Glossary: key language and literature terms and concepts

The Basics - The ‘Big 5’

DEVICE DEFINITION + EFFECT / IMPORTANT

EXAMPLE POINTS

text The written or printed words Text provides the primary medium
that make up a composition for conveying ideas, narratives, and
messages in language and
literature. It allows for the
expression of themes, exploration
of characters, and communication
of the author's intentions.

context of composition The circumstances and The context of composition

conditions in which a literary significantly influences the themes,
work is created. perspectives, and content of a
literary work. It provides insights
into the author's motivations and
the societal factors that may have
shaped the text.

context of reception / interpretation
The circumstances and
conditions in which a literary
work is read, analyzed, and
interpreted by the audience.
The context of reception plays a
crucial role in how a text is
understood and interpreted.
Different readers bring their own
experiences, biases, and
perspectives, which can affect the
way they engage with and interpret
the literary work.

intended audience The specific group of The intended audience influences

readers or listeners for
whom a literary work is
created.
purpose The author's intended goal
or objective in creating a
literary work.
the style, language, themes, and
content of a literary work. Authors
may tailor their writing to resonate
with and engage their intended
readership.
The purpose of a literary work
influences its content, style, and
intended audience, shaping its
overall impact..
content The information, ideas, and
subject matter present in a
literary work.

Effect-The content of a
literary work
determines its subject
matter and conveys
ideas, emotions, and
insights. It shapes the
meaning and
relevance of the work,
challenging beliefs and
exploring aspects of
human experience and
the world
tone The author's attitude or The tone of a literary work sets the
perspective towards the overall attitude or emotional
subject matter or audience, atmosphere conveyed by the
conveyed through the author. It can be serious,
choice of words and writing humorous, sarcastic, melancholic,
style. or any other range of emotions.
The tone affects the reader's
perception of the content and
characters, influencing their
emotional response and
interpretation of the work.
mood The emotional atmosphere Mood refers to the emotional
or ambiance created by a atmosphere or ambiance created
literary work, influencing the within a literary work. It sets the
reader's emotional response. overall feeling or vibe experienced
by the reader. The mood can be
dark, joyful, suspenseful, tranquil,
or any other emotional state. It
helps to create a specific
atmosphere, establish the work's
tone, and shape the reader's
emotional engagement with the
text.
diction The author's choice and use Diction refers to the author's
of words, phrases, and choice and use of words and
language style. phrases. It influences the style,
tone, and overall impact of the
writing. The author's diction can
evoke specific emotions, create a
particular atmosphere, reflect the
character's personalities, or convey
social and cultural contexts.

