Astm D1356 - 2014

Designation: D1356 − 14
Standard Terminology Relating to

Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4023 Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurements

(Withdrawn 2002)3
1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating to
D4096 Test Method for Determination of Total Suspended
sampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience to
Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere (High–Volume Sam-
general interest, it contains most of the standard terms,
pler Method)
definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Com- D4240 Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentration in
mittee D22. Workplace Atmosphere (Withdrawn 1995)3
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1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (with D4298 Guide for Intercomparing Permeation Tubes to Es-
attribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section tablish Traceability
2. The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the right D5011 Practices for Calibration of Ozone Monitors Using
margin of the applicable definition. Transfer Standards
D5015 Test Method for pH of Atmospheric Wet Deposition
1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprise Samples by Electrometric Determination
multiple concepts are included herein with the definition D5096 Test Method for Determining the Performance of a
specific to standards and practices of Committee D22. Cup Anemometer or Propeller Anemometer
D5111 Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Meth-
2. Referenced Documents ods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 Locations
D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient D5366 Test Method for Determining the Dynamic Perfor-
Atmosphere mance of a Wind Vane
D3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce- D5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical
dures Analysis
D3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling and D5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic
Analysis of Atmospheres and Emissions Chemicals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodol-
D3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric ogy)
Pressure D5527 Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Tempera-
D3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of ture by Acoustic Means
Methods of Committee D22 D6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and
Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Or-
D3686 Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Or-
ganic Compounds in Air
ganic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Ad-
D7338 Guide for Assessment Of Fungal Growth in Build-
sorption Method)
ings
D3687 Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound Vapors
D7391 Test Method for Categorization and Quantification of
Collected by the Activated Charcoal Tube Adsorption
Airborne Fungal Structures in an Inertial Impaction
Method
Sample by Optical Microscopy
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
E104 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air by Means of Aqueous Solutions
Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control. E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2014. Published February 2014. Originally
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D1356 - 05 (2010). E833 Terminology of Building Economics
DOI: 10.1520/D1356-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
Copyright ASTM International

Provided by IHS under license with ASTM
1
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
D1356 − 14
3. Terminology air pollution, n—the presence of unwanted material in the air.
DISCUSSION—The term unwanted material here refers to material in
absolute temperature—See temperature. sufficient concentrations, present for a sufficient time, and under
absolute filter—See filter. circumstances to interfere significantly with comfort, health, or welfare
absorbance, n—the logarithm to the base of 10 of the of persons, or with the full use and enjoyment of property.
reciprocal of transmittance.
aliquot, n—a representative portion of the whole that can be
absorbate, n—material that has been retained by the process expressed as the inverse of an integer.
of absorption.
ambient, adj—surrounding on all sides.
absorbent, n—material in which absorption occurs.
analyzer, n—the instrumental equipment necessary to perform
absorption, n—a process in which one material (the absor- automatic analysis of ambient air through the use of physical
bent) takes up and retains another (the absorbate) with the and chemical properties and giving either cyclic or continu-
formation of an homogeneous mixture having the attributes ous output signal. D3249
of a solution. analyzer system, n—all sampling, analyzing, and readout
DISCUSSION—Chemical reaction may accompany or follow absorp- instrumentation required to perform ambient air quality analy-
tion.
sis automatically. D3249
acceptance angle (6α, deg), n—the angular distance, centered full scale, n—the maximum measuring limit for a given
on the array axis of symmetry, over which the following range of an analyzer. D3249
conditions are met: (a) wind components are unambiguously
defined, and (b) flow across the transducers is unobstructed lag time, n—the time interval from a step change in the input
or remains within the angular range for which transducer concentration at the analyzer inlet to the first corresponding
shadow corrections are defined. D5527 change in the analyzer signal readout. D3249
linearity, n—the maximum deviation between an actual
accrediting authority, n—a body that evaluates the capability analyzer reading and the reading predicted by a straight line
of a testing agency or an inspection agency, or both, in drawn between upper and lower calibration points.
certain specific fields of activity. D3614 DISCUSSION—This deviation is expressed as a percentage of full scale.
accretion, n—a phenomenon consisting of the increase in size D3249
of particles by the process of external additions. minimum detection limit, n—the smallest input concentration
that can be determined as the concentration approaches zero.
accuracy, n—the degree of conformity of a value generated by
D3249
a specific procedure to the assumed or accepted true value
and includes both precision and bias. D3670 noise, n—random deviations from a mean output not caused
by sample concentration changes. D3249
acoustic pathlength (d, (m)), n—the physical distance be-
tween transducer transmitter-receiver pairs. D5527 open path analyzer, n—an analytical system that measures
the average atmospheric or emission compound concentration
activated charcoal, n—activated charcoal refers to properly along one or more monitoring paths open to the atmosphere.
conditioned coconut-shell charcoal. D3686 See monitoring path.
adsorbate, n—material that has been retained by the process operating humidity range of analyzer, n—the range of
of adsorption. ambient relative humidity of air surrounding the analyzer, over
which the analyzer will meet all performance specifications.
adsorbent, n—solid material on the surface of which adsorp- D3249
tion takes place.
operating temperature range of analyzer, n—the range of
adsorption, n—a physical process in which molecules of gas, ambient temperatures of air surrounding the analyzer, over
of dissolved substances, or of liquids, adhere in an extremely which the monitor will meet all performance specifications.
thin layer to the surfaces of solid bodies with which they are D3249
in contact. operational period, n—the period of time over which the
aerosol, n—a dispersion of solid or liquid particles in a analyzer can be expected to operate unattended within
gaseous medium. specifications. D3249
output, n—a signal that is related to the measurement, and
agency, n—an organization or part of an organization engaged
intended for connection to a readout or data acquisition device.
in the activities of testing or inspection, or both. D3614
DISCUSSION—Usually this is an electrical signal expressed as milli-
agglomeration, n—a process of contact and adhesion whereby volts or milliamperes full scale at a given impedance. D3249
the particles of a dispersion form clusters of increasing size. range, n—the concentration region between the minimum
air at normal conditions (standard air), n—air at 50 % and maximum measurable limits. D3249
relative humidity, 25°C and 101.3 kPa (77°F and 760 mm readout instrumentation, n—output meters, recorder, or data
Hg). See also atmosphere. acquisition system for monitoring analytical results. D3249
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2
D1356 − 14
response time, n—the time interval from a step change in the fritted bubbler, n—a bubbler having a frit as the gas
input concentration at the analyzer inlet to an output reading of disperser.
90 % of the ultimate reading. D3249
building envelope, n—the outer elements of a building, both
rise time, n—response time minus lag time. D3249 above and below ground, which divide the external from the
sample system, n—equipment necessary to provide the internal environments. D7338
analyzer with a continuous representative sample. D3249 E631
DISCUSSION—Commonly included are exterior walls, windows,
span drift, n—the change in analyzer output over a stated
doors, roofs and subfloors.
time period, usually 24 h of unadjusted continuous operation,
when the input concentration is at a constant, stated upscale candidate method, n—an analytical method or measurement
value. process being considered for standardization.
DISCUSSION—Span drift is usually expressed as a percentage change DISCUSSION—A method is a candidate until completion of all phases
of full scale over a 24-h operational period. D3249 of the consensus process specified by ASTM regulations for a proposal,
an emergency standard, or a standard. D3670
zero drift, n—the change in analyzer output over a stated
time period of unadjusted continuous operation when the input capillary action, n—(or capillary migration), of water, move-
concentration is zero; usually expressed as a percentage change ment of water induced by the force of molecular attraction
of full scale over a 24-h operational period. (surface tension) between the water and the material it
See also point analyzer. D3249 contacts. E631
D7338
analyzer system—See analyzer.
arrester, n—a term for an air cleaning device. cascade impactor—See impactor.
carpet-embedded dust—See dust.
aspirated psychrometer—See psychrometer. chemisorption, n—adsorption, especially when irreversible,
aspirator, n—any apparatus such as a squeeze bulb, fan, by means of chemical forces in contrast with physical forces.
pump, or venturi that produces a movement of a fluid by
suction. chimney effect, n—a phenomenon consisting of a vertical
movement of a localized mass of air or other gases due to
atmosphere, n—the gaseous envelope which surrounds the temperature differences.
earth and includes ambient air, indoor air, and workplace air.
See also air at normal conditions. circular impaction sample, n—a sample of airborne particu-
late matter collected via a device that draws air through a
synthetic atmosphere, n—a specific gaseous mass containing
round aperture at a specified rate, impacting the particles
any number of constituents and in any proportion produced for
suspended in the air onto an adhesive medium, resulting in a
a special purpose.
circular area of deposition. A circular impaction sample may
backdrafting, n—the reversal of the normal (upward) direc- be collected by means of a cassette manufactured for that
tion of air flow in a vent for a vented combustion appliance purpose, or by means of a sampling device that requires
(boiler, fireplace, furnace, or water heater), when the vented slides to be pre-coated with impaction medium. D7391
appliance is operating.
cloud, n—any collection of particulate matter in the atmo-
bias, n—a systematic (nonrandom) deviation of the method sphere dense enough to be perceptible to the eye, especially
average value or the measured value from an accepted value. a collection of water drops.
D3670 cloud water, n—an aggregate of condensed water vapor or
laboratory bias, n—systematic differences between the true ice crystals that are suspended in the atmosphere.
value and a value reported by a laboratory due to errors of DISCUSSION—Cloud water droplet sizes are typically less than those
application such as losses, contamination, miscalibration, and of precipitation, measuring between 1 and 100 µm in diameter. D5111
faulty manipulations, for example. D3670 cloud water—See cloud.
method bias, n—systematic departures of the limiting mean coalescence, n—a process by which the particles of a disper-
from the true value of the parameter measured caused by sion combine into one body.
physical or chemical phenomena inherent in the methodology.
D3670 collaborative test, n—an interlaboratory study of a test
method wherein the participants analyze or make measure-
boroscope, n—device for internal inspection of difficult access ments on subsamples of the same test material.
locations such as wall cavities. Its long narrow tube contains DISCUSSION—If the test method includes the sampling of
a telescope system with a number of relay lenses. Light is atmospheres, the participants should sample the same test atmosphere,
provided via the optical path or fiber bundles. D7338 as possible. D3670
breathing zone, n—that location in the atmosphere at which collection effıciency—See efficiency.
persons breathe. collector, n—a device for removing and retaining contami-
nants from air or other gases.
bubbler, n—a sampling device consisting of a gas disperser DISCUSSION—Usually this term is applied to cleaning devices in
immersed in an absorbing liquid. exhaust systems.
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D1356 − 14
colorimeter, n—an instrument used for color measurement cumulative sample—See sample.
based on optical comparison with standard colors. debris rating, n—a distinct value assigned to an impactor
sample based on the percentage of the sample area poten-
combustion system downdrafting, n—the reversal of the tially obscured by particulate matter, and ranging from 0 to
ordinary (upward) direction of air flow in a combustion 5. D7391
system when vented combustion appliances are not operat-
ing. delay distance (D), n—the distance the air flows past a wind
DISCUSSION—The term “cold backdrafting” is used synonymously vane during the time it takes the vane to return to 50 % of the
with combustion system downdrafting. initial displacement. D5366
combustion system spillage, n—entry of combustion products density, n—the mass per unit volume of substance.
into a building, caused by backdrafting, vent blockage, or a
leaky heat exchanger. denuder, n—a device designed to collect or remove gases from
an air stream by diffusion to a collecting surface or second-
concentration, n—the quantity of a substance contained in a ary air stream while permitting the passage of particles.
total unit quantity of sample. D5111
mass concentration, n—concentration expressed in terms of deposition, n—the transfer of an atmospheric constituent to a
mass of substance per unit volume of gas or liquid. surface due to gravity or another mechanism, or the material
ppb(v), n—a unit of measure of the concentration of gases in which is transferred.
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air expressed as parts of the gas per billion (109) parts of the dry deposition, n—all forms of deposition derived from the
air-gas mixture, both by volume. net vertical transfer of chemical species to a surface that are not
ppm(v), n—a unit of measure of the concentration of gases in the result of precipitation.
air expressed as parts of the gas per million parts of the air-gas DISCUSSION—Dry deposition includes both turbulent diffusion and
mixture, both by volume. gravitational settling. Dew and frost are anomalous forms of dry
deposition which rely upon a near-surface condensation process as their
vapor concentration, n—concentration expressed in terms of principle means of effecting the net vertical transfer. D5111
gaseous volume of substance per unit volume of air or other
wet deposition, n—the precipitation of water from the
gas usually expressed in percent or parts per million by
atmosphere in the form of hail, rain, sleet, and snow.
volume. See also absolute humidity. DISCUSSION—Deposits of dew, fog, and frost are excluded. See also
volume concentration, n—concentration expressed in terms meteorological precipitation under precipitation. D5111
of gaseous volume of substance per unit volume of air or other
desorption, n—the process of freeing from a sorbed state.
gas usually expressed in percent or parts per million.
dew, n—water vapor that has condensed onto a surface near
condensate, n—liquid or solid matter formed by condensation
the ground because of radiational cooling of that surface to
from the vapor phase.
a temperature that is below the dew point of the air
DISCUSSION—In sampling, the term is applied to the components of
an atmosphere which have been isolated by simple cooling. surrounding the surface. D5111
condensation, n—the process of converting a material in the dew cell, dew probe, n—an instrument that measures the
gaseous phase to a liquid or solid state by decreasing temperature at which a saturated salt solution (usually of
temperature or by increasing pressure, or both. lithium chloride) is in equilibrium with the water vapor in
DISCUSSION—Usually in air sampling only cooling is used. moist air. D4023
condensation sampling—See sampling. dew-/frost-point hygrometer—See hygrometer.

