RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

TIMELINE

CHAPTER OVERVIEW
We will see how diverse the processes were in order to make nation states
and bring the feeling of nationalism in the 19th century in Europe

1834*-->> customs union or Zollverein was formedat the initiative of

Prussia and most of the German states joined this! wave of economic
nationalism spread) (text book mei yeh pehle diya hua, Par yeh hua
baad me tha !)

19th century: ideas of national unity were closelyrelated to liberalism!

Throughout the 19th and 20th century people organised opposition
movements demanding equal political rights!

1815ke baad logo ne secretly nationalism ke ideasko spread karna

start kardiva ! ( because of the fear of repression)

“10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”

 RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
TIMELINE

CHAPTER OVERVIEW
We will see how diverse the processes were in order to make nation states
and bring the feeling of nationalism in the 19th century in Europe

is
of
First clear expression of nationalism came with French revolution in1789*

Act of Union between England and Scotland took place way before all this
happened in1707*only!

Ireland mei ek failed revolt hua tha1798*ko! Whichwas led by Wolfe Tone
and his united Irishmen, after this Ireland was forcibly incorporated into
the UK in 1801

1804*mei Napoleon uncle ne apna Napoleonic code (civilcode) ko picture

mei laaya! Which took all the privileges based on birth and established
equality!

In themid-18thcentury industrialization began inEngland but in Germany

it started from the 19th century! Which bought a new social groups: the
working class, middle class etc

Defeat of Napoleon in1815*-->> after this the representativesof European

powers met at Vienna to draw a settlement for Europe!

Conservative regimes set up in 1815that were autocratic!

1834*-->> customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of

Prussia and most of the German states joined this! wave of
economic nationalism spread) (text book mei yeh pehle diya hua,
Par yeh hua baad me tha !)

19th century: ideas of national unity were closely related to

liberalism! Throughout the 19th and 20th century people organised
opposition movements demanding equal political rights!

1815ke baad logo ne secretly nationalism ke ideas ko spread karna

start kardiva ! ( because of the fear of repression)

-
“10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”
 Giuseppe Mazzini (born in 1807) was a member of a secret society!
Founded secret societies Young Italy in Marseilles and Young
Europe in Berne.

Greek mei bhi nationalism ka idea spread hone laga tha 1821 se hi!
Finally Greek was recognized as a independent nation by the treaty
of Constantinople in1832*

July 1830ko first upheaval( pehla sudden change)hua! Bourbon

kings jin hone power gain kya tha 1815 ke baad ! They were all
overthrown by liberal revolutionaries.

1821 - 1832*: Greek War of Independence hua

1831armed rebellion against the Russian rule took place which was
ultimately crushed!

1830 se lekar 1848was the time of revolutions! Even though the

conservatives tried to take control over people and country, the
feeling of nationalism was so strong that it spread in many regions!

1830smei hi bohot saare hardships dekhni padi Europe ko! The

population increased!

1848*mei to food shortages hone lagi! Utna hi nahi unemployment

bhi tha!

1845*--> weavers in Silesian revolted against the contractors who

supplied raw materials and gave them orders but reduced their
payments!
-

1848*ko revolution was led by the liberals in European countries!

(Paris Revolt)

May 18th1 848-->> all German national assemblies took place which
elected 831 representatives isko oppose kiya aristocrats ne ! Even
though the upper class could suppress the liberal movements a
little ! They couldn't gain the old control they had on people!

Aur isi wajah se the monarchs began to introduce changes so the

serfdom and bonded labor were abolished in Habsburg and Russia!

Habsburg mei jo rulers the , they granted more autonomy to

Hungarians in1867

“10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”

E
o 1848*Frederic Sorrieu a French artist prepared a series of 4 paintings
visualizing his dream about a world made of democratic and social
republics!
E
-
1861*Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king of united Italy
(Unification of Italy)

1871*the Prussian king William I was proclaimed German emperor in

a ceremony held in Versailles! (Unification of Germany)

18 th and 19th century artists found new ways to personify nations!