connotation The suggested or implied Connotation refers to the

meaning of a word or
phrase beyond its literal
definition.
denotation The literal or dictionary
definition of a word or
phrase.
suggested or implied meanings
associated with a word or phrase
beyond its literal definition. It adds
layers of depth, symbolism, and
emotional resonance to the text.
Connotations can vary based on
cultural, historical, or personal
contexts, influencing the reader's
interpretation and understanding
of the work.
Denotation refers to the literal or
dictionary definition of a word or
phrase. It provides the basic,
straightforward meaning of the
text. Denotations can help
establish clarity and understanding
in the work, serving as a
foundation for more complex or
metaphorical language.
Literary devices
DEVICE DEFINITION + EXAMPLE
figurative language Language that uses words or
expressions with a meaning
that is different from the literal
interpretation.
"The world is a stage"
simile A figure of speech that
compares two different things
using "like" or "as."
Example: "She was as sly as a
fox."
metaphor A figure of speech that
compares two different things
by stating that one thing is the
other.
Example: "Life is a journey."
hyperbole Exaggerated statements or
claims not meant to be taken
literally.
Example: "I've told you a
million times!"
personification Giving human qualities or
characteristics to non-human
things or abstract ideas.
Example: "The wind whispered
through the trees."
apostrophe A figure of speech in which the
speaker addresses an absent
or imaginary person or entity.
Example: "O, Romeo, Romeo,
wherefore art thou Romeo?"
metonymy A figure of speech in which a
word or phrase is substituted
for another that is closely
related.
Example: "The pen is mightier
than the sword."
synecdoche A figure of speech in which a
part is used to represent the
whole, or the whole is used to
represent a part.
Example: "All firsthand deck."
imagery Language that creates vivid
mental pictures or sensory
experiences for the reader.
Example: "The sun sank like a
fiery ball into the horizon."
EFFECT / IMPORTANT POINTS
Figurative language adds depth,
complexity, and creativity to the
writing. It can create vivid images,
convey abstract concepts, and evoke
emotions in the reader.
Similes can create memorable and
powerful images, enhance the
descriptive quality of the writing, and
make abstract concepts more
accessible to the reader.
Metaphors can convey complex ideas
and emotions, make abstract concepts
more tangible, and create vivid and
memorable images in the reader's
mind.
Hyperbole adds emphasis, humor, or
dramatic effect to the writing, making
it more engaging and memorable.
Personification can create a more vivid
and memorable image of inanimate
objects, add depth and emotion to the
writing, and make abstract concepts
more accessible and relatable.
Apostrophes can add emotion, drama,
or emphasis to the writing, and can
also serve as a way to express
personal feelings and thoughts.
Metonymy can add depth and
complexity to the writing, create
memorable and powerful images, and
provide a concise way of expressing
abstract concepts.
Synecdoche can create vivid and
memorable images, provide a concise
way of expressing abstract concepts,
and add depth and complexity to the
writing.
Imagery can create a more immersive
and memorable reading experience,
evoke emotions, and provide a more
concrete and tangible representation
of abstract concepts.
alliteration The repetition of initial sounds
or consonant sounds in
neighbouring words.
Example: "She sells seashells
by the seashore."
allegory A story, poem, or picture that
can be interpreted to reveal a
hidden meaning, typically a
moral or political one.
irony literary device where there is a
contrast between expectations
and reality, often leading to
surprising or humorous
outcomes.
Example: A fire station burning
down.
allusion A reference to a person, event,
or work of art, usually well-
known, to enhance the
meaning or depth of the
current work.
Example: "He was a real
Romeo with the ladies."
double entendre (puns) A form of wordplay that
exploits multiple meanings of
a word or phrase, often
resulting in humour or
ambiguity.
Example: "Time flies like an
arrow; fruit flies like a banana."
idiom An expression or phrase that
has a figurative meaning
different from its literal
interpretation and is
understood within a particular
language or culture.
Example: "Break a leg!"
cliche An overused phrase or
expression that has lost its
originality and impact.
Example: "As old as the hills."
Allegory allows for deeper exploration
of complex ideas, themes, and social
commentary. It enables readers to
engage with multiple layers of
meaning and encourages critical
thinking and analysis.
Irony can add depth, complexity, and
entertainment value to the writing. It
can create humor, highlight
contradictions, and provide social or
situational commentary.
Allusions enrich the text by
connecting it to broader cultural,
historical, or literary contexts. They
can deepen the reader's
understanding, evoke emotions, and
create additional layers of meaning.
Puns and double engenders add
humor, wit, and wordplay to the
writing. They can entertain readers,
create memorable moments, and
enhance the overall enjoyment of the
work.
Idioms add cultural flavor, familiarity,
and depth to the writing. They can
evoke emotions, convey messages
indirectly, and provide insights into a
specific language or culture.
Clichés should be avoided in writing
as they can weaken the impact and
originality of the work. However, their
intentional use can serve a purpose,
such as satirizing or mocking clichéd
expressions.
foreshadowing A literary device where the
author hints or suggests future suspense, and deeper engagement
events or outcomes in the
narrative.
Example: A character
mentioning their fear of water cohesiveness to the narrative.
before a boating accident
occurs later in the story.
symbol An object, person, situation, or
action that represents a
deeper meaning beyond its
literal interpretation.
Example: A dove representing
peace.
motif A recurring element, image, or
idea that develops or
reinforces a theme in a literary
work.
satire A literary device or genre that
uses humor, irony,
exaggeration, or ridicule to
criticize and expose human
vices, follies, or social
institutions.
superlative A linguistic device used to
emphasize or exaggerate the
quality or degree of
something, often by
comparing it to others in the
highest or lowest degree.
Example: "The best," "the
worst," "the most beautiful."
jargon Specialized vocabulary,
expressions, or technical
terminology used within a
specific profession, field, or
group, often difficult for
outsiders to understand.
Example: Medical jargon like
"myocardial infarction" or
computer programming
jargon like "source code."
emotive language Language that is deliberately
chosen to evoke strong
emotions or feelings in the
reader or listener.
Example: "Heart-wrenching,"
"ecstatic," "devastated."
Foreshadowing creates anticipation,
with the text. It can enhance the
reader's sense of discovery, build
tension, and provide a sense of
Symbols add layers of meaning,
depth, and richness to the writing.
They can evoke emotions, convey
abstract concepts, and enhance the
overall thematic resonance of the
work.
A literary device or genre that uses
humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule
to criticize and expose human vices,
follies, or social institutions.
Superlatives intensify the impact of
language, heighten emotions, and
create vivid impressions. They can
convey enthusiasm, assert authority,
or enhance persuasive arguments.
Jargon serves as shorthand and
facilitates communication within
specific communities. It can establish
credibility, promote precision, and
foster a sense of belonging. However,
excessive use of jargon may exclude
or confuse readers unfamiliar with the
terminology.
Emotive language creates an
emotional connection between the
writer and the reader. It influences the
reader's mood, attitudes, and
reactions. It can be persuasive,
impactful, and memorable, making
the writing more engaging and
effective.
vague language Language that lacks precision, Vague language can be used
clarity, or specific details, often intentionally to create a sense of
leaving room for interpretation ambiguity, mystery, or to allow for
or uncertainty. multiple interpretations. However,
Example: "A while ago," "a lot excessive use of vague language can
of," "somewhere around." lead to confusion, lack of
understanding, and weaken the
impact and clarity of the writing.
euphemism A mild or indirect expression Euphemisms allow for polite or
used to substitute for a word sensitive communication, particularly
or phrase that may be in delicate or sensitive situations. They
considered too harsh, can soften the impact of negative or
offensive, or uncomfortable. uncomfortable words, maintain social
Example: "Passed away" decorum, or provide a more nuanced
instead of "died," "let go" and considerate approach to certain
instead of "fired." topics.
Persuasive and rhetorical devices