condensoid, n—the particles of a dispersion formed by con- dew-point temperature—See temperature.
densation. dew probe—See dew cell.
diffusion, molecular—See molecular diffusion.
constant flow high-volume sampler—See sampler. dispersion, n—the most general term for a system consisting
contaminant, n—a material added by human or natural of particulate matter suspended in a fluid.
activities which may, in sufficient concentrations, render the dispersoid, n—the particles of a dispersion.
atmosphere unacceptable.
DISCUSSION—Contaminants refer to gases, vapors, mists, aerosols, distance constant (L, m), n—the distance the air flows past a
fumes, particles, or dusts, and so forth, that are airborne. The term does rotating anemometer during the time it takes the cup wheel
not apply to elements that make up the components of the earth’s or propeller to reach (1 − 1/e) or 63 % of the equilibrium
atmosphere, such as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and so forth. D1357 speed after a step change in wind speed.
DISCUSSION—The response of a rotating anemometer to a step change
continuous sampling—See sampling. in which wind speed increases instantaneously from U = 0 to U = Uf,
controlled-pore filter—See filter. is:
count median size, n—a measurement of particle size of
samples of particulate matter, consisting of that diameter of U t 5 U f ~ 1 2 e ~ 2t/Γ !!
particle such that one half of the number of particles is larger
and half is smaller.