Last quarter (1875 -1900) of the 19th century! Nationalism, imperialism

mei badal gaya tha! (mera desh mahaan hai ! Dusre desho mei iaake
unhe invade karega)

Nationalist tension after1871was in Balkan regionof Europe!

Bahut Yaad kar lia ab thoda -

“10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”

 NATIONALISM IN INDIA
TIMELINE

CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Nationalism in Europe ke baare mei to padh liya! Ab India ke baare mei
padhte hain! India mei konse events hue! Aur unn saka kya impact tha?
aur desh bhakti logo mei kaise aayi?

The whole chapter is about what happened in the19thcentury.

Mahatma Gandhi wrote a book Hind Swaraj in1909

Agar koi movement India mei hoga to gandhiji ka hona zuri hai! Toh
Gandhiji ki entry hui from south Africa to India in January1915*

During the first world war the prices doubled between1913and1918,

leading to hardships among people!

Gandhi JI organised satyagraha movements in various regions

In1917*he went to Champaran in Bihar to inspire peasants against the

oppressive plantation system!

Phirse1917*mei hi he went to kheda district of Gujarat to support peseants

who were affected by the plague epidemic

1918*mei Gandhi Ji Ahmedabad gaye jahaan unhone satyagraha

movement organise kiya for the cotton mill workers.

1918-1919and1920-1921crops failed in India resulting in shortage of food

1919ko gandhiji ne nationwide satyagraha launch kiya against the Rowlatt

act of 1919*.And for this he wanted to take the path of non- violence so he
started hartal on 6th april

April 1919* -Hartal Nation wide

10th April police of Amritsar fired on a peaceful procession.

13th April 1919*ko Jallianwalla Bagh incident hua!

“10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”

The first world war ended with the defeat of ottoman turkey! And in order
to defend the Khalifa's temporal powers a Khilafat committee was formed
in Bombay in march 1919

In June 1920Jawaharlal Nehru began going to villages in Awadh! Talking

to villagers and knowing their problems, by October Oudh kisan Sabha
was headed by him!

1920September*in Calcutta's session of congress mahatma ne leaders ko

non-cooperation movement start karne ke liye convince karliya! (in
support of khilafat and for swaraj)

1920ke summers mei Gandhi aur Shaukat Ali tours wagera mei jaate the !
So that they could mobilize support for the movement!

Nagpur ke1920 December*congress session mei non-cooperation

movement was adopted.

Non-cooperation khilafat movement began in January1921*

Import of foreign clothes halved between1921 and1922 dropping from

Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore

Gudem hills of Andhra pradesh -->> militant guerilla movement spread in

early 1920s

Alluri sitaram raju - was man who took part in this movement and - he was
captured and executed in1924

Inland emigration act -1859

February1922mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the non-cooperation

movement as it was turning violent

Agricultural prices began to fall in the1926andcollapsed after 1930

Simon commission in India came in1928*it was greeted with slogan as ' go
back Simon'

Lord Irwin announced the vague offer of dominion status in October1929

December 1929*under Jawaharlal Nehru the Lahore congress formalised

the Purna Swaraj

It was decided that 26 January 1930 would be celebrated as the

independence day when the people were to take a pledge to struggle for
the full independence

“10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”

Salt was a powerful symbol that could unite the nation so Mahatma
Gandhi sent a letter to the viceroy stating 11 demands.