DEVICE DEFINITION + EFFECT / IMPORTANT

EXAMPLE POINTS

rhetoric The art of effective or Rhetoric enhances

persuasive speaking or communication and persuasion.
writing, often employing It helps speakers or writers
various techniques and structure their arguments,
strategies to influence an appeal to emotions, and engage
audience. the audience. Rhetorical
Example: A politician techniques can include the use
delivering a speech to of figurative language, logical
convince voters to support reasoning, and persuasive
their campaign. appeals.
pathos An appeal to the emotions Pathos elicits emotional
and feelings of the responses, empathetic reactions,
audience in order to and can create a strong
persuade or evoke a connection between the
particular response. audience and the message. It
Example: A commercial can be used to evoke
showing heart-wrenching compassion, empathy, or other
images of animals in need desired emotional reactions.
to encourage donations to
an animal shelter.
ethos An appeal to the Ethos builds trust and credibility,
credibility, authority, or establishing the speaker or
ethical character of the writer as knowledgeable,
speaker or writer in order reliable, and trustworthy. It
to establish trust and strengthens the persuasive
persuade the audience. impact of the message and
Example: A doctor enhances the audience's
providing medical advice willingness to accept the
based on their expertise argument or viewpoint.
and experience.

logos An appeal to logic, Logos provides a rational and

reasoning, evidence, and logical basis for persuasion. It
facts to support an appeals to the intellect, critical
argument and persuade thinking, and the audience's
the audience. desire for logical coherence. It
Example: A scientist can convince the audience by
presenting data and presenting evidence, statistics,
research findings to and logical reasoning.
support a hypothesis.
parallelism The repetition of similar Parallelism creates balance,
grammatical structures, rhythm, and emphasis in the
 phrases, or patterns for text. It enhances readability,
rhetorical effect. adds symmetry, and reinforces
Example: "Easy come, easy key ideas or concepts. It can
go" or "Like father, like create a memorable and
son." impactful effect on the reader or
listener.
hypophora A rhetorical device in Hypophora engages the
which a speaker asks a audience by posing a question
question and immediately and providing an immediate
answers it. response. It can anticipate and
Example: "Why should we address potential doubts or
care? Because it directly objections, enhance clarity, and
affects our future." make the argument more
persuasive and compelling.
repetition The deliberate use of Repetition reinforces key ideas,
words, phrases, or ideas creates emphasis, and enhances
repeated for emphasis, the memorability of the
rhythm, or memorable message. It can evoke strong
effect. emotions, reinforce a central
Example: "I have a dream" theme, and improve the overall
impact and clarity of the writing
or speech.
antithesis A rhetorical device that Antithesis creates a powerful
presents contrasting or contrast, highlights the
opposite ideas in parallel differences between ideas or
structures to create a concepts.
balanced and impactful
effect.
Example: "To err is human;
to forgive, divine."

