NAME: TUTORIAL GROUP:

1.0 NUMBER SYSTEM

1.1 Real Numbers
Example 1:
Table 1 : The Set of Real Numbers
Symbol Name Example For the set of  5,3,1,0,3,8, identify the set of
P Prime numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, … a) Natural numbers
N Natural numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, … b) Whole numbers
W Whole numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, … c) Prime numbers
Z Integers … , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, … d) Even numbers
e) Negative integers
Q Rational numbers 3 9 f) Odd numbers
,
Definition?? 4 10
3.64, 0.333,5.2727
0.3  0.333...

Q’ Irrational 2 ,  , e , 7.156324… ,
numbers …
 Real numbers 2 , 7.156324…, 0.33..,
3
4

Relationship of Number Sets Example 2:

R Given S   
1
 9, 7 , ,  ,0,4,5.125125 ,
2

Q  3 
Q’
Identify the set of
Q’ a) Natural numbers
P b) Whole numbers
Z N
W c) Integers
N d) Rational numbers
e) Irrational numbers
From the diagram, we can see that f) Real numbers
1. P  N  W  Z  Q  R
2. Q  Q '  R
The Number Line
NOTE:
SYMBOL DESCRIPTION Example 3:
Represent the following interval on real number line and
ab a is equal to b
state the type of the interval.
ab a is less than b
a) [-1,4]
ab a is greater than b
b) { x : 2< x <5}
ab a is less than or equal to b
c) [2,  )
ab a is greater than or equal to b
d) x : x  0, x  
Open brackets(a,f) is used to indicate an interval from a to
c, but exclusive of a and f.
Closed brackets [a,f ] is used to indicate an interval from a
to f, including a and f.
Curly brackets {2,4,6,8} is the set of even numbers from 2
to 8.

Example 4:
Intersection and Union Solve the following using the number line
a)  0, 5    4, 7 
Intersection: A  B   x x isin A and x is in B
b)  ,5    1,9 
1, 2,3  2,3, 4,5  2,3 c)  ,0  0,  
 4, 2    0, 4   2, 2 

Union : A  B  x x isin A or x is in B  d)
e) (3,4)  (0,1)
1, 2,3  2,3, 4,5  1, 2,3, 4,5 f) (2,3)  (2,4)
g) (,1)  (1, )
h) (0.5,3)  [2,4)
1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
A complex number is an expression of the form a  bi Example 5:
where a is a real part and 𝑏𝑖 is imaginary part. Express the following in term of i
Note: i   1 a) 4
z  a  bi Cartesian Form b)  100
z  a  bi Conjugate
c) 9
z  r (cos  i sin  )
Polar Form 16
Examples of complex numbers
a) z  2  3i
b) z  7  2i

Cycle of “i ”
i0  1 i 3  i
i1  i
i 2  1

Equality of two Complex Numbers Example 6:

Find the value of a and b if
a  bi  c  di a  c and b  d
a) z1  z 2 for z1  3  2i and z 2  a  bi .
b) a  b  (a  b)i  6  4i
c) a  2b  (a  b)i  9
Complex Conjugate of a Complex Number
A complex conjugates is a pair of complex numbers, both
having the same real part, but with imaginary
parts of equal magnitude and opposite signs.
Complex Number (z) Conjugate ( z )
3i
 5  3i
10i

Algebraic Operations on Complex Numbers Example 7:

1)Given z  2  3i and w  7  6i ,find in the form x  yi
1) Addition a) z  w
 a  bi   (c  di )   a  c    b  d  i b) w  z
c) zw
2) Subtraction
 a  bi   (c  di)   a  c    b  d  i 2) Simplify the expression:
3) Multiplication 1 3 4  7i 2i
 a  bi  (c  di)  ac  adi  bci  bdi 2 a)
i
b)
1 i
c)
5i  2
d)
3i 2
 ac  (ad  bc)i  bd 3) Solve each of the following equations for the complex
 (ac  bd )  (ad  bc)i number z .
a) 4  5i  z  (1  i) b) (1  2i) z  2  5i
4) Division
a  bi a  bi c  di
  1
4) If z  1 2i , express z  in the form a  bi
c  di c  di c  di z
5) Express the following in the form of a  bi
a) (1  2i)(3  4i) b) 4
1  2i
Argand Diagram Example 8:
Represent the following complex numbers on an Argand
Complex number z  a  bi can be represented in a plane
diagram
(called Argand Diagram) as a point P(a, b).
a) z  2  4i
 x-coordinate real part,a
b) z  2  4i
 y-coordinate imaginary part,b
c) z  3  5i
d) z  3  5i

Modulus
Example 9:
Modulus z = 𝑟 = |𝑧| = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 r  0 .
Find the modulus and argument for complex numbers
a) z  5  2i
Argument
To find arg (z), ,  (called reference angle) where b) z  4  4 3i
𝑏
𝜃 = tan−1 | | c) z  5 3  5i
d) z  1  i
𝑎
II Quadrant I Quadrant
e) z  4(1  i 3 )