4
D1356 − 14
where DISCUSSION—It is measured by the quantity of electricity transferred

Ut = instantaneous indicated wind speed at time t, m/s, across unit area per unit potential gradient per unit time. (In sampling
Uf = final indicated wind speed, or wind tunnel speed, m/s, and analysis, changes in this property are utilized to measure the
t = elapsed time after the step change occurs, s, and presence of certain ions and compounds such as sulfur dioxide.)
Γ = time constant of the instrument.
electric hygrometer—See hygrometer.
Distance constant is: L = UfΓ D5096 electrostatic precipitation—See precipitation.
electrostatic precipitator—See precipitator.
diurnal, adj—recurring daily. elute, v—to remove sorbed materials from a sorbent by means
D ISCUSSION —Applied to (variations in concentration of air of a fluid.
contaminants, diurnal indicates variations that follow a distinctive
pattern and which recur from day to day. emission mixture, n—the total mixture in the outside atmo-
DOP, n—dioctyl phthalate (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate). sphere of emissions from all sources.
droplet, n—a small liquid particle of such size and density as emissions, n—substances discharged into the air from a stack,
to fall under still conditions but which may remain sus- vent, or other discrete source.
pended under turbulent conditions. emission rate, n—the mass emitted per unit of time from a
dry-bulb temperature—See temperature. source or, alternatively, per unit of material or energy produced
or consumed by a process.
dry deposition—See deposition.
dry impingement—See impingement. enhancement factor, n—the correction for the departure of the
dust, n—a general term, depending upon application, applied mixture of air and water vapor from ideal gas laws. D4023
to solid particles predominantly larger than colloidal and
capable of temporary suspension in air or other gases. enzyme activity, n—measure of the quantity of active enzyme
DISCUSSION—Dusts tend to flocculate under electrostatic forces and present. D7338
settle under the influence of gravity. They are typically formed from D ISCUSSION —Enzyme activity is essential to metabolism.
larger masses through the application of physical forces. Specifically, beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (NAHA) is an enzyme pres-
ent in all filamentous fungi, the measurement of which has been shown
dust loading, n—an engineering term for dust concentration, to be directly proportional to the amount of fungal biomass.
usually applied to the contents of collection ducts and the
emissions from stacks. event sampling—See sampling.
carpet-embedded dust, n—soil and other particulate matter, exposure, n—contact with a chemical, biological, physical or
approximately 5-µm equivalent aerodynamic diameter and other agent over a specified time period.
larger, embedded in carpet pile and normally removable by DISCUSSION—Exposure is expressed as the integral of the concentra-
household vacuum cleaners. D5438 tion (or intensity) of the agent at the boundary of the receptor over the
time period of contact, that is, E;=;∫ {C(t)}dt
surface dust, n—soil and other particulate matter, approxi-
mately 5-µm equivalent aerodynamic diameter and larger, filter, n—a porous medium for collecting particulate matter.
adhering to floor surfaces and normally removable by house- absolute filter, n—a filter or filter medium of ultra-high
hold vacuum cleaners. D5438 collection efficiency for very small particles (submicrometre
dustfall—See particle fall under particle. size) so that essentially all particles of interest or of concern are
collected.
dust loading—See dust.
DISCUSSION—Commonly, the efficiency is in the region of 99.95 % or
efficiency, n—a measure of the performance of a collector.
higher for a standard aerosol of 0.3-µm diameter (see Practice D2986).
DISCUSSION—Usually it is the ratio of the amount collected to the
inlet loading, expressed in percentage.
D4096
collection effıciency, n—the percentage of a specified sub- controlled-pore filter, n—a filter of various plastics or metals
stance retained by a gas cleaning or sampling device. having a structure of controlled uniform pore size.
DISCUSSION—Sometimes referred to as a membrane or molecular
fractional effıciency, n—the mean collection efficiency for filter.
specific size fractions of a contaminant.
DISCUSSION—Commonly this term has been applied to the perfor- flocculation, n—synonymous with agglomeration.
mance of air cleaning equipment towards particulate matter in various
size ranges. flowmeter, n—an instrument for measuring the rate of flow of
a fluid (that is, liquid or gas) moving through a system.
ejector, n—a device that uses a fluid under pressure, such as DISCUSSION—The instrument is calibrated to give volume or mass
steam, air, or water, to move another fluid by developing rate of flow.
suction through differential pressure.
DISCUSSION—Suction is developed by discharging the fluid under fly ash, n—the finely divided particles of ash entrained in flue
pressure through a venturi. gases arising from the combustion of fuel.
DISCUSSION—The particles of ash may contain incompletely burned
electrical conductivity, n—the property of a fluid or solid that fuel. The term has been applied predominantly to the gas-born ash from
permits the passage of an electrical current as a result of an boilers with spreader stoker, underfeed stoker, and pulverized fuel (coal
impressed emf. firing).
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5
D1356 − 14
fog, n—a visible aggregate of condensed water vapor or ice DISCUSSION—The pressure difference between indoors and outdoors
crystals suspended in the atmosphere near the earth’s sur- is affected by building tightness (including the distribution of leakage
face. sites across the building envelope), indoor temperature difference, local
DISCUSSION—Fog differs from cloud water only that it resides very winds, and the operation of indoor appliances such as exhaust fans,
forced-air system fans, and vented combustion appliances (boilers,
close to the earth’s surface. D5111
fireplaces, furnaces, or water heaters). The existence and extent of
fractional effıciency—See efficiency. house depressurization at a specific location, thus, varies over time
fractionation, n—the process of separating a mixture into depending on outdoor conditions and the operation of indoor appli-
ances.
components having different properties (as by distillation,
precipitation, or screening). human resources, n—those elements of support or capability
frit, n—a porous material permeable to gas flow usually made that are provided by humans using their mental and physical
by sintering microbeads of an appropriate material. capabilities. D3614
fritted bubbler—See bubbler. humidity, n—a measure of the amount of water vapor in a gas.
frost, n—ice crystals resulting from the direct sublimation of Also see absolute humidity and relative humidity.
water vapor onto a surface that is below freezing.
DISCUSSION—Frost is due to radiational cooling and only occurs when
absolute humidity, vapor concentration, vapor density (dv),
the temperature of the air in contact with the surface falls below the n—the ratio of the mass of water vapor, mv, to the total
freezing point of water. D5111 volume of the moist air, v:
frost-point hygrometer—See dew-/frost-point hygrometer
under hygrometer. mv
dv 5
v
frost-point temperature—See temperature.
D4023
full scale—See analyzer.
fume, n—properly, the solid particles generated by condensa- relative humidity, n—the ratio of the actual water vapor
tion from the gaseous state, generally after volatilization pressure to the saturation pressure.
from melted substances, and often accompanied by a chemi-
relative humidity with respect to ice (Ui), n—the ratio in
cal reaction such as oxidation.
percent of the mole fraction of water vapor, xv, in moist air to
DISCUSSION—Fumes flocculate and sometimes coalesce. Popularly,
the term is used in reference to any or all types of contaminant, and in the mole fraction of water vapor, xvi, that the moist air would
many laws or regulations with the added qualification that the contami- have if it were saturated with respect to ice at the same
nant have some unwanted action. pressure, p, and temperature, t.
fungal spore—general term for a reproductive structure in
fungi. D7338 Xv
Ui 5 3 100
DISCUSSION—The spore is the structure that may be used for X vi
dissemination and reproduction, and may be resistant to adverse DISCUSSION—If the water vapor and air are assumed to behave as
environmental conditions. ideal gases, then
gage pressure—See pressure.
gas, n—one of the states of matter, having neither independent e
Ui 5 3 100
shape nor volume and tending to expand indefinitely. ei
where e is the partial pressure of the water vapor in the moist air
gas meter, n—an instrument for measuring the quantity of a
and ei is the saturation vapor pressure with respect to ice at the same
gas passing through the meter.
temperature, t. D4023
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gasometer, n—an apparatus employing a calibrated volume relative humidity with respect to water (Uw)—the ratio in
which is used to calibrate gas-measuring devices. percent of mole fraction of water vapor, xv, in moist air to the
generic criteria, n—common characteristics pertaining to mole fraction of water vapor, xvw , that the moist air would
organizations’ human resources, material resources, and have if it were saturated with respect to water at the same
quality systems which provide a basis for assessing the pressure, p, and temperature, t
qualifications of testing or inspection agencies. D3614
gustiness, adj—now referred to as intensity of turbulence Xv
Uw 5 3 100
which is defined as the ratio of the root mean square of wind X vw
velocity fluctuations to the mean wind velocity. DISCUSSION—If water vapor and air are assumed to behave as ideal
gases, then
Hi-Vol (high-volume air sampler)—See sampler.
house depressurization, n—the situation, pertaining to a e
specific location in a house, whereby the static pressure at Uw 5 3 100
ew
that location is lower than the static pressure in the imme-
diate vicinity outside the house.

