Amoud University

Faculty of Computing and ICT

Under Department:
Bachelor of Information
Technology
Sophomores
Lecturer: Ahmed Abdillahi
Sanco.
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CHAPTER FOUR:
Software
Components

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 Software
•Computer software, or just software, is a collection of computer
programs and related data that provides the instructions for telling a
computer what to do and how to do it.
•Any set of instructions that guides the hardware and tells it how to
accomplish each task.

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 The term software is used to describe computer
programs that perform a task or tasks on a computer
system. Software components can be grouped as
follows:

• System software - Operating System etc.

• Utility programs - Antivirus etc.
• Applications Software - Word, SolidWorks etc.

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Software

Software

System Programming Application

Software Software Software

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
System Software

• System software is computer software designed to

operate the computer hardware to provide basic
functionality and to provide a platform for running
application software.
• Refers to the operating system and all utility
programs that manage computer resources at a low
level.

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
System Software

• The BIOS (basic input/output system) gets the

computer system started after you turn it on and
manages the data flow between the operating
system and attached devices such as the hard disk,
video adapter, keyboard, mouse, and printer.
• The boot program loads the operating system into
the computer's main memory or random access
memory (RAM).
• System software also includes system utilities, such
as the disk defragmenter and System Restore.

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
System Software

Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) Program

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
System Software

Disk Defragmenter

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
System Software

Disk Cleanup

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1
CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
System Software

Disk Partition Tool

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Programming Software

• Programming software include tools in the form of

programs or applications that software developers
use to create, debug, maintain, or otherwise
support other programs and applications.
• The term usually refers to relatively simple programs
such as compilers, debuggers, interpreters,
linkers, and text editors,

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Programming Software

• Example of programming language:

– C
– C++
– C#
– BASIC
– JAVA
– Visual Basic
– Phyton
– HTML
– PHP
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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Programming Software

• Example of programming language:

– C
– C++
– C#
– BASIC
– JAVA
– Visual Basic
– Phyton
– HTML
– PHP
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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Programming Software

Software

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Application Software

• A program or group of programs designed for end

users
• Allows end users to accomplish one or more specific
(non-computer related) tasks.

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Examples of Computer Application Software

• Word processor
• Spreedsheet
• Presentation Software
• Database Management System
• Dekstop Publisher
• Graphic Editor
• Web Browser

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Word Processor

• Word processor is a software program capable of

creating, storing, and printing documents.
• Unlike the standard typewriter, users using word
processors have the ability of creating a document
and making any changes anywhere in the document.
• This document can also be saved for modification at
a later time or to be opened on any other computer
using the same word processor.

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Word Processor

Features

• Insert text
• Delete text
• Cut and paste
• Copy
• Page size and margins
• Search and replace
• Print

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Word Processor

Examples

• Microsoft Word
• WordPro
• AppleWorks

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Spreadsheet

• Spreadsheet is a data file made up of rows and

columns that are used to sort data and allow a user
to manipulate and arrange data easily, commonly
numerical data.
• What makes a spreadsheet software program most
unique is its ability to calculate values using
mathematical formulas and the data in the cells.

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Spreadsheet

• Features:
– Formulas
– Functions
– Charts
– Cut/Copy/Paste with single cells or ranges of cells
– Cells formatting
– Cells merging

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Spreadsheet

Examples

• Microsoft Excel
• Lotus 1-2-3
• Apple Numbers
• OpenOffice Calc

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Presentation Software

• A presentation program is a software program that

helps create a slideshow that addresses a topic.
• Presentation programs are often used in businesses
and schools for discussing a topic or for teaching.
• It typically includes three major functions:
– an editor that allows text to be inserted and
formatted
– a method for inserting and manipulating graphic
images
– a slide-show system to display the content.

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Presentation Software

• Features:
– Insert Slide
– Deletion of Inserted slides
– Allows cut and paste slides in any order.
– Allows duplication content or slide
– Allows you to display the presentation designed in
a slide show system. (View Slide Feature)
– Allows animations and/or sounds manipulations on
objects in the slide.

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Presentation Software

Example:

• Microsoft PowerPoint
• Adobe Persuasion
• Hypercard
• OpenOffice Impress
• Scala Multimedia

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software

• Database Management System (DBMS) Software

• A program that controls the organization, storage,

• management, and retrieval of data in a database.
• Users can create tables, queries, forms and reports.

