K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Grade: 12 Semester: 1
Specialized Subject Title: Biology No. of Hours: 80 hours

BIOLOGY • In 1839, Theodor Schwann concluded

that all animals are made up of cells.
 Study of living things
• In 1855, Rudolf Virchow proposed that
Levels of Organization all cells come from existing cells. He published
Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organelles Organ
that all cells come from cells “omnis cellula e
Organ System Organism Population Community cellula”

• Francisco Redi in his experiment coined

Ecosystem Biosphere
the maxim “omne vivum ex ovo” or every living
Characteristics of Living Things things comes from a living thing.
1. Growth Development 4. Metabolism
2. Reproduction 5. Adaptability • In 1931, Janet Plowe demonstrated that
3. Movement 6. Homeostasis the cell membrane is a physical structure, not
an interface between two liquids
Development of Cell Theory
• In 1970, Lynn Margulis proposed the
 In 1665, Robert Hooke publishes his book Micrographia, theory that certain organelles, tiny structures
which contains his drawings of section of cork as seen through within some cells, were once free-living cells
one of the first microscopes. themselves. She is an American evolutionary
 In 1674, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed tiny living theorist and biologist was the primary modern
organisms in drops of pond water through his simple proponent for the significance of symbiosis in
microscopes. evolution or endosymbiosis theory
 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek a Dutch Businessman became
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
one of the first people to use microscope to study nature.
Using only a single powerful lens, he crafted instruments that
could produce magnified images of very small objects. He was
the first person to see tiny living organism in a drop of water.
 Leeuwenhoek found motile objects on October 9, 1676
and he states that motility is the quality of life, therefore,
these were living organisms. 
 1683 Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria. He had made his
observation of single- celled organism that he name
animalcules like protozoa and bacteria.
 In 1838, Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are
made up of cells. Mathias Schleiden is a German Botanist who
study plant structure under the microscope. He stated that all
parts of the plant organism are composed of cells. He also
recognized the importance of cell nucleus and sensed its 
connection to cell division. He concluded that all plant parts
are made of cells. 1. CELL MEMBRANE

 Double layered called lipid bilayer

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 K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Grade: 12 Semester: 1
Specialized Subject Title: Biology No. of Hours: 80 hours

 Most cell membranes contain protein  Digestion of macromolecules; recycling

molecules and carbohydrate molecules or worn out organelles

 Separates cell from external 6. VACUOLES

environment; controls passage of organic
 Sac like structure that often store
molecules, ions, water, oxygen and wastes into
and out of the cell. materials such as water, salts, proteins and
carbohydrates
2. CELL WALL
 For storage and transport; digestive
 Cell walls are multilayered function in plant cells
 Cell wall has cell junction called plasmo-
desma 7. GOLGI BODIES
 For protection, structural support and  Consists of flattened sacs that are not
maintenance of cell shape interconnected
3. CYTOPLASM  It finishes, sorts and ships cell products
 is the material within a living cell,  Modifies, sorts, tags, packages and
excluding the cell nucleus distributes lipids and proteins
 Provides structure to cell; site of many
metabolic reactions; medium in which 8. CHLOROPLAST
organelles are found
 Use energy from sunlight to make
4. MITOCHONDRIA energy rich food molecules in a process known
as photosynthesis
 Convert energy from one chemical form
to another 9. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

 It is enclosed by two membranes  Network of interconnected flattened

sacs
 It is composed of two compartments,
the inter membrane space and the inner  Makes more membrane
membrane
 Involved in the synthesis of proteins
 ATP production or cellular respiration
10. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
5. LYSOSOMES
 Network of interconnected tubules that
 Produced by rough ER and golgi lack ribosomes
apparatus
 Synthesize lipids, including fatty
 Derived from two Greek words meaning acids,phospholipids and steroids
“breakdown body”

 Digest cell’s food and wastes

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 K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Grade: 12 Semester: 1
Specialized Subject Title: Biology No. of Hours: 80 hours

11. RIBOSOMES  Unspecified role in cell division in animal

cells; organizing center of microtubules in
 Ribosomes produced proteins following animal cells
coded instructions that comes from the 18. FLAGELLA
nucleus
 Cellular locomotion
12. NUCLEUS 19. CILIA
 Cell’s genetic control center  Cellular locomotion, movement of
 Cell’s hereditary blueprint particles along extracellular surface of plasma
membrane, and filtration
 Cell organelle that houses DNA and
directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

13. NUCLEOLUS PROKARYOTE VS. EUKARYOTE

 Consist parts of chromatin DNA

combined with RNA and proteins

 It is where the components of ribosomes

are made

14. CHROMATIN
BACTERIAL CELL
 Granular material consist of DNA bound
to protein

15. CYTOSKELETON

 A network of protein filament that helps

the cell maintain its shape

 It is also involved in many forms of cell

movement

 Maintains cells’ shape, secure organelles

on specific positions, allows cytoplasm and
vesicles to move within the cell, and enables
unicellular organisms to move independently

16. PEROXISOMES

 Oxidizes and breaks down fatty acids and

amino acids and detoxifies poisons

17. CENTROSOMES

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 K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Grade: 12 Semester: 1
Specialized Subject Title: Biology No. of Hours: 80 hours

were single-celled organisms. They arose

about 1 billion years later than the
earliest prokaryotes.