6
D1356 − 14
where impingement, n—the act of bringing matter forcibly in con-

e = partial pressure of the water vapor in the moist air and tact.
ew = saturation vapor pressure with respect to water at the same
temperature, t.
DISCUSSION—As used in air sampling, impingement refers to a
process for the collection of particulate matter in which the gas being
D4023 sampled is directed forcibly against a surface.
relative humidity with respect to ice—See relative humidity. dry impingement, n—the process of impingement carried out
so that particulate matter carried in the gas stream is retained
relative humidity with respect to water—See relative humid-
upon the surface against which the stream is directed.
ity.
DISCUSSION—The collecting surface may be treated with a film of
humidity range—See operating humidity range of analyzer adhesive.
under analyzer. See also operating humidity range of
sample under sample. wet impingement, n—the process of impingement carried out
within a body of liquid, the latter serving to retain the
hypha, n—(pl. hyphae) tubular filament of fungal cells; the
particulate matter.
basic vegetative structure of the body of fungi (excluding
yeasts). D7338 impinger, n—broadly, a sampling instrument employing im-
pingement of the collection of particulate matter.
hyaline, adj—colorless. D7391
DISCUSSION—Commonly, this term is applied to specific instruments,
hygrometer, n—an instrument for measuring the humidity of a the midget and standard Impinger.
gas. midget impinger, n—a specific instrument employing wet
dew-/frost-point hygrometer, n—an instrument that measures impingement, using a liquid volume of 10 mL and a gas flow
the surface temperature at which ambient water vapor of 2.8 L/min.
DISCUSSION—See Littlefield, J. R., Feicht, E. L., and Schrenk, H. H.,
condenses. D4023
“Midget Impinger for Dust Sampling,” Report of Investigations 3360,
electric hygrometer, n—an instrument that determines the U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1937.
water vapor content of an atmosphere by measuring the change standard impinger, n—a specific instrument employing wet
in resistance or capacitance of hygroscopic material. D4023 impingement, using a liquid volume of 75 mL and a gas flow
mechanical hygrometer, n—an instrument for determining of 28 L/min.
the water vapor content of an atmosphere by measuring the DISCUSSION—See Greenburg, L., and Smith, G. W., “A New Instru-
dimensional change produced in an hygroscopic material. ment for Sampling Aerial Dust,” Report of Investigations 2392, U.S.
Bureau of Mines, 1922. See also Hatch, T., Warren, H., and Drinker, P.,
D4023
Journal Industrial Hygiene, No. 14, 1932, p. 301.
ice-bulb temperature—See temperature. inertial impactor—See impactor.
impaction, n—a forcible contact of particles of matter, a term
often used synonymously with impingement. inspection, n—the process of measuring, examining, testing,
gaging, or otherwise evaluating materials, products,
impaction medium, n—in microbiology, a substance applied services, systems, or environments. D3614
to a microscope slide used to collect (or capture) particulate
matter during sampling. D7391 instantaneous sampling—See sampling.
interference, n—an undesired output caused by a substance or
impaction sample, n—a sample taken using impaction. D7391 substances other than the one being measured.
DISCUSSION—In microbiology, examples of impaction samples in- DISCUSSION—The effect of interfering substance(s), on the measure-
clude circular impaction samples and slit impaction samples. ment of interest, shall be expressed as: (6) percentage change of
measurement compared with the molar amount of the interferant. If the
impactor, n—a device for collecting airborne or emission
interference is nonlinear, an algebraic expression should be developed
particulate matter in which the air or gas being sampled is (or curve plotted) to show this varying effect. D3249
impacted or impinged against a surface.
cascade impactor, n—a type of impactor which employs intermittent sampling—See sampling.
several stages of impaction in series to collect successively inversion, n—a reversal of the normal atmospheric tempera-
smaller sizes of particles. ture gradient, thus an increase of temperature of the air with
increasing altitude.
inertial impactor, n—a device for collecting particles sepa-
rated from an air stream by inertia to force an impact onto an isokinetic sampling—See sampling.
adhesive surface. Inertial impactors are available in many laboratory bias—See bias.
designs, including those having a slit jet, yielding a rectangular lag time—See analyzer.
sample trace, and a circular jet, yielding a circular sample lapse rate, n—the rate of change of the absolute value of any
trace. D7391 meteorological element with increase of height.
DISCUSSION—When used without modifier, it refers to the rate of
infrared thermography, n—thermal imaging, also called decrease of temperature with increase of height.
thermography, is the production of non-contact infrared, or
“heat” pictures from which temperature measurements can linearity—See analyzer.
be made. D7338 mass concentration—See concentration.
--`,,``,`,,,,`,```,`,`,,`

7
D1356 − 14
mass median size, n—a measurement of particle size for vapor and air, respectively. D4023
samples of particulate matter, consisting of that diameter
monitor, n—a device that continually measures or intermit-
such that the mass of all larger particles is equal to the mass
tently samples and analyzes atmospheres or emissions for
of all smaller particles.
the concentration of a specific constituent or constituents, or
mechanical hygrometer—See hygrometer. for the level of a physical property (such as temperature) to
method bias—See bias. provide either a real-time read-out or an electrical signal.
meteorological precipitation—See precipitation. continuous monitor, n—a device for the uninterrupted mea-
method detection limit, n—the minimum concentration of an surement of atmospheric or emission concentrations or prop-
analyte that can be reported with a 99 % confidence that the erties in real or near-real time.
valve is above zero, based on a standard deviation of greater DISCUSSION—Such monitors are often automated and combine the
than seven replicate measurements of the analyte in the collection of the sample with immediate or near-instantaneous analysis.
matrix of concern at a concentration near the low standard.
monitoring path—See point analyzer.
microclimatology, n—the science that deals with the climate monitoring path length—See point analyzer.
of restricted areas and investigates their phenomena and month, n—for reporting analyses of outdoor air on a monthly
causes. rate, results are calculated to a base of thirty days.
micrometeorology, n—the study of the meteorological char- morphology, n—the shape characteristics of a structure; the
acteristics of a local site that is usually small and often is form and orientation of specific phase or constituent. E7
confined to a shallow layer of air next to the ground.
mounting medium, n—a liquid, for example, lactic acid or
midget impinger—See impinger. prepared stain, used to immerse the sample particulate
minimum detection limit—See analyzer. matter and to attach a cover slip to an impaction sample.
mist, n—liquid, usually water in the form of particles sus- D7391
pended in the atmosphere at or near the surface of the earth;
small water droplets floating or falling, approaching the form noise—See analyzer.
of rain, and sometimes distinguished from fog as being more non-hygroscopic material, n—material which neither absorbs
transparent or as having particles perceptibly moving down- nor retains water vapor. E104
ward. nonvolatile organic chemical—See organic chemical.
mixing ratio (r), n—the ratio of the mass of water vapor mv to odor, n—that property of a substance which affects the sense of
the mass of dry air ma, present in the moist air; smell; any smell; scent; perfume.
odor threshold, n—the concentration of an odorous com-
mv pound at which the physiological effect elicits a response 50 %
r5
ma
(1) of the time.
D4023 odor threshold—See odor.
--`,,``,`,,,,`,```,`,`,,`,,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
molecular diffusion, n—a process of spontaneous intermixing odorant, n—odorous substance.
of different substances, attributable to molecular motion and off-axis response (U/(Ufcos θ)), n—the ratio of the indicated
tending to produce uniformity of concentration. wind speed (U) at various angles of attack θ to the indicated
mole fraction, n—the ratio of the number of molecules (or wind speed at zero angle of attack (Uf) multiplied by the
moles) of a compound or element to the total number of cosine of the angle of attack.
molecules (or moles) present. DISCUSSION—This ratio compares the actual off-axis response to a
DISCUSSION—If all substances concerned are in the gaseous state, and cosine response. D5096
if all may be assumed to behave as perfect gases, the mole fraction is olfactory, adj—of, relating to, or connected with the sense of
identical numerically to the volume concentration.
smell.
mole fraction of water vapor (xv),n —the ratio of the number
of moles of water vapor, nv, to the total number of moles of opacity, n—a measure of the degree to which the intensity of
water and dry air: light is reduced as it passes through a gas, due to absorption
and scattering.
DISCUSSION—The degree to which the view of an object against the
nv background is obscured increases with increasing opacity.
xv 5
n v 1n a
where: operating humidity range of analyzer—See analyzer.
operating humidity range of sample—See sample.
mv operating temperature range of analyzer—See analyzer.
nv 5 operating temperature range of sample—See sample.
Mv
operational period—See analyzer.
ma
na 5 optical measuring path length, n—the length of the optical
Ma
beam over which the atmosphere or emission concentration
and where Mv and Ma, = molecular weights of water is measured and averaged.

