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NUMBER SYSTEM
ML - 1
CLASSIFICATION OF NUMBERS
(I) Natural numbers:
Set of all non-fractional number from 1 to + , N = {1,2,3,4,....}.
(II) Whole numbers :
Set of numbers from 0 to + , W = {0,1,2,3,4,.....}.
(III) Integers :
Set of all-non fractional numbers from to + , I or Z = (...., -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,....}.
(IV) Rational numbers :
These are real numbers which can be expressed in the form of p/q, where p and q are integers and q 0.
e.g. 2/3, 37/15, -17/19.
All natural numbers, whole numbers and integers are rational.
Rational numbers include all Integers (without any decimal part to it), terminating fractions (fractions in
which the decimal parts terminating e.g. 0.75, - 0.02 etc.) and also non-terminating but recurring decimals
e.g. 0.666...., -2.333....., etc.
Fractions :
(a) Common fraction : Fractions whose denominator is not 10.
(b) Decimal fraction : Fractions whose denominator is 10 or any power of 10.
3
(c) Proper fraction : Numerator < Denominator i.e. .
5
5
(d) Improper fraction : Numerator > Denominator i.e. .
3
2
(e) Mixed fraction : Consists of integral as well as fractional part i.e. 3 .
7
2 /3
(f) Compound fraction : Fraction whose numerator and denominator themselves are fractions. i.e. .
5 /7
Improper fraction can be written in the form of mixed fractions.
(v) Irrational Numbers :
All real number which are not rational are irrational numbers. These are non-recurring as well as non-
(vi) Real numbers : Number which can represent actual physical quantities in a
meaningful way are known as real numbers. These can be represented on the
number line. Number line in geometrical straight line with arbitrarily defined zero
(origin).
1
(vii) Prime number : All natural numbers that have one and itself only as their factors are called prime
numbers i.e. prime numbers are exactly divisible by 1 and themselves. e.g. 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23....etc. If P is
the set of prime number then P = {2,3,5,7....}.
(viii) Composite numbers : All natural number, which are not prime are composite numbers. If C is the set
of composite number then C = {4,6,8,9,10,12,.....}.
1 is neither prime nor composite number.
(ix) Co-prime numbers : If the H.C.F. of the given numbers (not necessarily prime) is 1 then they are known
as co-prime numbers. e.g. 4, 9, are co-prime as H.C.F. of (4, 9) = 1.
Any two consecutive numbers will always be co-prime.
(x) Even Numbers : All integers which are divisible by 2 are called even numbers. Even numbers are
denoted by the expression 2n, where n is any integer. So, if E is a set even numbers, then E = {...., -4, -2, 0, 2,
4,....}.
(xi) Odd Numbers: All integers which are not divisible by 2 are called odd numbers. Odd numbers are
denoted by the general expression 2n - 1 where n is any integer. If O is a set of odd numbers, then O = {...., -
5, -3, -1, 1, 3, 5,....}.
(xii) Imaginary Numbers: All the numbers whose square is negative are called imaginary numbers. e.g. 3i,
13
(ii)
7
4
(iii)
9
2
(a) Decimal Number (Terminating) :
(i) 2.5
Ex.3 Visualize the representation of 5.37 on the number line upto 5 decimal place. i.e. 5.37777.
2 ( 4 1) 1 3 ( 4 1) 15
(ii) i.e. 2 &3
( 4 1) 5 ( 4 1) 5
11 12 13 14
(iii) So, the four required numbers are , , , .
5 5 5 5
3
Ex.5 Find three rational no’s between a and b (a < b).
Sol. a<b
a+a<b+a
2a < a + b
ab
a
2
Again, a < b
a + b < b + b.
a + b < 2b
ab
b.
2
ab
a b.
2
ab
i.e. lies between a and b.
2
ab
Hence 1st rational number between a and b is .
2
For next rational number
ab 2a a b
a
2 2 3a b 3a b a b
a b
2 2 4 4 2
ab
b
2 a b 2 b a 3b
Next,
2 22 4
3a b a b a 3b
a b , and continues like this.
4 2 4
1 1
Ex.6 Find 3 rational numbers between & .
3 2
1 1 23
5 1 5 1
Sol. 1st Method 3 2 6 , ,
2 2 12 3 12 2
1 5 45
3 12 12 9
1 9 5 1
, , ,
2 2 24 3 24 12 2
5 1 5 6
= 12 2 12 12 11
1 9 5 11 1
, , , ,
2 2 24 3 24 12 24 2
8 9 10 11 12 8 1 1
Verify : . as &
24 24 24 24 24 24 3 2
ba
(i) Find d = .
n1
4
3 4
Ex.7 Find 5 rational number between and
5 5
4 3
3 4 ba 5 5 1 1 1
Here, a , b d .
