL AND THEIR
PERSPECTIVE AFFECT THE SUCCESS OF THE
PROJECT.
STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS
THE RESEARCHER ASKA A STANDARD SET OF
QUESTIONS. THE RESEARCHER FOLLOWS A SPECIFIC
FORMAT WITH THE SAME LINE OF QUESTIONING. IT
USUALLY PERFORMED BY WELL EXPERIENCED
RESEARCHERS.
COMPUTER ASSISTED PERSONAL INTERVIEWS
A FORM OF PERSONAL INTERVIEW WHERE IN THE
INTERVIEWER BRING ALONG LAPTOP AND
DIRECTLY ENTER THE INFORMATION OR
RESPONSE OF THE PARTICIPANT TO THE DATABASE
QUESTIONNAIRE
ITS MAIN PURPOSE IS TO EXTRACT DATA FROM
THE RESPONDENT
IT SERVES A STANDARD GUIDE OF THE
RESEARCHER IN ASKING INFORMATION FROM THE
RESPONDENT. USUALLY MAKE CHECKLIST AND
RATING SCALE TO HELP RESEARCHERS.
PAPER PENCIL QUESTIONNAIRE
THIS METHOD IS COMMONLY USED BY THE
RESEARCHER. IT CAN BE SENT TO A LARGE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS AND SAVE
RESEARCHERS MONEY AND TIME.
WEB PAGE QUESTIONNAIRE
IT IS AN INTERNET BASED RESEARCH WHERE IN
THE RESPONDENTS WILL RECEIVE AN EMAIL
WHICH CONTAIN AN ADDRESS THAT WOULD TAKE
THEM TO A SECURE WEB-SITE TO FILL IN THE
QUESTIONNAIRE
SELF ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE
USUALLY DISTRIBUTED THROUGH MAIL, FILLED
OUT AND ADMINISTERED BY RESPONDENTS
WHERE THEY RETURN THIS TO THE RESEARCHERS
VIA EMAIL. IT CAN BE USED TO ELICIT DETAILED
INFORMATION FROM RESPONDENTS WHO MIGHT
BE ACCESSIBLE.
OBSERVATION
SAMPLING
INSTRUMENTATION
IS THE PROCESS OF SELECTING A NUMBER OF
IS THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING, TESTING AND
INDIVIDUALS FROM A POPULATION. THE INDIVIDUALS
USING THE INSTRUMENT
ARE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE LARGER GROUP FROM
WHICH THEY WERE SELECTED.
INSTRUMENT IS THE DEVICE WHILE
SAMPLE INSTUMENTATION IS COURSE OF ACTION ( PRIETO,
IS ANY GROUP ON WHICH INFORMATION IS OBTAINED NAVAL & CAEY, 2017 )

THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING INFORMATION FROM A

SUBSET ( SAMPLE ) OF A LARGER GROUP
( POPULATION )
FASTER AND CHEAPER THAN ASKING THE ENTIRE
POPULATION
TWO KEYS IN SAMPLING
 SELECTING THE RIGHT PEOPLE
 SELECTING THE RIGHT NUMBER OF THE RIGHT
PEOPLE
POPULATION
ALSO CALLED SOURCE POPULATION OR TARGET
POPULATION IT REFERS TO THE ENTIRE GROUP OF
INDIVIDUALS OR OBJECTS TO WHICH RESEARCHER
ARE INTERESTED.
THE ACCESSIBLE POPULATION WOULD BE THE GROUP
THAT IS AVAILABLE ( REALISTIC CHOICE )
DICHOTOMOUS QUESTIONS
A QUESTION WITH ONLY TWO CHOICES SUCH AS “
YES/NO “ OR “ LIKE/DISLIKE “
OPEN-ENDED QUESTION
A QUESTION THAT NORMALLY ANSWER THE
QUESTION “ WHY “
CLOSED QUESTION
IT IS ALSO CALLED MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS.
IT CONSISTS OF THREE OR MORE CHOICES
RANK ORDER SCALE QUESTION
A TYPE OF QUESTION THAT ASK FOR RANKING THE
GIVEN CHOICES OR ITEMS
RATING SCALE QUESTION
IT IS LIKE LIKERT SCALE FORM
LIKERT SCALE

INSTRUMENT
ONE OF THE IMPORTANT PART OF RESEARCH STUDY IS
THE INSTRUMENT BECAUSE THE QUALITY OF THE
RESEARCH FINDINGS DEPEND OF THE QUALITY OF
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
A RESEARCH INSTRUMENT IS A MEASUREMENT TOOL
– QUESTIONNAIRES, SCALES AND SURVEYS – USED TO
COLLECT, MEASURE, AND ANALYZE DATA THAT
RESEARCHERS USE TO MEASURE VARIABLES IN