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Database Management System (DBMS) Software

• Example:
– Microsoft Access
– Oracle Database
– MySQL
– FoxPro

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Web Browser

• Web browser, a software application used to locate

and display Web pages.
• Example:
– Internet Explore (IE)
– Mozilla Firefox
– Opera

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Web Browser

Software

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Graphic Software

• Graphics software or image editing software is a

program or collection of programs that enable a
person to manipulate visual images on a computer.
• Computer graphics can be classified into two distinct
categories:
– raster graphics
– vector graphics

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Other Examples:

• Computer Aided Design (CAD)

• Video Editor
• Sound Editor
• Video Games
• Educational Software
• Email Client
• Electronic Media

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Software Licensing

• Is a legal instrument (by way of contract law)

governing the usage or redistribution of software
• Allowing an individual or group to use a piece of
software
• Nearly all applications are licensed
• Some are based on the number machines on which
the licensed program can run whereas others are
based on the number of users that can use the
program

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CSCA0101 Computing Basics

Software
Types of Software License

• Registerware
• Shareware
• Freeware
• Open source
• Demoware
• Abandonware

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 CHAPTER FIVE:
Software
Maintenance

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 Software Maintenance

What is Software Maintenance?

Software Maintenance is a very broad activity that includes error
corrections, enhancements of capabilities, deletion of obsolete capabilities,
and optimization.

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 Software Maintenance
Categories of Maintenance

 Corrective maintenance
This refer to modifications initiated by defects in the software.

 Adaptive maintenance
It includes modifying the software to match changes in the ever changing
environment.

 Perfective maintenance
It means improving processing efficiency or performance, or restructuring
the software to improve changeability. This may include enhancement of
existing system functionality,Ahmed
23/10/2021
improvement in computational efficiency etc.
Abdillahi Sh. Ibrahim 37
 Software Maintenance

 Other types of maintenance

There are long term effects of corrective, adaptive and perfective changes.
This leads to increase in the complexity of the software, which reflect
deteriorating structure. The work is required to be done to maintain it or to
reduce it, if possible. This work may be named as preventive
maintenance.

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 Software Maintenance
Corre
c tiv e
(2 1% Perfective
)
Adaptive
Preventive
Corrective

Prev
ent iv
e(4% ) Perf e
ct ive (5
0% )

Ada p
tiv e (
2 5%)

Fig. 1: Distribution of maintenance effort

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 Software Maintenance
Problems During Maintenance
 Often the program is written by another person or group of persons
working

 Often the program changed by person who did not understand it

clearly.

 Program listings are not structured.

 High staff turnover.

 Information gap.

 Systems are not designed for change.

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 Software Maintenance
Phases :

1. Change request phase

2. Estimate phase

3. Schedule phase

4. Programming phase

5. Test phase

6. Documentation phase

7. Release phase

8. Operation phase

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The Process of Coding, Testing and
Installation
• Coding
• Physical design specifications are turned into working
computer code
• Testing
• Tests are performed using various strategies
• Testing can be performed in parallel with coding
• Installation
• Process during which the current system is replaced
by the new system

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Software Quality Problems

• Inaccurate requirements
• Design problems
• Coding errors
• Faulty documentation
• Ineffective testing

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Installation

• The organizational process of changing over from

the current information system to a new one
• Four approaches
• Direct Installation
• Changing over from the old information system to a new one
by turning off the old system when the new one is turned on
• Parallel Installation
• Running the old information system and the new one at the
same time until management decides the old system can be
turned off

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Installation

• Single location (Pilot) installation

• Trying out an information system at one site and using the experience to decide if
and how the new system should be deployed throughout the organization
• Phased Installation
• Changing from the old information system to the new one incrementally, starting
with one or a few functional components and then gradually extending the
installation to cover the whole new system

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• Management/Diagnostics Tools –
• Manage start-up programs, end processes, uninstall programs, track performance for optimum
speed.
• Solve performance issues when you notice a slowdown, before they cause major headaches. 1

• Repair/Recovery Tools –
• Fix errors, remove viruses, protect data.
• Spyware, adware and Trojan horse viruses are often attached to unsecure websites and slow
your computer down or stop it from working.
• Virus protection is essential.
• There are also features to remove junk files, history, cookies, and temp files. 1

• Optimization Tools –
• Tweak settings to increase to a computer’s performance. 1

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Ease of Use

• The best utilities have easy-to-use features. 1

• A system utility’s manufacturer should provide good help

and
1
contact info because utility applications are sometimes hard to understand.

• Utilities can fix an ailing computer and maintain its good health. 1

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Activity – Disk Cleanup

Schedule and perform a disk cleanup on your computer:

• Click the Esc key to exit from this PowerPoint presentation
• Click Start menu
• Select All Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Disk Cleanup
• When the Disk Cleanup window opens, (if you see it flashing on the Status bar, click it to open it) demonstrate
the remaining steps to your teacher:

• Check the following:

Temporary Internet Files
Recycle Bin
Temporary files
• Click OK
• Click Delete Files

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