8
D1356 − 14
organic chemical, n—a carbon-based compound in which the θ ~ n11 !
element carbon is attached to other carbon atom(s), Ω5
θn
hydrogen, oxygen, or other elements in a chain, ring, or
where θn and θ(n+1) = n and n + 1 overshoots, respec-
three-dimensional structure.
tively.
DISCUSSION—Oxides of carbon, such as carbon dioxide and
DISCUSSION—In practice, since deflections after the first (to the side
carbonates, are not classified as organic compounds.
opposite the release point) are normally small, the initial release point
nonvolatile organic chemical, n—an organic compound with (that is, n = 0 deflection) and the first deflection after release (n = 1) are
a saturation vapor pressure less than 10−8 kPa at 25°C. used in determining the overshoot ratio. D5366
polar organic chemical, n—an organic compound that may particle, n—a small discrete mass of solid or liquid matter.
exhibit a relatively high electric dipole moment or may be particle concentration, n—concentration expressed in terms
readily ionized, typically containing heteroatoms, such as of number of particles per unit volume of air or other gas.
oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorine, and bromine. DISCUSSION—On expressing particle concentration, the method of
DISCUSSION—A polar organic chemical is usually more water soluble determining the concentration should be stated.
and often more reactive than a nonpolar compound of similar molecular particle fall, n—a measurement of air contamination con-
structure. sisting of the mass rate at which solid particles deposit from the
semivolatile organic chemical, n—an organic compound atmosphere.
with a saturation vapor pressure between 10−2 and 10−8 kPa at DISCUSSION—A term used in the same sense as the older terms
25°C. dustfall and soot fall but without any implication as to nature and
source of the particles.
total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), n—the summed
particle size, n—an expression for the size of liquid or solid
concentration of all the individual volatile organic compounds
particles expressed as the average or equivalent diameter.
(VOCs) quantifiable in an air sample by both a precisely
specified sampling protocol and a precisely defined analytical particle size distribution, n—the relative percentage by
method. mass, surface area, volume, number, or other property of each
DISCUSSION—TVOC air concentrations are approximations and are of the different size fractions of particulate matter.
typically determined by summing the areas of all gas chromatographic particle concentration—See particle.
peaks derived from test methods such as D5466 or D6196. The TVOC
air concentration values so derived depend on the type of air sampler;
particle fall—See particle.
the type of GC detector and how it is calibrated; the collection, particle size—See particle.
retention, and recovery efficiencies of the sorbent trap, canister, or other particle size distribution—See particle.
sampling device; the efficiency of transfer to the gas chromatographic particulate, adj—pertaining to or composed of particles.
(GC) column; the type and size of the GC column; the GC temperature personal sample—See sample.
program and other chromatographic parameters; how the concentration
pH,n—the negative logarithm to the base ten of the
is derived from the peak area (for example, whether single or multiple
internal standards are used, as well as the types of reference standards); conventional hydrogen ion activity. D5015
and the composition of the air sample (for example, the relative permissible exposure limit (PEL), n—an OSHA defined term
abundances of hydrocarbon, halogenated, or oxygenated compounds).
--`,,``,`,,,,`,```,`,`,,`,,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
meaning the limit of OSHA permitted exposure to a specific

volatile organic chemical, n—an organic compound with a contaminant as required in the applicable regulation. This
saturation vapor pressure greater than 10−2 kPa at 25°C. limit is an 8-h time weighted average (TWA), determined in
the worker’s breathing zone, and is expressed in a number of
organizational component, n—a portion of an organization units of measure — see applicable contaminant regulation.
with specific tasks and activities that constitutes a part of the
total effort and accomplishment of the organization. phase distribution, n—the partitioning of a semivolatile
D3614 chemical compound between the gaseous (vapor) and the
particle-associated phases in the atmosphere.
orifice meter, n—a flowmeter, employing as the measure of DISCUSSION—Compounds, particularly semivolatile compounds (that
flow rate the difference between the pressures measured on is, those having saturation vapor pressures between 10−2 and 10−8 kPa
the upstream and downstream sides of the orifice (that is, the at 25°C), may simultaneously exist in ambient and indoor air distrib-
pressure differential across the orifice) in the conveying pipe uted between the gaseous and condensed phases, usually being sorbed
or duct. in the latter case onto suspended particulate matter. This distribution
may be substantially perturbed by traditional sampling methods that
output—See analyzer. employ particle filters backed up by vapor traps. Therefore, the original
distribution in the air at the time of sampling cannot readily be
overall precision—See precision. determined without the use of denuders or other effective gas-particle
separators. This definition is not intended to apply to the distribution
overshoot, n (θn)—the amplitude of a deflection of a wind between the gaseous and pure solid or liquid forms of an airborne
vane as it oscillates about θB after release from an initial compound that may occur at, or near, a source or between the
displacement. D5366 compound in the gaseous or particle-sorbed states, or both, and rain or
fog droplets.
overshoot ratio, n (Ω)—the ratio of two successive over-
shoots of a wind vane, as expressed by the following equation: photochemical reaction, n—any chemical reaction that is
initiated as a result of absorption of light.

9
D1356 − 14
photochemical smog, n—a type of air pollution resulting from single-operator precision, n—a measure of the replication of
photochemical reactions. repeated measurements obtained by a single operator on a
given sample.
point analyzer, n—See also analyzer. DISCUSSION—Other classifications of precision which are useful in
monitoring path, n—the actual path over which an atmo- evaluating a method, a measurement, or performance within a single
laboratory are: multioperator precision, single or multi-apparatus
spheric or an emission compound concentration is measured
precision, and single or multi-day precision.
and averaged.
DISCUSSION—The terms repeatability and reproducibility are not
monitoring path length, n—the length of the monitoring path standardized, but have generally become to mean single-laboratory-
over which the average atmosphere or emission compound operator-material precision and multilaboratory-multi-operator-
concentration is measured and averaged using an open path single-material precision, respectively. Such use is maintained in the
analyzer. text of this practice.
DISCUSSION—Further classifications of bias which are useful in
ppb(v)—See concentration.
evaluating performance are: operator bias, apparatus bias, and day bias.
ppm(v)—See concentration. D3670
precipitation, n—separation of a new phase from solid, liquid,
or gaseous solutions, usually with changing conditions of pressure, n—the force or load per unit area.
temperature or pressure, or both. gage pressure, n—the difference in pressure between that
electrostatic precipitation, n—a process consisting of the existing within a system and that of the surrounding atmo-
separation of particulate matter from air or other gases under sphere.
DISCUSSION—Zero gage pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.
the influence of an electrostatic field.
static pressure, n—the pressure of a fluid at rest, or in
meteorological precipitation, n—the precipitation of water motion, exerted perpendicularly to the direction of flow.
from the atmosphere in the form of hail, mist, rain, sleet, and
snow. total pressure, n—the pressure representing the sum of static
pressure and velocity pressure at the point of measurement.
DISCUSSION—Deposits of dew, fog, and frost are excluded.
velocity pressure, n—that pressure caused by and related to
thermal precipitation, n—a process consisting of the sepa- the velocity of the flow of fluid; a measure of the kinetic energy
ration of particulate matter from air and other gases under the of the fluid.
influence of a relatively large temperature gradient extending
over a short distance. primary standard—See standard.
DISCUSSION—In the thermal precipitator (a sampling instrument), the primary flow-rate standard—See standard.
air or gas is drawn slowly through a narrow chamber across which probe, n—a tube used for sampling or for measuring pressures
extends a heated wire, particulate matter being deposited upon the at a distance from the actual collection or measuring
adjacent collecting surface. apparatus.
ultrasonic precipitation, n—a process consisting of the DISCUSSION—It is commonly used for reaching inside stacks and
separation of particulate matter from air and other gases ducts.
following agglomeration induced by an ultrasonic field. psychrometer, n—a variety of hygrometer comprising a dry
bulb thermometer and a wet bulb thermometer, which, when
precipitator, n—a device or apparatus for the separation of
suitably aspirated, indicates the thermodynamic wet- and dry
particulate matter from air or other gases.
bulb temperature of the gas.
DISCUSSION—The apparatus may be utilized either for sampling
particulate matter or for removing particulate matter from ambient, aspirated psychrometer, n—an hygrometer comprising wet-
indoor or workplace atmospheres, or from emission sources. and dry-bulb thermometers that are mounted in a housing to
electrostatic precipitator, n—apparatus employing electro- which is attached a motor-driven fan or blower that draws air
static precipitation for the separation of particles from a gas over the thermometer bulbs at a rate which produces the
stream. minimum wet-bulb reading. D4023
DISCUSSION—The apparatus may be designed either for sampling or sling (whirling) psychrometer, n—an hygrometer comprising
for cleaning large volumes of gas. wet- and dry-bulb thermometers that are mounted on a frame
that can be rotated or whirled. D4023
thermal precipitator—See precipitation.
quality, n—the totality of features and characteristics of a
precision, n—the degree of agreement of repeated measure- product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy a given
ments of the same property, expressed in terms of dispersion need. D3614
of test results about the mean result obtained by repetitive
testing of a homogenous sample under specified conditions. quality assurance, n—a system of activities whose purpose
DISCUSSION—The precision of a method is expressed quantitatively as
is to provide assurance that the overall quality control job is in
the standard deviation computed from the results of a series of fact being done effectively.
controlled determinations. DISCUSSION—The system involves a continuing evaluation of the
adequacy and effectiveness of the overall quality control program (see
overall precision, n—a value including components of quality control) with a view to having corrective measures initiated
within-laboratory and between-user variability. D3670 where necessary. For a specific product or service, this involves
--`,,``,`,,,,`,```,`,`,,`,,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