5 5 n1 51 5 6 30
3 1 19 3 2
1st a b , 2nd a 2d ,
5 30 20 5 30
3 3 21 3 4 22
3rd a 3d , 4th a 4d ,
5 30 30 5 30 30
3 5 23
5th a 5d .
5 30 30
1
(vi) Multiplicative inverse a 1
a
1
1 is called multiplicative identity and is called multiplicative inverse of a or reciprocal of a.
a
(vii) Distributive property a.(b+c) = a.b + a.c
5
L.H.S. R.H.S.
2+ 3 is irrational.
3 2
2
r2
3 + 2 - 2 6 = r2
5 - 2 6 = r2
L.H.S. R.H.S.
Sol. 23 6
2 4 6 4 2 8 6
6
2nd Method : As 2 = 1.414213562 ...... and 3 = 1.732050808......
As , 3 2 and 2 has 4 in the 1st place of decimal while 3 has 7 is the 1st place of decimal.
(i) Plot 2, 3
So, OC = 2 and OD = 3
(ii) Plot 5, 6, 7 8
OC = 5
OD = 6 OH = 7 .......
(d) Properties of Irrational Number :
7
Sum = 2 + 3 , is an irrational number.
Sum =
3 3 0 which is rational.
Sum = 2 3 2 3 4 , a rational number
Sum = 3 2 3 2 2 3 , an irrational
2 × 3 2 3 , an irrational.
0× 3 = 0, a rational.
4 4 4
Ex.24 3 3 is an irrational.
3 3 3
Ex.27 3
3 3 32 3 3 32 3 33 3 a rational number.
8
Ex.29 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
(2) 3 3
2 2
2(2)
434 3
= 7 + 4 3 an irrational number
NOTE :
(ii) 2 3 2 3 6
Instead 2 , 3 are called Imaginary numbers.
2 i 2 , where i ( = iota) = 1
(A) i2 = -1
(B) i3 = i2 × i = (-1) × i = -i
(C) i4 = i2 × i2 = (-1) × (-1) = 1
(iii) Numbers of the type (a + ib) are called complex numbers where (a, b) R.e.g. 2 + 3i, -2 + 4i, -3i, 11 - 4i,
are complex numbers.
To represent any real number of number line we follows the following steps :
STEP I : Obtain the positive real number x (say).
STEP II : Draw a line and mark a point A on it.
STEP III : Mark a point B on the line such that AB = x units.
STEP IV : From point B mark a distance of 1 unit and mark the new point as C.
STEP V : Find the mid - point of AC and mark the point as O.
STEP VI : Draw a circle with centre O and radius OC.
STEP VII : Draw a line perpendicular to AC passing through B and intersecting the semi circle at D.
Length BD is equal to x.
9
4. Examine whether the following numbers are rational or irrational :
(i) 2 3 2
(ii) 2 3
2
(iii) 3 2 3 2 (iv)
3 1
3 1
7. Prove that
2 5 is an irrational number.
(i) 0.3 (ii) 0.37 (iii) 0.54 (iv) 0.05 (v) 1.3 (vi) 0.621
10
NUMBER SYSTEM
ML – 3
SURDS
n
Any irrational number of the form a is given a special name surd. Where ‘a’ is called radicand, it should
always be a rational number. Also the symbol n is called the radical sign and the index n is called order
of the surd.
1
n
a is read as ‘nth root a’ and can also be written as a n .
(a) Some Identical Surds :
3
(i) 4 is a surd as radicand is a rational number.
Similar examples 3
5 , 4 12 , 5 7 , 12 ,.........
1
1 3 1
(i) 3
3 is a surd as 3
3 32 36 6 3
3 3
Similar examples 5 , 4 5 6 ,..........
3
(i) 3 8 because 3
8 2 3 2 , which is a rational number.
3
(iii) 1 3 because radicand is an irrational number.
11
LAWS OF SURDS
(i) a
n n
n an a
3
e.g. (A) 3
8 23 2 (B) 4
81 4 34 3
(ii) n
a n b n ab [Here order should be same]
3
e.g. (A) 2 3 6 3 2 6 3 12
3
but, 3 4 6 36 [Because order is not same]
1st make their order same and then you can multiply.
a
(iii) n
a nb n
b
nm
(iv) a nm a m n a e.g. = 2 88
n p
(v) n
a ap [Important for changing order of surds]
n p
or, n
am a m p
e.g. 3
6 2 make its order 6, then 3
62 32 622 6 64 .
e.g. 3
6 make its order 15, then 3
6 35 615 15 65 .
OPERATION OF SURDS
(a) Addition and Subtraction of Surds :
Addition and subtraction of surds are possible only when order and radicand are same i.e. only for surds.