11 demands were not fulfilled by 11th march 1930* so mahatma started his
salt march with 78 trusted volunteers, march was over 240 miles from
Sabarmati ashram to Guajarati coastal town of Dandi

6th april they reached Dandi

April 1930 Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested ! Angry crowds demonstrated
in streets of Peshawar

Yeh movement bhi violent ho raha tha to Gandhi ne iss moment ko bhi call
off karne ka faisla kiva! and he signed a pact with Irwin on march 5, 1931*

Use baad there were some other problems(refer notes) so Gandhi decided
to relaunch the movement par 1934 ke baad it lost its momentum

Indian Industrial and commercial congress was formed in the 1920 and the
federation of the Indian chamber of commerce and industries (FICCI) was
formed in the 1927

Strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dock workers in 1932

1930thousands of workers in chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps

and participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns

Dr BR Ambedkar organized the dailts into the depressed classes

association in the1930

The Poona pact was signed in1932*in the month of September!

1928mei jitne bhi issues Hindus aur Muslims ke beech mei the use resolve
karne ke lie All parties conference rakha gaya! Par jab MR jayakar ne
oppose kiya tab resolve karne ke saare hopes khatam hogaye.

Nationalism spread hota gaya! But how did people living in different
regions and different communities with various languages develop a sense
of collective belonging?

Bankim chandra chattopadhya in1870swrote the "vandhe mataram"

By1921Gandhi had designed the Swaraj flag

End of the 19th century many Indians started to develop desh bhakti! And
started to feel proud of their nation !

From being oppressed under the British to coming out as a strong nation!
And now being one of the most powerful countries in the world , India
and its people have seen a lot!

“10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”

 MAKING OF GLOBAL WORLD
TIMELINE

CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Iss chapter mei hum global world ke history - migration, trade, people
in search of work ,movement of capital aur bhi bohot kuch padhenge!

3000 BCE me hi ek active coastal trade ka link tha jo Indus valley

civilizations ko aaj ke (present day) west Asia se jod ta hai!

Silk routes to the Christian era ke pehle hi exist karti thi and until 15 th
century those routes thrived (flourished)
Pre modern world shrank in 16th century

World changed extremely in the 19th century! ( economically,

socially, culturally and technologically)
Late 18th century mei population increase hua britain ka --so as a
result industries had to expand!
By1890(early 19th century) the global agricultural economy had
taken shape ! Bohot saare labour movements, capital flows aur
technology mei changes aagye the!

1820 se lekar 1914tak world trade 20 to 40 times multiply ho chuka tha!

1870s tak live animals transport hote the from America to Europe, par
1870s ke baad they were slaughtered there in America, Australia or
New Zealand only !

Late 19th century mei kya hua ? Trade flourish hua aur markets
expand hui! Par iska darker side bhi hai-
Late 19th century ko hi Europe mei painful economic, social aur
ecological changes bhi hue!
1885: European powers met Berlin to complete the carving up of Africa
between them! The US became a colonial power in the 1890s by taking
over
some colonies jo pehle Spain ke under thi!

“10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”

 1890sAfrica mei fast spreading disease of cattle plague or rinderpest
ka boot bura impact hua .

Late 19th century- Europeans were attracted to African land and

minerals! So they came to Africa!

Par devastating cattle disease ne kaam bigaad diya! It spread like a

forest fire!
Killing 90% of the cattle , toh iska fayeda uthaya European colonizers
ne aur Africa ko conquer kar liya!

Chalo abINDIAki taraf chalte hai-

19th century mei India aur Chinese laborers jaate the plantations aur
mines mei kaam karne! There was system of indentured labour which was
termed as the" new system of slavery"

Par1900sse Indian nationalist leaders began to oppose this system!

Indentured labour system was abolished in the year1921

Exports of raw cotton increased from 5% to 35% in1812-1871

1820smei china became the largest Indian export foropium!

First world war hua between(1914-1918)-->> The war brought a lot of crises!
to the whole world! Lasted for 4 years!

1921one out of every 5 British workers was unemployed

US ka kya hua?
Recovery was faster there! Strong growth in the 1920s(mass production
increased)

In1923the US became the largest overseas lender , and resumed exporting

capital to the world!

Uske baad aaya the great depression -->>1929se lekar mid 1930stak tha!
Effected the world and US in many ways.

