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 2) Every number is a multipleof 1.
3) Afactor of aa number can be greater than the number.
4) All even numbers are multiples of2 . o e h e s e
Primne factors
Factors of a number which are prime are called its prime factors.
Factors of 36are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9,12, 18, 36
Prime factors of 36 are: 2,3
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Anumber can be written as a product of its prime factors. Example: 36 = 2x2 x3x:

Afactorisation in which every factor is prime is called prime factorisation of the

number. When anumber is written as a product of its prime factors, it is said to
be completely factorised.
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Coprimes
Two numbers are coprime if they have only 1l as the common factor.al
5 and 12 are coprime. So are 8 and 15.
12 and 15 are not coprime. Their common factors arel and 3.

Finding prime factors of a number

Prime factors of a number can be found by repeated division by prime numbers.

Guided Learning

Example 1: The prime factorisations of 48, 21 and 25 are:nid bitl nail

48 =2 x2 x 2x2 x3oden 21=3x7ooslath 25=5x5ol
Example 2: Find the prime factors of 60.abetnnso2 (60
2 30
Divide by the first prime number2.dhenahdne
315
Goon dividing by 2until the quotient is not divisible by 2. 5

Then divide bythe next prime number 3, and so o n . n eprime

Continue dividing until the quotient is aprime number.
60 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 5
Prime factorsare 60: 2, 3, 5
66
 Factor tree
Primefactorssof anumber can also be found by factorisingin apictorial form,
called a factor tree,

EGuided Learning
Example 3: Find the prime factors of 48.
In the factor tree given, the encircled factors are prime.
So, 48 =2 x 2 x 2 x2 x3, and the prime factors of 48 are 2 and 3.
Can you form the factor tree in another way?
3
(Hint: start from 4 x 12 =48 or 3 x 16 =48)
48 =2 x2 x2 x2x3

Tryout 5.2

A. 1) List allprime and composite numbers between 20 and 40.

2) Which of these are coprimes? i) 24, 32 i) 18, 12 i) 8, 21 iv) 9, 16
B. Find the prime factors.
1) 36 2) 64 9)4) 91
3) 75 5) 1126) 120
C. Construct factor trees for: 1) 242) 72 3) 964) 120
3 Highest commonfactor
The highest common factor (HCF) or greatest common divisor (GCD) is the
greatest number which divides two or more numbers without a remainder.
The HCF of two numbers can be found by the listing method or the prime
factorisation method.

Guided Learning

Example 4: Find the HCF of 12 and 16 by the listing method.

Step 1:List the factors.
Factors of 12: 1, 2,3, 4, 6 and 12 Factors of l6: 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16
Step 2: Find the common factors
The common factors of 12 and 16: 1, 2 and 4.
Step 3: Find the highest common factor
The highest common factor is 4. Answer: HCF =4

Example 5: Find the HCF of 44, 60 and 36 by the prime factorisation method.
Step 1: Use the division method to find the prime factors.
260 236
244
2 22 230 2 18
11 315 3 9
5 3 44-2x2x1
Step 2: Find the common prime factors. 60 =2 x 2 x3x5
The commonprime factors are 2,2 36=2x2x3x3
Step 3:Find the product of the common prime factors to get the HCF.
HCF of 44, 60 and 36 = 2 x2=4 Answer: HCF=4

Tryout 5.3
A. Find the HCF by listing the factors.
1) 24,36 2) 20, 30 3) 25,40 4) 14,21, 28 5) 45, 65, 75 6) 22, 33,44
B. Find the HCF by the prime factorisation method.
1) 49, 77 2) 20,48 3) 40, 56 4) 72, 90
5) 14, 28, 56 6) 12, 48, 72 7) 42, 63, 84 8) 24, 72, 90
C. Find the HCF by the prime factorisation method.
1) 225,315 2) 490, 540 3) 612,522
4) 49, 70, 77 5) 108, 1l44,60 6) 106, 192,96
Common mistakes!
Teacher asked 2students to find 1) 36 =2 x2 x3 x3 2) 36 =2x2x3x3
the HCF of 36 and 24, Check to 24 =2x2x2x3 24 =2x2x2x3
see who got the answer correct. HCF=2 x3 =6 HCF =2x2x3=12
Can you point out the mistake in the wrong answer?
68
& Lowest comnon multiple
The lowestc
common
number that ccan be multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is the smallest
divided by each of the numbers without leaving aremainder.
Let us find the LCM of2 3
and using the number line or
Look at the number line tables.
showing the common multiples of 2 and
12 3
3.uMhe
4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
The jumpsin blue show the
multiples of 2: 2, 4,6, 8.10, 12, 14,16, 18, ...oh
Thejumpsin red show the
multiples of 3:3, 6,9, 12, 18, 21, 24, ...
The numbers where the jumps of 2
and 3 meet are the common
The common multiples of2 and 3 multiples of 2and 3.
are: 6, 12, 18, 24,30, ...and so on
The smallest of these multiples is 6.
Therefore, the LCM of2 and 3 is 6.
Note: Instead of a number line, youcan
and 3: then list the common
also use tables to list the multiples of 2
multiples and find the LCM.
Youcan also find the LCM of two
and the
numbers by the prime factorisation
division method.

Guided LearningleaveS
Example 6: Find the LCM of 8, 24 and 36 by the prime
factorisation method.
Step 1: Prime factors of 8: bo/2x2x2
Prime factors of2 4 : 2 x 2 x2 x3
bet
Prime factors of 36:
2x2xxgx3o
LCM =2 x 2 x 2x3x3=72
Step 2: Ring all common factors. Take only one factor out of a set of common
factors. Multiply these prime factors This gives the LCM.
Answer: LCM = 72

Example 7: Find the LCM of 144,96, 160 by the division method.

Step 1: WNrite the numbers as shown. Divide all numbers by a prime number
which divides at least two of the numbers.
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 Step 2: Write the quotient in each case below the number. 2 144, 96, 16
Ifa number cannot be divided exactly, write the number 2 72, 48,
as it is in the next row. b2 36, 24, 4
Step 3: Keep dividing by prime numbers until the last row 2 18, 12,
has coprime numbers with no common factors except1. 2 9, 6,
Step 4: Multiply all divisors and all numbers left in the last row. 3 9, 3,
The product gives the LCM of the given numbers. 3, 1,
LCM=2x 2x 2 x2 x 2 x3 x 3 x5= 1440 Answer: LCM= 1440

Relationship between HCF and L C M e h n

There is an interesting property connecting the HCF and LCM of two numbers.
What do you notice in this table?
Product of the
HCF LCM
Product of HC
Numbers numbers and LCM
10 and 15 150 5 30 150
12 and 16 192 4 48 192
15 and 20 300 5 60 300

The product of two numbers is equal to the product of their HCF and LCM.

L Tryout 5.4

A. Find the LCM by the prime factorisation method.

1) 12, 1 5 2 ) 21,283) 30, 45 4) 16, 20
B. Find the LCM by the division method.
1) 42, 56 2) 24,32 3) 24, 36 4) 21,28
5) 108, 144 6) 72, 90 7) 39, 1 9 5 o8) 98, 147
9) 105, 7010) 85, 51 11) 18,24, 32 12) 14,28, 30
13) 24, 72, 90o14) 75, 90, 125 15) 93, 62, 120 16) 48, 60, 84
Use the relation between HCF and LCM to fillin the table.