10
D1356 − 14
verifications, audits, and the evaluation of the quality factors that affect a float that is free to move in a vertical path to a height
the specification, production, inspection, and use of the product or dependent upon the rate of fluid flow upward through the
service. D3614 tube.
quality control, n—the overall system of activities whose
ruggedness test, n—a factorial test designed to explore the
purpose is to provide a quality of product or service that meets
sensitivity of the method to variations in the procedure (See
the needs of users; also, the use of such a system.
DISCUSSION—The aim of quality control is to provide quality that is
Youden and Steiner, 1975). D3670
satisfactory, adequate, dependable, and economic. The overall system running sample—See sample.
involves integrating the quality aspects of several related steps includ-
ing: (1) the proper specification of what is wanted; (2) production to
sample, n—a portion of a population intended to be represen-
meet the full intent of the specification; (3) inspection to determine tative of the whole.
whether the resulting product or service is in accord with the specifi- cumulative sample, n—a sample obtained over a period of
cations; and (4) review of usage to provide for revision of specification. time with (1) the collected atmosphere being retained in a
D3614 single vessel, or (2) with a separated component accumulating
quality assurance—See quality. into a single whole.
DISCUSSION—Examples are dust sampling in which all the dust
quality control—See quality.
separated from the air is accumulated in one mass of fluid; the
radiosonde, n—a miniature radio transmitter with instruments absorption of acid gas in an alkaline solution; and collection of air in a
that is carried aloft (as by an unmanned balloon) for plastic bag or gasometer. Such a sample does not reflect variations in
broadcasting by means of precise tone signals or other concentration during the period of sampling.
suitable method the humidity, temperature, pressure, or other operating humidity range of sample, n—the range of ambient
parameter every few seconds. relative humidity of air which passes through the analyzer’s
range—See analyzer. sensing system, over which the monitor will meet all perfor-
readout instrumentation—See analyzer. mance specifications. D3249
relative humidity with respect to ice—See humidity. operating temperature range of sample, n—the range of
relative humidity with respect to water—See humidity. ambient temperatures of air, which passes through the analyz-
relative retention time (RRT)—See retention time. er’s sensing system, over which the analyzer will meet all
remediation, n—restoration or clean up, or both, of sites performance specifications. D3249
contaminated with hazardous, toxic, or radioactive sub- personal sample, n—a sample representative of air-borne
stances or wastes, or any combination thereof (adapted from dust that is likely to enter the test subject’s respiratory system
E833). and which is therefore taken by a collection apparatus (mem-
DISCUSSION—Related to fungal contamination (see Guide D7338),
remediation includes correcting the water and moisture problems and
brane filter) positioned near the nose and mouth of the subject
the cleaning, removal, and/or replacement of mold-damaged or or in the breathing zone. D4240
-contaminated materials. running sample, n—withdrawal of a portion of the atmo-
sphere over a period of time with continuous analysis or with
retention time (RT), n—time to elute a specific chemical from
separation of the desired material continuously and in a
a gas chromatographic column, for a specific carrier gas flow
“linear” form.
rate, measured from the time the chemical is injected into the
DISCUSSION—Examples are continuous withdrawal of the atmosphere
gas stream to when it appears in the detector. accompanied by absorption of a component in a flowing stream of
D3687 absorbent or by filtration in a moving strip of paper. Such a sample may
--`,,``,`,,,,`,```,`,`,,`,,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
relative retention time (RRT), n—a ratio of RTs for two be obtained with a considerable concentration of the contaminant but it
chemicals for the same chromatographic column and carrier still indicates fluctuations in concentration which occur during the
period of sampling.
gas flow rate, where the denominator represents a reference
chemical. D3687 sample system—See analyzer.
sample trace, n—the area of particle deposition, that is, the
repeatability, n—a measure of the precision of the analyzer to
deposit on a slit impaction sample resembling a narrow
repeat its results on independent introductions of the same
rectangle, or the circular deposit on a circular impaction
sample at different time intervals.
DISCUSSION—This is that difference between two such single instru- sample. A23
ment results, obtained during a stated time interval, that would be sampler, n—a device in which or through which atmospheric
exceeded in the long run in only one case in twenty when the analyzer
or emission samples are collected for analysis.
is operating normally. D3249
constant flow high-volume sampler, n—a sampler that is
reproducibility, n—a measure of the precision of different equipped with a constant flow device. D4096
analyzers to repeat results on the same sample. D3249
Hi-Vol (high-volume air sampler), n—a device for sampling
response time—See analyzer. large volumes of an atmosphere; collecting the contained
rise time—See analyzer. particulate matter by filtration; and consisting of a high-
rotameter, n—a device, based on the principle of Stoke’s law, capacity vacuum pump, a filter to collect suspended particles,
for measuring rate of fluid flow, consisting of a tapered and means for measuring or controlling the flow rate, or both.
vertical tube having a circular cross section, and containing D4096