Because of great depression: Indian exports halved in1928 - 1934,wheat

prices fell by 50%

World trade grew annually in the1950s-1970sand growth was stable!

Mid1970-->> international financial system changed(effects)

“10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”

 AGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION
TIMELINE

CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Yeh chapter1700sse lekar1940s(approx) tak ke saareindustrialization ke
improvements, changes, inventions etc..batata hai!

1730sko factories ka banna start hua! Machines vagera produce hone lagi!

1760sko cotton industry kaafi zada popular ho gayi thi aur

production kaafi zyada badh gaya tha!

Industrialisation spread slowly!28yrS

I
1781mei hi James Watt ne New comen ka steam engine improve
kardiya tha! Uske baad Mathew Boulton ne naya model bhi banaya
tha! But the buyers increased slowly and gradually only (i.e. in the
19th century / in the start of 1800s)
Late18thcentury: people moved to cities in search of jobs!

Saare log job dhoondne chale gaye to jobs ka number kam hota
gaya! People were unemployed in the1830s-1840(35-75%of people
were unemployed)

E Already logo ke paas jobs nhi the ! Spinning jenny ke invention ne

kaam bigaad diya! And the people turned hostile towards machines!

Early 19 th century( mtlb 1800s) mei to factories english landscape

ka zaroori hissa ban gayi thi!
E
1840stak cotton was the most growing sector which was the first
phase of the industrial sector! Iske baad logo ne railways aur
transportation system ko behtar banaya, and this sector boomed!

“10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”

 Abhi humne Britain mei jo bhi hua woh dekh liya, Chalo ab India
aur colonies ke taraf chalte hain !!

Aap sabhi ko pata hi hai kii india ke textiles aur fabrics kitne famous
hain, India ne pura network bana ke rakha tha. But, in the1750sthis
network began to break! Because the East India Company(EIC)
gained power!

1760s: India used to only supply fine textiles in Europe! (exports

immediately bandh nahi karwaya EIC ne)
-
Henry Patullo ne1772mei kaha tha ki " demand for Indian good
would never reduce"

But by the early 19th century, textile exports from India declined !

1860sweavers faced a new problem: couldn't get enough supply of

raw good quality cotton!

End of the 19th century , a new problem again: factories ne apna

& production start karliya! Machine made good flooded. Isse
- Weaving survive hi nahi kar paaya!

Factories aa hi gayi hain toh unke baare toh thoda jaan lete
hain: First cotton mill:1854
First jute mill in Bengal:1855
First cotton mill in Ahmedabad:1859
Elgin mill in Kanpur:1860s
Spinning and weaving mill in madras:1874

Factories ke liye workers kaha se aate the?1911mei neighboring

districts se aate the! (20th century)

First decade of the 20th century(1900-1999) series of changes took

place: which helped the Indian market.
1. Swadeshi movement 2. First World War

1900se lekar1912tak cotton goods production doubled and use

baad manchester kabhi wahi control hi le paaya india ke upar !

1900-1940scloth production expand hua! Par kaise?

Second decade of 20 th century: flying shuttle introduce kiya gaya!
(refer notes to know more)+several other innovations that helped
the weavers!

“10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”

Abhi aage aage acha khaasa profit hone laga ! Sab stable hota gaya!
The Indian market again gained power in India and started to earn profits!
Aur isi ke chalte indians ko idea aya avertisements karne ka! Isilye unhone
alag alag tareeke apnake paise kamaye!

Yeh tha safar proto industrialization se lekar industrialization

advertisements tak ka safar!

Umeed hai aapko maza aaya hoga!

“10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”

PRINT CULTURE & THE MODERN WORLD
TIMELINE

CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Agar printing technology na hoti ! To aaj tum sab yeh notes ahli padh paa
rahe hote ! Printing technology ka development aur uska expansion ‚impact
hum is chapter mei padhenge!

AD594 onwards books in china were printed on rubbing paper!