TABLE OF COMPARISON BETWEEN A

PROKARYOTE AND EUKARYOTE

BASIS OF PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE

COMPARISON
Size Smaller Larger
Structure Less complex More
complex
Presence of No nucleus Has nucleus
nucleus
Presence of Lacks Contains
organelles membrane membrane
bound bound
organelles organelles
Number of Unicellular Unicellular
cells in an organism and
organism multicellular
organism
Classification Eubacteria and Protista,
PROKARYOTIC CELL Archaebacteria Fungi,
Animalia,
 A prokaryote is an organism made of a Plantae
single prokaryotic cell. The earliest prokaryotes
may have arisen more than 2.5 billion years ago
Similarities of Prokaryote and Eukaryote
MAIN FEATURES OF PROKARYOTIC CELL
 Presence of DNA
• They are very small cells with a simple
 Presence of Ribosomes
structure
 Presence of Cytoplasm
• Their DNA is not enclosed in a
membrane inside the cell
TABLE OF COMPARISON BETWEEN AN ANIMAL
• Some prokaryotes are enclosed by an
CELL AND A PLANT CELL
additional layer called the capsule
• It lacks nucleus BASIS OF ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
• No membrane bound organelles COMPARISO
• It contains one or more flagella for N
movement Size Comparativel Usually larger
y smaller
EUKARYOTIC CELL Shape Round Rectangular
(Irregular) (Fixed)
• Eukaryotes are organisms made of one Cell Wall Enclosed by Enclosed by a
or more eukaryotic cells. The earliest th rigid cell wall
eukaryotes, like the first prokaryotes,
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 K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Grade: 12 Semester: 1
Specialized Subject Title: Biology No. of Hours: 80 hours

in, flexible  For exchange of material through

plasma diffusion
membrane  Lines the air sacs of the lungs
 Lines the glomerulus of kidney
Chloroplast Absent Present
 Capillaries, blood vessels
Vacuoles Often possess Contains
many small large central b. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
vacuoles vacuole  Shape like dice
Lysosomes Lysosomes Lysosomes  Single layers of cells with relatively large
are always are rare amount of cytoplasm
present  For secretion
Plasmodesma Tight Tight  Lines the thyroid follicles
ta junctions and junctions and
 Lines the ovaries
desmosomes desmosomes
are present. are absent.  Lines the testis
Plasmodesma Plasmodesma  Proximal tubule of the kidney
ta absent ta present
Reserved Reserved Reserved c. Simple Cuboidal Ciliated
food food is in the food is in the  Lines the terminal bronchioles and
form of form of respiratory bronchioles
glycogen starch
d. Simple Columnar Epithelium
ANIMAL TISSUES  Brick-shaped cells
 For secretion and active absorption
1. Epithelial tissues line body surfaces and cavities, as  Lines the stomach, small intestine, large
well as form glands. The cells of the tissue are closely intestine and rectum
connected to each other via cellular junctions and
 Lines the gall bladder
because epithelium is found on the edges of organs, it
has two distinct surfaces. The apical surface is exposed  Lines the cervix
to the body cavity or exterior, while the basal surface is  Lines the ejaculatory duct
adjacent to the underlying tissue.
e. Simple Columnar Ciliated
 Lines the fallopian tube
 Lines the endometrium of the uterus

f. Stratified Squamous, non keratinized

 Multilayered and regenerate quickly
 For protection
 Lines the esophagus, oropharynx, larynx
 Lines the cervix and vagina
 Lines the urinary meatus
a. Simple squamous epithelium
 Plate like cells g. Stratified Squamous, keratinized
 Single layers of cells  Superficial layer of the skin
 Dorsum of the tongue, hard palate

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 K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Grade: 12 Semester: 1
Specialized Subject Title: Biology No. of Hours: 80 hours

 Lines the labia majora  Mucous membranes of reproductive and

urinary system
h. Pseudo- stratified columnar b. Fibrous Connective Tissue
 Single layer of cells, may look stacked  Made up of collagenous fibers found in
because of varying height tendons and ligaments
 Usually with cilia  Consists of collagen known to provide
 Lines the respiratory tract strength and stability
 Ligaments and tendons
2. Connective tissues vary widely in their form and
function, but they are all characterized by the presence c. Cartilage
of extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is
nonliving material composed of protein fibers and  Firm matrix with abundant collagen
fibers
ground substance. The protein fibers are composed of
 Provide structural support and
collagen or elastin. The number and types of fibers cushioning properties
differs from the various types of connective tissue.  Found in rib cage, nose, trachea and end
The ground substance fills the spaces of long bones
between the cells and the fibers. It contains d. Bone
interstitial fluid (tissue  Bone tissue forms the skeletal system
 Provide structural support, protection
fluid) and large polysaccharide molecules.
and mineral storage
The consistency of the ground substance can  Found in arms, shoulder,hips,legs
vary from liquid to gel-­­like to a solid. e. Blood
 Made up of plasma, contains water, salts
and dissolved proteins
 WBC, RBC and platelets