11
D1356 − 14
sampling, n—a process consisting of the withdrawal or isola- source sampling, n—withdrawal, with or without simultane-
tion of a fractional part of the whole. ous isolation of specific components, of a portion of the
DISCUSSION—In analysis of atmospheres or emissions, the separation offgasses from a source of pollutants.
of a portion of the analyte with or without the simultaneous isolation of DISCUSSION—Sometimes referred to as stack sampling when with-
selected compounds. drawal is from a chimney, duct, or stack.
active sampling, n—a means of collecting an airborne or
sampling period—See sampling.
emission substance that employs a mechanical device such as
sampling rate—See sampling.
a pump or vacuum-assisted critical orifice to draw air or
emissions into or through the sampling device. sampling train—See sampling.
whole air sampling, n—the collection of an air sample into a
collocated sampling, n—the simultaneous collection of two sealable container such as a canister, bottle, or bag for
or more air or emission samples by samplers placed side-by- subsequent analysis of its contents.
side (often mistakenly termed co-located sampling), placed DISCUSSION—Whole air sampling can be instantaneous, integrative,
close enough to each other to ensure that comparable samples or sequential.
are collected, but separated sufficiently to prevent cross-
interference. sorbent sampling, n—the collection of chemicals from an air or
emission sample by allowing the air or emissions to contact
condensation sampling, n—a process consisting of the col-
a sorbent.
lection of one or several components of a gaseous mixture by
simple cooling of the gas stream in a device which retains the saturation, n—the condition existing when a vapor is in
condensate. equilibrium with the plane surface of a condensed phase of
the same substance (liquid or solid). D4023
continuous sampling, n—sampling without interruptions
throughout an operation or for a predetermined time. saturation mixing ratio, n—the ratio of the mass of water
vapor, mv, to the mass of dry air, ma, present in saturated air.
cryogenic sampling, n—the collection of an air or emission DISCUSSION—The saturation mixing ratio is designated by rw when
substance by condensation in a trap cooled to a temperature saturation is with respect to the plane surface of liquid water, and by ri
sufficient to condense or freeze the substance being collected, when saturation is with respect to the plane surface of ice.
usually used in near real-time or sequential monitoring. Also D4023
called freeze-trapping. saturation vapor pressure, n—the vapor pressure of a system
event sampling, n—a special form of intermittent sampling at a given temperature, wherein the vapor of the substance is in
where the duration of a sampling period is defined as a single, equilibrium with a plane surface of that substance’s pure liquid
discrete occurrence of precipitation, dew, fog, or frost. or solid phase.
grab sampling, n—the collection of an atmospheric or DISCUSSION—The saturation vapor pressure is an intrinsic property of
emission substance without regard to variations, whether that substance and is a function of temperature alone.
temporal or spatial. saturation vapor pressure of water, n—the pressure of water
instantaneous sampling, n—obtaining a sample of an atmo- vapor in equilibrium with plane surface of a condensed phase.
sphere in a very short period of time such that this sampling DISCUSSION—When the condensed phase is liquid, the saturation
vapor pressure is designated by ew, and when the condensed phase is
time is insignificant in comparison with the duration of the solid, the saturation vapor pressure is designated by ei. The saturation
operation or the period being studied. vapor pressure is a function of temperature. D4023
intermittent sampling, n—sampling successively for limited saturation mixing ratio—See saturation.
periods of time throughout an operation or for a predetermined
period of time. saturation vapor pressure of water—See saturation.
DISCUSSION—The duration of sampling periods and of the intervals
scrubber, n—a type of apparatus used in sampling and in gas
between are not necessarily regular and are not specified.
cleaning in which the gas is passed through a space
isokinetic sampling, n—sampling in which the linear veloc- containing wetted packing or spray.
ity and direction of the fluid entering the sampling nozzle is
equal to the undisturbed fluid stream at the sample point. secondary standard—See standard.
reactive sampling, n—the collection of an air or emission secondary flow-rate standard—See standard.
substance by reacting it with a chemical reagent (for example, semivolatile organic chemical—See organic chemical.
derivatization). sensor, n—a device designed to respond to a physical stimulus
sampling period(s), n—the record length or interval over (as temperature, illumination, and motion) and transmit a
which data collection occurs. D5527 resulting signal for interpretation or measurement, or for
operating a control.
sampling rate (Hz), n—the rate at which data collection
occurs, usually presented in samples per second (Hertz). sequential sampling—See running sample under sample.
D5527 series collection, n—an operation involving the use of two or
sampling train, n—the assemblage of equipment necessary more collectors joined in series.
to sample atmospheres. settling velocity, n—the terminal rate of fall of a particle
sequential sampling—See sample, running. --`,,``,`,,,,`,```,`,`,,`,,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
through a fluid as induced by gravity or other external force;

12
D1356 − 14
the rate at which frictional drag balances the accelerating sorption, n—a process by which one material (the sorbent)
force (or the external force). takes up and retains another material (the sorbate) by the
processes of absorption, adsorption, or chemisorption.
short-term exposure limit (STEL), n—the airborne concen- DISCUSSION—Chemical reactions may accompany or follow sorption.
tration of a substance in a continuous 15-minute time period
which should not be exceeded at any time during a workday. Soxhlet apparatus, n—an apparatus for use in extracting
DISCUSSION—See Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances organic or inorganic material with a suitable solvent in
and Physical Agents, American Conference of Governmental Industrial which the solvent is recirculated by evaporation and subse-
Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH 45240 and The Occupational quent condensation.
Environment—Its Evaluation and Control, American Industrial Hy-
giene Assoc., Fairfax, VA 22031. source sampling—See sampling.
span drift—See analyzer.
slide adherent, n—an adhesive or liquid used to affix an
specific gravity, n—the ratio of the density of the substance in
impaction sample substrate to a microscope slide. D7391
question to the density of a reference substance at specified
single-operator precision—See precision. conditions of temperature and pressure.
sling psychrometer—See psychrometer.
specific humidity (q), n—the ratio of the mass of water vapor,
slit impaction sample, n—a sample of airborne particulate
mv, to the total mass, mv + ma, of the moist air:
matter collected via a device that draws air through a linear
aperture at a specified rate, impacting the particles sus-
pended in the air onto an adhesive medium, resulting in a mv
q5
rectangular area of deposition. D7391 m v 1m a
DISCUSSION—A slit impaction sample may be collected via a cassette D4023
manufactured for that purpose , or via a sampling device that requires
slides to be pre-coated with impaction medium. spectrometry, n—an analytical technique for the quantitative
or qualitative characterization of a sample, based on a
smog, n—a term derived from smoke and fog, applied to comparison of the sample’s spectrum with the spectrum of a
extensive atmospheric contamination by aerosols, these known compound or with a standard(s) of known composi-
aerosols arising partly through natural processes and partly tion.
from the activities of human subjects. DISCUSSION—Examples of spectra used for analysis may include
DISCUSSION—Now sometimes used loosely for any contamination of electromagnetic (X ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, or microwave)
the air. absorption or transmittance, emission, fluorescence, phosphorescence,
and mass spectra.
smoke, n—small gas-borne particles resulting from incomplete
combustion, consisting predominantly of carbon and other spectrophotometry, n—a method for identification of sub-
combustible material, and present in sufficient quantity to be stances and determination of their concentration by measur-
observable independently of the presence of other solids. ing light transmittance in different parts of the spectrum.
snow, n—a solid form of wet deposition composed of white or spirometer, n—a displacement gasometer consisting of an
translucent ice crystals chiefly in complex hexagonal form inverted bell resting upon or sealed by liquid (or other
and often agglomerated into snowflakes. D5111 means) and capable of showing the amount of gas added to
or withdrawn from the bell by the displacement (rise or fall)
sonic anemometer/thermometer, n—an instrument consisting of the bell. D4096
of a transducer array containing paired sets of acoustic
transmitters and receivers, a system clock, and microproces- spore category—a grouping used for identification and quan-
sor circuitry to measure intervals of time between transmis- tification of fungal structures.
sion and reception of sound pulses. DISCUSSION—A spore category may contain a specific genus (for
DISCUSSION—The fundamental measurement unit is transit time. With example, Stachybotrys), or it may represent a combination of genera
transit time and a known acoustic pathlength, velocity or speed of (for example, Aspergillus/Penicillium-like). D7391
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sound, or both, can be calculated. Instrument output is a series of
quasi-instantaneous velocity component readings along each axis or standard, n—an accepted reference sample or device used for
speed of sound, or both. The speed of sound and velocity components establishing measurement of a physical quantity. D5011
may be used to compute sonic temperature (Ts), to describe the mean primary flow-rate standard, n—a device or means of mea-
wind field, or to compute fluxes, variances, and turbulence intensities. suring flow rate based on direct primary observations, such as
D5527 time and physical dimensions. D4096
sonic temperature—See temperature. primary standard, n—a standard directly defined and estab-
soot, n—agglomerations of particles of carbon impregnated lished by some authority, against which all secondary standards
with tar, formed in the incomplete combustion of carbona- are compared. D5011
ceous material. secondary flow-rate standard, n—a flow-rate-measuring
soot fall—See particle fall. device, such as an orifice meter, that has been calibrated
sorbent, n—a solid or liquid medium in or upon which against a primary standard. D4096
materials are collected by absorption, adsorption, or secondary standard, n—a standard used as a means of
chemisorption. comparison, but checked against a primary standard. D5011