figurative speech Language or expressions Figurative speech adds richness,

that involve figures of depth, and imagery to the
speech, such as metaphors, writing. It engages the reader's
similes, personification, or imagination, evokes emotions,
hyperbole, to convey and enhances the overall impact
meaning beyond the literal and effectiveness of the
interpretation. message.
Example: "Her smile was a
ray of sunshine."
tricolon (power of three) A rhetorical device Example: "Veni, vidi, vici" (Latin
involving the use of three for "I came, I saw, I conquered").
parallel phrases, words, or
ideas to create a
memorable and impactful
effect.
Example: "Veni, vidi, vici"
(Latin for "I came, I saw, I
conquered").
polysyndeton A rhetorical device where Polysyndeton creates a sense of
conjunctions (such as intensity, urgency, or abundance.
"and," "or," or "but") are It can convey a fast-paced
 used repeatedly in quick
succession for emphasis or
stylistic effect.
Example: "They laughed
and danced and sang and
ate."
juxtaposition The placement of two
contrasting ideas,
characters, settings, or
images side by side for
comparison or contrast.
Example: "It was the best
of times, it was the worst
of times"
bandwagon A persuasive technique
that suggests a person
should adopt a belief or
take a particular action
because it is popular or
widely accepted.
Example: "Join the
thousands who have
already signed up!"
‘Plain folks’ A persuasive technique
that presents the speaker
or writer as an ordinary
person, emphasizing their
relatability and
commonality with the
audience.
Example: A politician
speaking in a simple,
down-to-earth manner
and using everyday
language.
testimonials Persuasive technique that
involves using statements
or endorsements from
individuals or experts to
support a product, service,
or idea.
Example: A celebrity
endorsing a particular
brand of beauty products
in a television commercial.
glittering generalities Persuasive technique that
uses emotionally appealing
or vague terms that lack
specific meaning or
context.
rhythm, emphasize the
connectedness of ideas or
actions, and create a sense of
amplification or accumulation.
uxtaposition highlights the
differences between concepts or
ideas, creates tension, and
prompts the reader to consider
the contrasting elements. It can
deepen the thematic exploration,
provide insight, and create a
more dynamic and thought-
provoking reading experience.
Bandwagon appeals to the
reader's desire for conformity,
acceptance, or fear of missing
out. It creates a sense of social
proof, making the argument or
viewpoint appear more valid or
desirable by highlighting its
popularity or widespread
acceptance.
The 'Plain Folks' technique builds
trust, establishes a connection,
and enhances the speaker or
writer's credibility. It creates a
sense of authenticity, relatability,
and can appeal to the audience's
values and sense of common
identity.
Testimonials aim to build
credibility and trust by
associating a respected or well-
known figure with the product or
idea. They appeal to the
audience's desire for social proof
and can influence their attitudes
and behaviors.
Glittering generalities aim to
evoke positive emotions and
associations without providing
substantial evidence or support.
They can create an emotional
 Example: Using words like
"freedom," "justice," or
"equality" without
providing clear definitions
or explanations.
false dilemma Persuasive technique that
presents an argument as if
there are only two options
or positions available,
oversimplifying a complex
issue.
Example: "You're either
with us or against us."
response in the audience and
make the idea or product appear
more appealing, but they lack
concrete substance.
False dilemmas can manipulate
the audience's perception by
limiting their choices and
ignoring potential alternatives. It
may oversimplify complex issues,
restrict critical thinking, and push
the audience towards a
particular viewpoint or course of
action.

nostalgia A sentimental longing or : Nostalgia taps into the

wistful affection for the audience's emotions, reminding
past, often used as a them of cherished memories and
persuasive technique to creating a positive connection. It
evoke positive emotions can evoke a sense of comfort,
and associations. familiarity, and promote a
Example: A commercial favorable perception of the
using images of a family product or idea.
gathering during the
holidays to promote a
product.
problem and solution Persuasive technique that The problem and solution
presents a problem or technique focuses on engaging
challenge and offers a the audience by highlighting a
specific solution or course problem they can relate to, and
of action to address it. then offering a clear and
Example: A campaign actionable solution. It can
highlighting the motivate the audience to act,
environmental impact of create a sense of urgency, and
plastic waste and rally support for the proposed
promoting recycling as a solution.
solution.
card stacking Persuasive technique that Persuasive technique that
involves presenting only involves presenting only one
one side of an argument or side of an argument or
selectively presenting selectively presenting evidence
evidence to support a to support a particular viewpoint
particular viewpoint while while ignoring opposing views.
ignoring opposing views. Example: A political campaign
Example: A political emphasizing the achievements
campaign emphasizing the of a candidate while
achievements of a downplaying or ignoring any
candidate while negative aspects.
downplaying or ignoring
any negative aspects.
Avant Garde A persuasive technique
that promotes the idea of
being innovative, cutting-
edge, or ahead of the
mainstream.
Example: An advertisement
for a fashion brand that
highlights unconventional
and experimental designs.
weasel words Words or phrases that are
intentionally vague,
ambiguous, or misleading,
often used to make
exaggerated claims or
create false impressions.
Example: "Up to 50% off"
or "Results may vary."
bribery A persuasive technique
that involves offering
incentives or rewards to
influence someone's
behaviours or decision-
making process.
Example: A company
offering free samples or
discounts in exchange for
positive online reviews.
patriotism A persuasive technique
that evokes feelings of
love, loyalty, and pride
towards one's country or
culture to promote a
product, idea, or cause.
Example: A political
campaign emphasizing
national values and
identity.
snob appeal A persuasive technique
that targets individuals
who desire exclusivity,
luxury, or status, appealing
to their sense of
superiority or
sophistication.
Example: A high-end car
commercial that highlights
elegance, refinement, and
exclusivity.
Avant Garde appeals to
individuals who seek uniqueness,
originality, and to be part of a
trendsetting group. It creates a
sense of exclusivity and can
position the product or idea as
being on the forefront of
innovation.
Weasel words can manipulate
the audience's perception by
creating an illusion of specificity
or credibility while allowing for
flexibility or lack of concrete
evidence. They can create a false
sense of trust or reliability,
making the product or idea
appear more appealing.
Bribery attempts to sway
individuals by appealing to their
self-interest or desire for
personal gain. It can
compromise objectivity and
integrity, undermining the
credibility of reviews or opinions,
and distorting the perception of
the product or idea.
Patriotism taps into deep
emotions and a sense of
belonging, fostering a
connection between the
audience and the promoted
entity. It can inspire strong
support, create a sense of unity,
and generate positive
associations with the product or
idea.
Snob appeal aims to create a
perception of prestige and
exclusiveness. It can attract
consumers who associate luxury
or sophistication with status,
wealth, or social recognition, and
who are willing to pay a
premium for that perception.
 stereotypes and over-generalizations A persuasive technique
that relies on preconceived
notions, simplified beliefs,
or broad generalizations
about a group or category
of people.
Example: A marketing
campaign portraying
women as solely interested
in fashion and beauty.
Stereotypes and over-
generalizations can reinforce
existing biases, perpetuate
discrimination, and oversimplify
complex human experiences.
They can have negative social
and cultural implications, limiting
individuality and promoting
unfair judgments.