     
III Quadrant IV Quadrant

   

  (   )   
NOTE:  must be in radian, 4 decimal places and      

Polar Form of a Complex Number

Cartesian Form Polar Form Example 10:
z  x  iy z  r (cos   i sin  ) 1) Write the following complex numbers in polar forms.
Re(z) = x Re(z) = r cos a) z  3i b) z  2  2i
Im(z) = y Im(z) = r sin  c) z  1  3i d) z  2  i
7  4i
Example : e) z   3  i f) (5  5i)(i  5)
Find polar form of z  1  i  4  3i
3 3
Step 1: Find the modulus, r g) (2  3i ) z  4  i h) z  i
4 4
r  (1) 2  (1) 2  2
1  4i
2) If z  ,
Step 2: Find  3  2i
a) find z in the form x  iy . Hence, find its conjugate.
1
  tan 1    0.7854rad b) then, express the conjugate in the polar form.
 
1
Since  is in first quadrant, therefore   0.7854rad

Step 3: Write the polar form

z  2 (cos 0.7854  i sin 0.7854)
1.3 Indices, Surds and Logarithms
Example 11:
Indices Write the following expressions in index form:
We can write 22222as 25
Power of index a) 2 b) 1
3
x 2x4
5
Rules of indices
Base 2 Example 12:

Simplify:
1 amx an = a(m+n) a3  a 2  35  36
2 m n a m
m n a 2  a3  a) 34
a a = n =a
a 18 x 2 y 5
3 (am ) n = a m x n = a mn (a 7 ) 2  b) 3 x 4 y
4 (ab) n= anbn (ab) 2  c) (3x 5 ) 2
5 a 
5 54 x 4
a
n n
a     
3

    bn  d) 2x
b   b
 a 2 b 3 
3  x 2b 1 
6 1
a  4
   
e)  x 1 y 2 
-m
a = m  32 13 
a   a y 
7 1 1

27 
m
a m
= a 3

8 m 1 2 3) Without using calculator, evaluate:

a n
= (a ) n m= n a m
8  3
3
1
 11  2
3

a 0 = 1 provided a 0 a) 9 2 b)  1  c) (0.04) 2
9 170   25 
*Rules 1,2 and 3 are applicable when the bases are the
same.
SURDS: Rules of Surds Example 13:
1) Simplify:
1 a a 2 a a) 45
2 a b + c b = (a  c) b b) 24
c) 7  2 7
3 a b  c b = (a  c) b
d) 3 27
4 a a a 3 5 2
e) 12x y z
5 a  b  ab a, b 0
6 a
f) 75  2 48  5 12
a b =
b
7 2) Multiply:
a a
= a,  0 , b 0 a) 3 6  5 7
b b
8 ( a  b ) 2 = a  b  2 ab b) 8 2 (5 6  2)
9 ( a  b ) a  b = a2 – b2  c) (2 3  4 2 )(6 3  2 2 )
d) (5  2 7 )(5  2 7 )
Remember! ab  a  b
Rationalising the denominator Example 14:
If Denominator Multiply by To obtain Rationalize the following surds
Contains the conjugate denominator that (a) 5 (b) 3
Factor free from surds 3 2 3
3 3  3  3
2

(c) 1 (d)
2 3
3 1 7 2 5 3
3 2 1 2 1 3 3 2
(e)  (f)  2
5 3 1 2 1 2 3 2

In rationalizing the denominator of a quotient, be sure to  3 2  3 2

  
multiply both the numerator and the denominator by the g)  3  2   3  2 
same expression.

Logarithms Example 15:

Change these expressions to logarithms.
loga y  x y  ax a) 9  32
Definition of Common Definition of Natural
Logarithms Logarithms b) 1  4 3
log x  log10 x ln x  loge x 64
for all x  0 for all x  0
c) 1  1
5
2 32

Properties of Logarithms Example 16:

1) Expand these expressions by applying laws of
Logarithms with Common Natural logarithms.
base a logarithms logarithms a) ln 4x
b) log 10x
1) loga(1) = 0 log 1 = 0 ln 1 = 0
c) ln
e3
2) logaa = 1 log 10 = 1 ln e = 1
7
3) logaax = x log 10x = x ln ex = x
d) ln x
4) a loga (x)
x 10 log(x)
x ln(x)
e x 2) Given log 2 = 0.301 and log 6 = 0.778 find log 12.
5) if log a m  log a n, then m  n
3) Given log y  2 log 5 , find the value of y.

4) Given log x 343  3 ,find the values of x.

5) Write the following as single logarithms:
(a)log 8 – log 6 + log 9
(b)2 ln (x + 7) – ln x

6) Find the following expression to four decimal places.

(a) log3 5

(b) log5 10

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