Ex.1 Simplify
= 15 6 6 6 4 6
= (15 - 6 + 4 ) 6
= 13 6 Ans.
5 53 2 7 23 2 14 3 3 2
(25 14 42)3 2
33 2 Ans.
5 53 2 7 23 2 14 3 3 2
(25 14 42)3 2
33 2 Ans.
12
5 1 5 1 3
(iii) 4 3 3 48 4 3 3 16 3
2 3 2 3 3
5 1
= 4 3 3 4 3 3
2 3
5
4 3 12 3 3
6
5
4 12 3
6
91
= 3 Ans.
6
(i) 3
2 4 3 12 2 4 12 33 12 2 4 33 12 16 27 12 432
6
Hint : 83 a15b3 6 42 a4b4 6 213a19b7 6 2ab . Ans.
24 6 ( 24)3 216
Ex.4 Divide 24 3 200 3
6 Ans..
200 6 ( 200) 2 625
Ex.5 3
16 3 12 , 5 35 5 25 and so on.
Ex.6 Which is greater is each of the following :
3 5 1 1
(i) 16 and 8 (ii) and 3
2 3
L.C.M. of 3 and 5 15. L.C.M. of 2 and 3 is 6.
3 2
1 1
3
6 35 65 15 7776 6 and 3
2 3
1 1 1 1
5
8 35 85 15 512 6 and 6 As 8 9 8 9
8 9
75 1 6 1
7776 15 512 so, 6
8 9
3 1 3 1
6 58
2 3
13
Ex.7 Arrange 2 , 3 3 and 4
5 is ascending order.
Sol. L.C.M. of 2, 3, 4 is 12.
2 6
2 26 12 64
3
3 34 34 12 81
4
5 43 53 12 125
As, 64 < 81 < 125.
12
64 12 81 12 125
2 3345
( 7 3 )( 7 3 ) 73 4
Sol. 7 3
( 7 3) 7 3 7 3
( 5 1)( 5 1) 51 4
And, 5 1
( 5 1) 5 1 5 1
So, 7 3 5 1
1 1
7 3 5 1
4 4
7 3 5 1
7 3 5 1
So, 5 1 7 3
RATIONALIZATION OF SURDS
Rationalizing factor product of two surds is a rational number then each of them is called the rationalizing
factor (R.F.) of the other. The process of converting a surd to a rational number by using an appropriate
multiplier is known as rationalization.
Some examples :
(i) R.F. of a is a a a a .
(ii) R.F. of 3
a is 3 a2 3 a 3 a2 3 a3 a .
14
(iii) R.F. of a b is a b & vice versa a b a b a b.
(iv) R.F. of a b is a b & vice versa a b a b a b 2
(v) R.F. of 3
a 3 b is 3 a ab b a b a ab b
2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 2
a b
3 3 3 3
a b which is rational.
(vi) R.F. of
a b c is a b c nd a b c 2 ab .
(i) 10
R.F. of 10 is 10 Ans.
(ii). 12
R.F. of 12 is 3 Ans.
(iii) 162
R.F. of 2 is 2.
3
Now R.F. of 3
2 is 22
3
R.F. of 3
16 is 22 Ans.
15
4
(vi) 162
Now R.F. of 4
2 is 4 2 3
4
R.F. of ( 4 162 ) is 23 Ans.
(vii) 2 3
Sol.
As 2 3 2 3 (2)2 3 2
4 3 1, , which is rational.
R.F. of ( 2 3 ) is ( 2 3 ) Ans.
(viii) 74 3
Sol.
As 7 4 3 7 4 3 (7 )2 4 3
2
= 49 - 48 = 1, which is rational
R.F. of (7 4 3 ) is 7 4 3 Ans.
(ix). 3 3 2 2
Sol.
As 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2
27 8 19 , which is rational.
R.F. of (3 3 2 2 ) is (3 3 2 2 ) Ans.
(x) 3
3 3 2
Sol. As 3
3 3 2 3 32 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 33 2 3 = 3 + 2 = 5, which is rational.
3
3
R.F. of ( 3 3 3 2 ) is 3 32 3 3 3 2 2 2 Ans.
3
(xi) 1 2 3
Sol. 1
2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
2 2
2 2(1) 2 3
2
1)2
12 2 2 3
32 2 3
2 2
2 2 2 22 4
NOTE : R.F. of a b or a b type surds are also called conjugate surds & vice versa.
16
Ex.10 (i) 2 3 is conjugate of 2 3
(ii) 5 1 is conjugate of 5 1
NOTE : Sometimes conjugate surds and reciprocals are same.
(iii) 6 35 ,6 35
(iv) 7 4 3 , 7 4 3
8 8
15 1 5 3
Sol.