Buddhist missionaries from china introduced hand printing around

AD768-770

Oldest Japanese book was printed in AD 868- DIAMONDSUTRA

1295- Marco Polo returned to Italy and brought the knowledge about
wood block technology

Johann Gutenberg developed the first printing press in1430s

1448- tak Gutenburg uncle ne perfect karliya tha apne skill ko

aur first book bible tha jo print hua tha ! 180 copies the aur 3 saal
lage print karne me!

Second half of 15th century- 20 million copies of printed books

16th century- 200 million copies!

1517mei (16th century) Martin Luther (religious reformer)ne ninety

five thesis naam ka ek book likha tha jisme use roman catholic
church ke rituals aur practices ko criticize kiya tha!

16th century-->> a miller from Italy named Menocchio Read the

books and interpreted the message of the bible and formed a
view about god and church which made the people angry and he
was executed.

Booksellers maintained the index of prohibited books from1558.

End of 18th century: literacy rate went up to 60-80%,logo ne boot

saari books print kiye !!Of different sizes , of various interests and
purposes!

“10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”

 Periodical press was also developed from theearly18th century!

Mid 18th century: common conviction that books were a means of

spreading progress and enlightenment!
.
Children's press devoted only to children was set up in France in1857

Mid-19th century: Richard M Hoe of new York came upwith

his power driven cylindrical press used particularly for
newspapers

Early20thcentury : electrical press came up! Series of

developments followed!

1920sin England, cheap book novel series called shilling series were
introduced
&
Then, Great depression began in the1930speople feared decline in
book purchases

Harr chapter ki tarah iss chapter mei bhi apnaINDIAto aayega hi!

Mid-16th century: printing press came with the Portuguese missionaries

in goa!

First Tamil book was printed in1579at Cochin

50 books were printed in Konkani and Kannada language1674

1713: first Malayalam book was printed !

1780- James Augustus Hickey began to edit Bengal Gazette

16th centurymei jo text - Ramcharit manas, Tulsi dasji ne likha tha

- uska printed form calcutta mei 1810 ko aaya.

Rammohun Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi from1821and to

oppose his opinions the Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the
Samachar Chandrika.
1822two new newspapers were published
1. Jam-i-Jahan
2. Shamsul Akhbar

“10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”

 1822Gujarati newspaper ‘Bombay Samachar’ made its appearance

Deoband founded in1867published fatwas telling Muslim show to

conduct themselves

Mid-19th century cheap lithographic editions flooded in north India

1880s- Naval Kishore press in Lucknow and Shree Venkateshwar

press in Bombay printed many religious texts in vernacular
languages!

End of 19th century new visual culture taking shape!

By1870scaricatures and cartoons were being printed in newspapers
and journals!

After mid-19th century women's schools were set up!

Rashsundari Debi wrote her autobiography in 1876- Amar Jiban
(first full length autobiography printed in Bengali)

-
In the1860s- women like Kailash bashini Debi wrote books which
highlighted the experiences/difficulties of women

In1880s- in Maharashtra Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote

about miserable lives of upper caste Hindu women!

Late 19th century issues of caste discrimination began to be written

in books !

Gulamgiri (1871) - written by Jyotiba Phule

In early 20th century: Ram Chadda published Istri Dharm Vichar to

teach women how to be obedient wives !

20 th century: BR ambedkar ( Maharashtra) and E.VRamaswamy

Naickar (madras) (known as periyar) wrote about powerfully about
the caste

By1930sBangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to educate

themselves!

A 1938- Chhote aur bade ka saval written by Kashibabaa mill worker

from kanpur
Another Kanpur worker who wrote under the name Sudarshan
Chakr between 1935 and 1955 were published under a collection
named as Sacchi Kavitayan

By1820sCalcutta supreme court passes certain regulations to

control press freedom

1878vernacular act was passed !

When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in1907Balgangadar

Tilak write with great sympathy in his book Kesari.

“10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”