Mechanics of narrative
Plot The plot typically follows a
structured narrative arc, with a
beginning, middle, and end. It
involves the introduction and
development of conflicts or
challenges faced by the characters,
leading to a resolution or outcome.

Setting The setting provides the backdrop

for the events of the story and
helps establish the atmosphere,
mood, and context. It includes
details such as geographical
location, time period, social or
cultural background, and physical
surroundings.

Character Characters drive the plot and are

developed through actions,
dialogue, thoughts, and
interactions. They can be
protagonists, antagonists, or
supporting characters, and their
growth or change throughout the
narrative adds depth and
complexity to the story.
Theme Themes are the broader meanings
or insights conveyed by the
narrative. They often reflect
universal human experiences,
values, or social issues. Themes can
be developed through the actions
and choices of characters, the
events of the plot, and the
exploration of conflicts or moral
dilemmas.
Narrative POV (first, second, third limited, third omniscient) The narrative POV determines who
is telling the story and how much
knowledge and insight they

Narrator (dependable vs. unreliable, frame)
Narration (direct, frame, indirect)
Dialogue / speech (direct, reported, free indirect)
possess. The options include:
First Person: The story is told from
the perspective of a character using
pronouns like "I" and "we."
Second Person: The story is told
directly to the reader, using
pronouns like "you."
Third Limited: The story is told from
the perspective of an external
narrator who knows the thoughts
and feelings of one character.
Third Omniscient: The story is told
from the perspective of an all-
knowing narrator who has access to
the thoughts and feelings of
multiple characters.
The narrator can be a character
within the story or an external
voice. The mechanics of the
narrator include:
Dependable vs. Unreliable: The
narrator can be trustworthy and
objective in presenting the events
(dependable) or biased, misleading,
or unreliable in their account
(unreliable).
Frame Narrator: A narrator who
presents a story within a story,
creating a frame or context for the
main narrative.
Direct Narration: The narrator
directly presents the events and
details of the story to the reader
without any intermediary.
Frame Narration: The main story is
presented within a secondary story
or narrative framework, creating a
layered narrative structure.
Indirect Narration: The narrator
indirectly conveys the events or
experiences through summary,
paraphrasing, or selective
presentation, rather than directly
recounting them in detail.
Direct Dialogue: The characters'
words are presented verbatim,
using quotation marks or dialogue
tags to indicate who is speaking.
Reported Dialogue: The narrator
summarizes or reports what was
said without presenting the actual
 dialogue word-for-word.
Free Indirect Speech: The narrator
conveys a character's thoughts,
speech, or perspective indirectly,
blending it with their own
narration, without using quotation
marks or explicit dialogue tags.
Conflict A conflict within a character's mind
or emotions.
External Conflict: A conflict
between characters, between a
character and their environment, or
between a character and a larger
societal or natural force.
Types of Conflict: Common types
include man vs. man, man vs. self,
man vs. nature, and man vs. society.
Tone Tone is conveyed through the
choice of words, imagery,
description, and the overall style of
the narrative. It can be serious,
humorous, ironic, satirical, or any
other attitude that shapes the
reader's emotional response to the
story.

Mood Mood is established through

Atmosphere
Tense (past, present, future)
various elements, including setting,
description, language, tone, and
the events or situations portrayed.
It can evoke feelings such as
suspense, fear, excitement,
melancholy, or joy, and contributes
to the overall emotional impact of
the narrative.
Mood is established through
various elements, including setting,
description, language, tone, and
the events or situations portrayed.
It can evoke feelings such as
suspense, fear, excitement,
melancholy, or joy, and contributes
to the overall emotional impact of
the narrative.
Past Tense: The events or actions
are described as having occurred in
the past. Example: "She walked to
the store."
Present Tense: The events or
actions are described as happening
in the present. Example: "She walks
to the store."
 Future Tense: The events or actions
are described as anticipated to
happen in the future. Example: "She
will walk to the store."