3. Muscle tissues are composed of long cells

called muscle fibers that allow the body to move
voluntary or involuntary. Muscle tissue is
specialized for contraction. The cells are
elongated, and are also known as muscle fibers.
They contain the contractile proteins actin and
myosin, which interact to shorten and elongate
the cells.

a. Loose Connective Tissue

 Holds organs in place
 Attach epithelial tissue to underlying
tissue
 Found in tissue section from almost
every part of the body
 Surrounds blood vessels, nerves,
muscles, tendons
 Beneath the dermis a. Skeletal muscle

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 K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Grade: 12
Specialized Subject Title: Biology
 Long and cylindrical
 The cells have striations
 Attached to bones
 For voluntary movements
b. Cardiac Muscle
 Striated with intercalated disk
 The cells are shorter than skeletal
 Involuntary motion
 Heart muscles
c. Smooth muscle
 Not striated, with single nucleus
 Involuntary motion
 Walls of hollow organs such as
gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels,
urinary bladder
4. Nervous Tissues are composed of nerve cells called
neurons and glial cells that function as support cells.
Neurons communicate with each other via
electrical and chemical signals. They have nucleated
cell bodies and two types of
elongated cellular processes: dendrites
– which receive signals, and
axons – which send signals.
PLANT TISSUES
 Plant tissues are classified into two main groups:
A. Meristematic tissue
B. Permanent tissue
A. Meristematic tissue
 Tissue found in the growing region of a plant
Semester: 1
No. of Hours: 80 hours
 The cells of these tissue are thin walled and round and
oval in shape
 The cytoplasm has large nucleus and no vacuoles
 The cells have the ability to divide
Three Kinds of Meristematic Tissue
1. Apical Meristem
 Found in the root and shoot tips that
increases the length of roots and stems
due to cell division
2. Lateral meristems
 These tissues are present laterally in the
non- flowering plants of like ferns and
dicotyledonous plants. Due to their
division the root and stem grow in
thickness
3. Intercalary meristem
 These tissues are found in between
permanent tissue.
 They are found in monocotyledonous
stem and leaf sheath
 Also help in the growth in length of plant
B. Permanent Tissue
 Tissues formed from meristematic tissue
slowly mature and get differentiated
Three Types of Permanent Tissue
1. Simple tissue
2. Complex tissue
3. Special tissue
1. Simple tissue
 Also called as primary tissue
 Found in the soft part of a leaf flower,
fruits an inner part of the stem.
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 K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Grade: 12 Semester: 1
Specialized Subject Title: Biology No. of Hours: 80 hours

 3 types: parenchyma, collenchyma,  They produce whit milk like secretion

sclerenchyma called latex.

1.a Parenchyma CELL MODIFICATIONS

1. Apical Modifications (TOP)
 All the cells o this tissue are thin walled a. Microvilli
 May be spherical oval, cubical or  Finger like cytoplasmic extension of the
cylindrical in shape apical surface which increase surface area for
absorption
 The cells are living and have large
b. Cilia
vacuoles in their cytoplasm
 Short hair like structures or projections
 It has numerous chloroplast called  Motile, function for movement
chlorenchyma found in palisade and spongy  Beats in coordinated, rhythmic al
parenchyma of leaves. manner
 Aerenchyma large spaces which stores c. Stereocilia
air  Long microvilli that function in increasing
absorption
1.b Collenchyma  Non- motile
 Tissue usually found in the stem just  Found in sensory cells in ear and male
below the epidermis. reproductive tract
 Cells of these tissues looks elongated or d. Flagella
cubical  For movement
 It gives strength and flexibility to the soft  Present in the tail of spermatozoa
parts of the plants 2. Basal Modifications (BOTTOM)
1.c Sclerenchyma a. Basal Infoldings
 Tissue that provides mechanical support  Found in epithelium that are known to
to plants transport fluid (kidneys)
b. Hemidesmosome
2. Complex tissue  Protein filament interlock with filament
 Tissue made of different kinds of cells of the adjacent cell which forms a dense
 Their structure is different but intermediate line between the cells
individually they collect together to perfrom 3. Lateral Modifications (SIDES)
similar function a. Tight Junction (Zonula Occludens)
 They are called conducting tissues  A band near the apical surface form a
Two types: seal appearing to be fused
2. a. Xylem  Occlude/ separates the compartments
2.b. Phloem b. Adhering Junction (Zonula Adherens)
 Made of actin filaments
3. Special Tissues  Maintain integrity of the cell to better
 Cells of certain tissues get modified to bind
secret some substances c. Gap Junction
3.a Glandular tissue  Important in cell communication
 Tissue that have different types of glands d. Desmosome (Macula Adherens)
that have secretory or excretory products in them Help to resist shearing force and are found in
3. b Lacticiferous tissue simple and stratified squamous epithelium
 Tissues with long, thin walled and
branched cells

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 K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Grade: 12 Semester: 1
Specialized Subject Title: Biology No. of Hours: 80 hours