RWS
Term 1
Text
 a group of ideas put together to convey
one main point or central idea to the
readers.
Discourse
 A continuous stretch of language that
goes beyond individual sentences.
 It involves the larger context of
communication, including the social,
cultural, and situational factors that
shape language use.
Properties of a Well-written Text
1. Organization
 Arrangement of ideas in a text.
 A well-written text must be
arranged properly (logically).
 Chronological
 Arranges information
according to a
progression of time,
either forward or
backward
 Story or process.
 Order of Importance
 Arrange the ideas on
how important they are
in the whole text.
 Persuading, Illustrating
situations, problems,
and solutions, or
Ranking items.
 Compare and Contrast
 Arranges information
according to how two or
more things are similar
to or different from one
another.
 Cause and Effect
 Used to show the
different causes and
effects of various
conditions.
2. Cohesion and Coherence
 Overall effectiveness and clarity
of a text.
 Coherence
 Overall sense of unity in
a passage.
 Transitional words may
help with the text’s
coherence.
 Cohesion
 The connection of ideas
at the sentence level, or
in other words, the
grammatical aspects of
writing.
3. Language Use
 The acceptable writing style for
a particular form of text.
 Personal (Informal)
 Academic (Standard)
 Business (Technical)
4. Mechanics
 The conventions of writing such
as capitalization, punctuation,
correct spelling, contractions,
etc.
Narration (Pattern of Development)
 The way in which a story or narrative
unfolds and develops over the course of
a text.
 How the writer crafts the narrative to
engage readers and convey meaning.
Objective Narration (ON)
 provides an unbiased and factual
account of the events, allowing readers
to draw their own conclusions.
 Commonly employed in news reports,
courtroom proceedings, and academic
papers
Subjective Narration (SN)
 The narrator's perspective is influenced
by their personal feelings, opinions, and
experiences.
 The narrator may express emotions,
judgments, and interpretations of the
events, shaping the reader's
understanding of the story through their
subjective lens.
 Commonly employed in
autobiographies, personal anecdotes,
creative writing, and journals.
Main Parts of a Narrative Text
1. Introduction
 OBJECTIVE: straightforward
and may begin immediately with
the main point.
 SUBJECTIVE: may start with a
hook or an opening statement
that can grab your reader’s
attention.
2. Body
 Provide a deeper exploration of
the actual events.
 Supporting details that elaborate
on the thesis statement.
3. Conclusion
 Wrap up the story by providing
closure, reflecting on the events,
and leaving a lasting
impression.
Description (Pattern of Development)
‘di ko na kaya
1
RWS
Term 1

 Create a vivid mental picture of a

particular person, object, place, or event
in the reader’s mind.
 You explain or describe objects as they
are arranged around you in your space.
 Imagery.
Subjective Description (SD)
 Includes attention to both the subject
described and the writer’s reaction to
that subject.
 OA ang description

Sensory language
 Descriptive language that plays on the
five senses.
 Invoke mental images in readers.

1. Visual Words (Sight)

 It includes things that you can
see, as well as visual
descriptions and physical
attributes such as size, color,
shape, etc.
 EXAMPLES: Colorful, Dark,
Shiny, Messy

2. Auditory Words (Sound)

 All about the way things sound.
 Alliteration, onomatopoeia, and
other literary devices help to
create sounds in writing.
 EXAMPLES: Loud, Humming,
Ringing

3. Olfactory Words (Smell)

 Scent is one of the most
powerful triggers of emotion and
memory, it can be very difficult
to write about it.
 EXAMPLES: Fresh, Rotten,
Earthy, Burnt

4. Tactile Words (Touch)

 It includes things that you can
feel, such as textures,
differences in temperature, or
human sensations when
touching something.
 EXAMPLES: Hot, Cold, Soft,
Rough

5. Gustatory Words (Taste)

 They include things you can
taste, and the five basic flavors:
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and
umami.
 Involve the textures and
sensations that are tied to
eating.
 EXAMPLES: Bland, Bitter, Nutty,
Tangy

Objective Description (OD)

 Primarily factual, omitting any attention
to the writer, especially with regards to
the writer’s feelings
 Nonchalant siya

‘di ko na kaya
2