Text types - purpose, description, audience, features

Text type Description Intended

/ Format
advertisement A form of communication
intended to promote a
product, service, or idea.
Advertisements are often
designed to capture attention,
create desire, and persuade
the audience to take a specific
action, such as making a
purchase or supporting a
cause.
audience
Advertisements target
specific consumer groups
or individuals who are
likely to be interested in
the promoted product,
service, or idea. The
audience can vary based
on factors such as age,
gender, interests, and
demographics,
depending on the
intended market for the
advertisement.

counter-advertisement or ‘anti-ad’ / guerilla ad A form of advertisement that The target audience for
aims to challenge or subvert counter-advertisements
traditional advertising can vary depending on
techniques or messages. It the specific message or
often employs unconventional, cause they are
creative, or provocative advocating for. They may
methods to convey a different target a broad consumer
perspective or criticize existing audience or focus on
advertising practices. specific demographic
groups who are likely to
be receptive to the
alternative viewpoint.

cartoon A form of visual art that Cartoons can target a

combines illustrations and
often humorous or satirical
text to convey a message or
tell a story. Cartoons can be
found in newspapers,
magazines, books, or online
platforms.
wide range of audiences,
including both children
and adults. They are
often used to comment
on current events,
politics, social issues, or
everyday situations in a
light-hearted or thought-
provoking manner.

feature article A detailed and in-depth article
that explores a specific topic,
issue, or event. Feature articles
typically provide background
information, analysis, and
personal perspectives to
engage readers and provide a
comprehensive understanding
of the subject.
Feature articles are often
written for a general
audience that is
interested in learning
more about a particular
subject. They can be
found in newspapers,
magazines, online
publications, or as blog
posts.
letter of complaint A formal letter written by an A formal letter written by
individual or consumer to an individual or
express dissatisfaction or consumer to express
make a complaint about a dissatisfaction or make a
product, service, or complaint about a
experience. It typically outlines product, service, or
the specific issue, provides experience. It typically
supporting evidence, and outlines the specific issue,
requests a resolution or action. provides supporting
evidence, and requests a
resolution or action.

novel A long work of fiction that tells Novels are intended for a
a complex, developed story general audience of
involving multiple characters, readers who enjoy fiction.
settings, and plotlines. Novels They can target specific
explore various themes and genres or appeal to a
often provide a deep wide range of interests,
exploration of characters' depending on the
thoughts, emotions, and themes, style, and subject
experiences. matter of the novel.

biography A written account or narrative A written account or

of a person's life, highlighting narrative of a person's
their achievements, life, highlighting their
experiences, and significant achievements,
events. Biographies aim to experiences, and
provide a factual and objective significant events.
portrayal of the individual's life Biographies aim to
story. provide a factual and
objective portrayal of the
individual's life story.
A written account or narrative Autobiographies are
autobiography
of a person's life, written by often read by individuals
the individual themselves. who are interested in the
Autobiographies offer a first- life story of the author.
person perspective on the They appeal to readers
author's experiences, who want to gain insights
thoughts, and personal into the author's personal
journey. life, reflections, and
unique perspectives.

diary A personal record or journal in Diaries are typically

which an individual writes
about their daily experiences,
thoughts, and emotions.
Diaries are often used as a
private space for self-
reflection and self-expression.
intended for personal
use, serving as a private
outlet for the writer's
thoughts and emotions.
However, some diaries
may be published or
shared with a specific

guide A written document that Guides target individuals

provides information,
instructions, or advice on a
specific topic or process.
Guides are typically structured
and organized to help readers
understand and navigate a
subject effectively.
who seek practical
information or guidance
on a particular topic. The
audience can vary
depending on the
subject, such as travel
guides for tourists, user
guides for product users,
 or instructional guides for
learners.

personal letter A written communication Personal letters are

between individuals that intended for a specific
conveys personal thoughts, recipient, such as friends,
feelings, and experiences. family members, or
Personal letters are often more acquaintances. The
informal and intimate in tone content is personalized
compared to other forms of and tailored to the
written correspondence. relationship between the
sender and the recipient.
A letter written by a reader The primary audience for
letter to the editor
and addressed to the editor of a letter to the editor is
a publication, expressing the the editor of the
writer's opinion, comments, or publication. However,
concerns about a particular these letters are often
issue or article. published for a wider
readership, allowing
individuals to voice their
perspectives, engage in
public discourse, or share
additional information on
a topic.

op-ed A written article that presents Op-eds target the

the opinion or viewpoint of readership of the
the author on a particular publication in which they
issue, often published in are published. They aim
newspapers, magazines, or to engage and influence
online platforms. Op-eds aim public opinion, spark
to provide analysis, discussion, or challenge
argumentation, or alternative prevailing viewpoints on
perspectives. a specific topic.
A spoken presentation or The intended audience
speech
address delivered to an for a speech depends on
audience, conveying a the context and purpose.
message, argument, or It can range from a small
information on a specific topic. group of individuals to a
Speeches can be prepared in larger gathering, such as
written form or delivered at conferences,
extemporaneously. ceremonies, or public
events.