13
D1356 − 14
transfer standard, n—a type of secondary standard. thermodynamic dew-point temperature (Td), n—the tempera-
DISCUSSION—It is a transportable device or apparatus which, together ture at which moist air with mixing ratio, rw, and total pressure,
with operational procedures, is capable of reproducing pollutant con- p, when saturated with respect to water at the same pressure, p,
centration or producing acceptable assays of pollutant concentrations. will have a saturation mixing ratio, rw, equal to the given
D5011 mixing ratio, r. D4023
working flow-rate standard, n—a flow rate measuring thermodynamic frost-point temperature (Tf), n—the tempera-
device, such as an orifice meter, that has been calibrated ture at which moist air with mixing ratio, r, and total pressure,
against a secondary flow-rate standard. p, when saturated with respect to ice at the same pressure, p,
DISCUSSION—The working flow-rate standard is used to calibrate a
will have a saturation mixing ratio, ri, equal to the given mixing
flow measuring or flow rate indicating instrument. D4096
ratio, r. D4023
working standard, n—a standard used in the laboratory or
field for periodic standardization of a measurement instrument. thermodynamic ice-bulb temperature (Ti), n—the tempera-
D4298 ture that moist air at pressure, p, temperature, t, and mixing
ratio, r, will attain when brought adiabatically to saturation at
standard air—See air at normal conditions. pressure, p, by sublimation of pure ice into the moist air.
standard gravity, n—as adopted by the International Commit- DISCUSSION—The ice-bulb temperature, ti, is approximately, but not
tee on Weights and Measures, an acceleration of 9.80665 identically, equal to the thermodynamic ice-bulb temperature, Ti.
m/s2. D3631 D4023
standard impinger—See impinger. thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature (Tw), n—the tempera-
starting threshold (U0, m/s), n—the lowest wind speed at ture that moist air at pressure, p, temperature, t, and mixing
which a rotating anemometer starts and continues to turn and ratio, r, will attain when brought adiabatically to saturation at
produce a measurable signal when mounted in its normal pressure, p, by the evaporation of pure liquid water into the
position. moist air.
DISCUSSION—The normal position for cup anemometers is with the DISCUSSION—The wet-bulb temperature, tv is approximately, but not
axis of rotation vertical, and the normal position for propeller anemom- identically, equal to the thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature Tw.
eters is with the axis of rotation aligned with the direction of flow. Note D4023
that if the anemometer axis is not aligned with the direction of flow, the
calculated wind speed component parallel to the anemometer axis is virtual temperature, n—the temperature, Tv, which dry air
used to determine starting threshold. D5096 must have at the given barometric pressure, p, in order to have
the same density as moist air at the same pressure, P, given
static pressure—See pressure. temperature, T, and mixing ratio, r, provided that the dry and
stoichiometric, adj—characterized by or being a proportion of moist air behave in accordance with the perfect gas equation of
substances or energy in a specific chemical reaction in which state.
there is no excess of any reactant or product.
surface dust—See dust. ~ 11r/ε !
Tv 5 T
synthetic atmosphere—See atmosphere. ~ 11r !
temperature— where:
absolute temperature, n—(1) temperature measured on the r = mixing ratio (mass of water vapor per mass of dry air,
thermodynamic scale, designated as Kelvin (K). (2) tempera- and
ture measured from absolute zero (−273.15°C or 459.67°F). ε = ratio of the molecular weight of water vapor to that of
DISCUSSION—The numerical values are the same for both the Kelvin dry air.
scale and the ideal gas scale.
DISCUSSION—The virtual temperature is nearly equivalent to the sonic
dry-bulb temperature (t), n—the temperature of the ambient
temperature, Ts:
air, for example, the temperature that is measured by the
dry-bulb thermometer of a psychrometer. D4023
T s 5 T ~ 110.32 e/p !
ice-bulb temperature (ti), n—the temperature that a ther-
T v 5 T ~ 110.38 e/p !
mometer indicates when its bulb is surrounded by a thin film of
ice (or a frozen moistened covering), and allowed to cool by where:
sublimation of the ice into the surrounding air. D4023 e = vapor temperature.
sonic temperature (Ts) (K), n—an equivalent temperature The virtual temperature increment (Tv − T) defines the contribution
that accounts for the effects of temperature and moisture on of the water vapor to the static stability of the atmosphere. Thus, for
acoustic wavefront propagation through the atmosphere. two air parcels having the same absolute temperature, the one with the
DISCUSSION—Sonic temperature is related to the velocity of sound, c, greater water vapor content will be less dense and then will tend to rise
absolute temperature, T, vapor pressure of water, e, and absolute above the other parcel. Virtual temperature is also an important
pressure, P. consideration for wave propagation through the atmosphere and for any
process where atmospheric moisture content is relevant.
c 2 5 403 T ~ 110.32 e/P ! 5 403 T s (2) wet-bulb temperature (tw), n—the temperature indicated by
D5527 the wet-bulb thermometer of a psychrometer. D4023
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14
D1356 − 14
testing, n—the determination by technical means of properties; cantly greater than zero. The constants a and b must be determined by
performance; or elements of materials, products, services, wind tunnel measurement for each type of anemometer. D5096
systems, or environments which involve application of transit time (t, (s)), n—the time required for an acoustic
established scientific principles and procedures. D3614 wavefront to travel from the transducer of origin to the
the atmosphere—See atmosphere. receiving transducer. D5527
thermal precipitation—See precipitation. ultrasonic precipitation—See precipitation.
thermodynamic dew-point temperature—See temperature. vapor, n—the gaseous phase of matter that normally exists in
thermodynamic frost-point temperature—See temperature. a liquid or solid state.
thermodynamic frost-point temperature—See temperature. vapor concentration—See concentration.
thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature—See temperature.
vapor pressure of moist air (e), n—the product of the mole
total pressure—See pressure.
fraction of water vapor xv and the total pressure p at tempera-
transfer standard—See standard.
ture t:
thermal bridging, n—a phenomenon that occurs when heat is
transferred at a substantially higher rate through a
component, or assembly of components in a building e 5 p xv
envelope, than through the surrounding envelope area. DISCUSSION—If the moist air is assumed to behave in accordance with
the ideal gas laws, then the vapor pressure e is identically equal to the
D7338
partial pressure of the water vapor in the moist air. D4023
threshold limit value (TLV), 4n—threshold limit value-time
vapor retarder, n—a material or system that adequately
weighted average (TLV-TWA) — the time-weighted average
impedes the transmission of water vapor under specified
concentration for a conventional 8-h workday and 40-h
conditions. E631
workweek, to which it is believed that nearly all workers DISCUSSION—For practical purposes it is assumed that the permeance
may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse of a vapor retarder will not exceed one perm in inch-pound units (57.4
effect. ng/(s . m2 · Pa)), although at present this value may only be appropriate
DISCUSSION—See 1999 TLVs and BEIs (American Conference of for residential construction. For certain other types of construction the
Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 1999) p 4. permeance must be lower.
transducer shadow correction, n—the ratio of the true velocity pressure—See pressure.
along-axis velocity, as measured in a wind tunnel or by virtual temperature—See temperature.
another accepted method, to the instrument along-axis wind volatile organic chemical—See organic chemical.
measurement. volume concentration—See concentration.
DISCUSSION—This ratio is used to compensate for effects of along- volume density—See concentration.
axis flow shadowing by the transducers and their supporting structure. week, n—(1) The week for workplace use is considered to be
D5527 five workdays of approximately 8 h, within a period of seven
consecutive days. (2) For reporting analysis of outdoor air on
transfer function (Uf = a + bR, m/s)—the linear relationship
a weekly rate, results are calculated to a base of seven
between wind tunnel speed and the rate of rotation of the
consecutive 24-h days.
anemometer throughout the specified working range.
DISCUSSION—Uf is the wind tunnel speed in m/s, a is a constant, wet-bulb depression (t − tw), n—the difference between the
commonly called zero offset, in m/s, b is a constant representing the dry-bulb temperature and the wet-bulb temperature. D4023
wind passage in m/r for each revolution of the particular anemometer
cup wheel or propeller, and R is the rate of rotation in r/s. It should be wet-bulb temperature—See temperature.
noted that zero offset is not the same as starting threshold. In some very wet deposition—See deposition.
sensitive anemometers the constant a, zero offset, may not be signifi- wet impingement—See impingement.
whirling psychrometer—See psychrometer, sling.
working flow-rate standard—See standard.
4
TLV is a registered tradename of the American Conference of Governmental working standard—See standard.
Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH. zero drift—See analyzer.
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in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
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if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
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Designation: D1356 − 14

Standard Terminology Relating to

1. Scope D4023 Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurements

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condensation sampling—See sampling. dew-/frost-point hygrometer—See hygrometer.

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where DISCUSSION—It is measured by the quantity of electricity transferred

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where impingement, n—the act of bringing matter forcibly in con-

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meaning the limit of OSHA permitted exposure to a specific

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