instructions The intended audience for a Instructions target

speech depends on the
context and purpose. It can
range from a small group of
individuals to a larger
gathering, such as at
conferences, ceremonies, or
public events.
individuals who need
clear guidance on how to
complete a specific task
or procedure. The
audience can vary
depending on the
complexity of the
instructions, ranging from
DIY enthusiasts to
professionals in a
particular field.

editorial A written article in a Editorials are intended for

newspaper, magazine, or the readership of the
online publication that reflects publication in which they
 the opinion or stance of the are published. They aim
editorial board or the to influence public
publication's editors on a opinion, provide analysis,
particular issue or event. or advocate for a
particular viewpoint.
A written piece that provides Travel articles target
travel article
information, individuals who are
recommendations, or personal interested in travel and
experiences related to seek information or
traveling to a specific inspiration for planning
destination or exploring a their trips. The audience
particular travel theme. includes travelers,
adventure seekers, or
those interested in
learning about different
places and cultures.
A visual representation Public awareness
public awareness campaign poster
designed to raise awareness campaign posters are
about a specific issue, cause, intended for a wide
or campaign. Posters often use audience, including the
images, slogans, and concise general public or specific
messages to capture attention target groups. The goal is
and promote action. to inform, educate, and
motivate

A critical evaluation or Reviews target individuals

Review
assessment of a product,
service, performance, or
artistic work. Reviews provide
an analysis of the subject,
highlighting its strengths,
weaknesses, and overall
quality.
A promotional or
Brochure
informational document that
presents concise information
about a product, service,
destination, organization, or
event. Brochures often utilize
visuals, headlines, and bullet
points to convey key details
and attract attention.
A written article in a
Editorial
newspaper, magazine, or
online publication that reflects
the opinion or stance of the
editorial board or the
who are interested in
making informed
decisions or gaining
insights about a
particular product,
service, or artistic
creation. The audience
can vary depending on
the nature of the review,
such as book reviews for
readers, movie reviews
for film enthusiasts, or
restaurant reviews for
diners.
Brochures are designed
for a specific target
audience that the
information or promotion
is relevant to. This can
include potential
customers, tourists, event
attendees, or individuals
seeking information
about a particular subject
or offering.
A work of art, literature,
or music that imitates the
style, techniques, or
themes of another artist
or period. Pastiche
 publication's editors on a
particular issue or event.
Editorials often present a
persuasive argument and
provide analysis or
commentary.
pastiche A work of art, literature, or
music that imitates the style,
techniques, or themes of
another artist or period.
Pastiche combines elements
from different sources to
create a new work with a
distinct voice.
combines elements from
different sources to
create a new work with a
distinct voice.
A work of art, literature,
or music that imitates the
style, techniques, or
themes of another artist
or period. Pastiche
combines elements from
different sources to
create a new work with a
distinct voice.
Tone vocabulary
Tone word Definition
pedantic Excessively concerned with
formalism, rules, or details,
often to the point of being
overly focused on minor or
trivial aspects.
cynical Distrustful or skeptical of the
motives or sincerity of others,
often exhibiting a pessimistic
or negative outlook.
biting Sarcastic or caustic in nature,
often delivering sharp or
cutting remarks with a critical
or mocking tone.
tongue-in-cheek Playfully or ironically insincere,
often expressing something in
a way that is meant to be
understood as humorous or
not entirely serious.
accepting Open and receptive, willing to
embrace or tolerate different
ideas, perspectives, or
situations without resistance.
earnest Sincere and serious in intention contemptuous
or effort, showing a genuine
commitment or dedication.
anxious Feeling unease, worry, or
nervousness about an
uncertain or potentially
challenging situation.
hyperbolic Exaggerated or overstated,
often used to emphasize a
point or create a dramatic
effect.
solemn Serious, grave, or earnest in
demeanor or tone, often
associated with formality or
reverence.
ominous Giving the impression that
something bad or harmful is
about to happen, often
characterized by a sense of
foreboding or threat.
tragic Marked by extreme sadness,
sorrow, or a sense of great
loss, often associated with
unfortunate or disastrous
events.
wise Possessing or showing deep zealous
understanding, knowledge, or
good judgment, often
associated with wisdom gained
Tone word Definition
instructional Pertaining to providing guidance,
knowledge, or information for the
purpose of teaching or learning.
insidious Proceeding in a subtle or gradual
manner with harmful or destructive
effects, often while being difficult to
detect or resist.
demanding Requiring significant effort, skill, or
attention, often characterized by
high expectations or strict
requirements.
innocent Free from guilt, wrongdoing, or
moral fault; lacking knowledge or
understanding of the complexities
or darker aspects of a situation.
ironic Exhibiting a contrast between what
is expected or intended and what
actually occurs, often resulting in a
humorous or satirical effect.
Expressing or feeling a strong
dislike, scorn, or disrespect towards
someone or something.
celebratory Marked by joy, festivity, or a sense
of triumph, often associated with
commemorating a special occasion
or achievement.
euphoric Feeling intense happiness, elation,
or excitement, often characterized
by a sense of great pleasure or well-
being.
enthusiastic Showing or expressing great
excitement, passion, or eagerness
about something.
fatalistic Believing in or accepting the
inevitability of fate or destiny, often
accompanied by a resigned or
pessimistic outlook.
reassuring Providing comfort, support, or
confidence, often aimed at
alleviating anxiety, doubt, or
uncertainty.
Displaying intense passion,
dedication, or enthusiasm for a
cause, belief, or goal.
 through experience.
sarcastic Using irony or mockery to
convey a message different
from or opposite to the literal
meaning, often with a sharp or
satirical edge.
didactic Intended to teach or instruct,
often conveying a moral or
educational message.
honest Truthful and sincere in words,
actions, or intentions, free from
deceit or falsehood.
submissive Willingly yielding to the
authority or control of others,
often displaying a passive or
compliant attitude.
complacent Showing self-satisfaction or
contentment to the point of
unawareness or indifference
toward potential problems or
dangers.
compliant Willing to comply or conform
to rules, requests, or demands,
often exhibiting obedience or
cooperation.
up-beat Positive, cheerful, or optimistic sardonic
in attitude or tone, often
conveying a sense of
enthusiasm or encouragement.
empathetic Understanding and sharing the poignant
feelings, emotions, or
experiences of others, often
displaying compassion or
sensitivity.
accusing Expressing or conveying candid
blame, criticism, or reproach
toward someone or something.
critical Expressing or conveying apathetic
blame, criticism, or reproach
toward someone or something.
determined Showing firmness, resolve, or strong
intent to achieve a specific outcome
or overcome obstacles.
resigned Accepting or yielding to a situation,
often with a sense reluctant
submission or acquiescence.
dignified Demonstrating self-respect, poise,
or composure in behavior or
appearance, often associated with
grace or seriousness.
hopeless Demonstrating self-respect, poise,
or composure in behavior or
appearance, often associated with
grace or seriousness.
severe Harsh, strict, or intense in nature,
often characterized by a serious or
stern demeanor.
sarcastic Using irony or mockery to convey a
message different from or opposite
to the literal meaning, often with a
sharp or satirical edge.
Mocking, cynical, or disdainful in
nature, often characterized by bitter
or scornful humor.
Evoking a strong sense of sadness,
pity, or emotional impact, often
marked by a keen sense of empathy
or nostalgia.
Open, honest, and sincere in speech
or expression, often without
reservation or pretense.
Showing or feeling a lack of interest,
enthusiasm, or concern, often
characterized by indifference or
apathy.
Mood vocabulary

Mood word Definition Mood word Definition

 Showing a readiness to confront
aggressive
or attack, often characterized by
assertiveness or hostility.
Protecting oneself from
defensive
criticism, harm, or perceived
threats, often characterized by a
reactive or protective attitude.
Feeling anxious, uneasy, or
apprehensive
fearful about something that is
about to happen or an
uncertain situation.
Deserted, barren, or empty,
desolate
often evoking a sense of
loneliness, sadness, or
bleakness.
Feeling let down or disillusioned sorry
disappointed
due to unfulfilled expectations
or hopes.
Feeling discouraged, dispirited,
disheartened
or disenchanted, often due to
setbacks, failures, or a loss of
hope.
Showing understanding,
empathetic
compassion, or the ability to
share and resonate with the
feelings and experiences of
others.
empowered Having a sense of control,
confidence, or authority, often
accompanied by a belief in
one's ability to make a positive
impact or effect change.
Actively involved, participating,
engaged
or committed, often
characterized by a sense of
focus, attention, or interest.
Evoking or expressing tender or
sentimental
nostalgic feelings, often
associated with emotions
connected to personal
experiences or memories.
Serious, earnest, or grave in nature,
solemn
often marked by a sense of dignity,
reverence, or solemnity.
Feeling wary, doubtful, or distrustful
suspicious
about someone or something, often
due to perceived suspicious or
questionable behavior.
Resilient, strong, or capable of
tough
enduring difficult or challenging
situations or conditions.
Feeling inspired, encouraged, or
uplifted
elevated in spirit or mood, often
resulting from positive experiences,
support, or achievements.
Feeling regret or remorseful for
something done wrong or as an
expression of sympathy or apology.
Feeling guilty, embarrassed, or
ashamed
remorseful about one's actions, often
due to a perceived violation of social
norms or personal values.
Exercising power or control in a harsh,
oppressive
cruel, or unjust manner, often
resulting in the suppression of
freedom or individual rights.
abandoned Left behind, forsaken, or deserted,
often evoking a sense of isolation,
neglect, or loss.
: Feeling responsible or culpable for a
guilty
perceived offense, wrongdoing, or
violation of moral or legal standards.
Fascinated, curious, or interested by
intrigued
something or someone, often
sparking a desire to learn more or
investigate further.