15 1 5 3
15 1 15 3
15 1
5 3
8 15 1 5 3
15 1 5 3
2 2
8 15 1 5 3
15 1 2 15 5 3 2 15
8 15 1 5 3
8
( 15 1 5 3 ) Ans.
a2
Ex.13 Rationalize the denominator of
a 2 b2 b
a2 a2 a 2 b2 b
Sol.
a 2 b2 b a 2 b2 b a 2 b2 b
a 2 a 2 b 2 b
2
a 2 b 2 ( b)2
a 2 a 2 b2 b
= 2 a2 b2 b
Ans.
a b2 b2
17
32 2
Ex.14 If a b 2 , where a and b are rational then find the values of a and b.
3 2
3 2 2 ( 3 2 2 )( 3 2 )
Sol. L.H.S.
3 2 ( 3 2 )( 3 2 )
93 2 6 2 4
92
13 9 2
7
13 9
2
7 7
13 9
2 ab 2
7 7
1 1 3 1
Sol.
3 1 3 1 3 1
3 1
31
3 1
2
1.732 1
2
2.732
2
1.366 Ans.
3 4 3 5 2 4( 5 2 )
Sol.
5 2 5 2 ( 5 2 )( 5 2 )
3 5 3 2 4 5 4 2
52
7 5 2
52
18
7 5 2
3
7 2.236 1.414
3
15.652 1.414
3
17.066
3
= 5.689 (approximate)
1
Ex.17 If find the value of x3 - x2 - 11x + 3.
2 3
1
Sol. As, x 2 3
2 3
x-2=- 3
(x - 2)2 = 3
2
[By squaring both sides]
x2 + 4 - 4x = 3
x2 - 4x + 1 = 0
Now, x3 - x2 - 11x + 3 = x3 - 4x2 + x + 3x2 - 12x + 3
= x (x2 - 4x + 1) + 3 (x2 - 4x + 1)
= x(0) + 3 (0)
=0+0=0 Ans.
1
Ex.18 If x = 3 - 8 , find the value of x 3 .
x3
Sol. x=3- 8
1 1
x 3 8
1
3 8
x
1
Now, x 3 8 3 8 6
x
3
1 1 1 1
x3 x 3x x
x3 x x x
1
x3 (6)3 3(6)
x3
1
x3 216 18
x3
1
x 3 198 Ans.
x3
Ex.19 If x = 1 + 21/3 + 22/3, show that x3 - 3x2 - 3x - 1 = 0
19
Sol. x = 1 + 21/3 + 22/3
x - 1 (21/3 + 22/3)
(x - 1)3 = (21/3 + 22/3)3
(x - 1)3 = (21/3) + (22/3)3 + 3.21/3.22/3(21/3 + 21/3-)
(x - 1)3 = 2 + 22 + 3.21 (x - 1)
(x - 1)3 = 6 + 6 (x - 1)
x3 - 3x2 + 3x - 1 = 6x
x3 - 3x2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Ans.
Ex.20 Solve : x 3 x 2 5.
Hint : x = 1 + 2 3
x-1= 2 3
(x 1)2 2 3
2
[By squaring both sides]
2
x + 1 - 2x = 2 + 3 + 2 6
x2 - 2x - 4 = 2 6
(x2 - 2x - 4)2 = ( 2 6 )2
x4 + 4x2 + 16 - 4x3 + 16x - 8x2 = 24
x4 - 4x3 - 4x2 + 16x + 16 - 24 = 0
x4 - 4x3 - 4x2 + 16x - 8 = 0 Ans.
20
(b) Negative Integral Power :
1
For any non-zero real number ‘a’ and a positive integer ‘n’ we define a n
an
Thus we have defined an find all integral values of n, positive, zero or negative. an is called the nth power of
a.
RATIONAL EXPONENTS OR A REAL NUMBER
(a) Principal of nth Root of a Positive Real Numbers :
If ‘a’ is a positive real number and ’n’ is a positive integer, then the principal nth root of a is the unique
positive real number x such that xn = a.
n
The principal nth root of a positive real number a is denoted by a1/n or a.
(b) Principal of nth Root of a Negative Real Numbers :
If ‘a’ is a negative real number and ‘n’ is an odd positive integer, then the principle nth root of a is define as -
|a|1/n i.e. the principal nth root of -a is negative of the principal nth root of |a|.
Remark :
It ‘a’ is negative real number and ‘n’ is an even positive integer, then the principle nth root of a is not
defined, because an even power of real number is always positive. Therefore (-9)1/2 is a meaningless
quantity, if we confine ourselves to the set of real number, only.
(c) Rational Power (Exponents) :
p
For any positive real number ‘a’ and a rational number where q 0, we define ap / q (ap )1 / q i.e. ap/q
q
21
Sol. Using the laws of indices, we have
58
(ii) 58 53 58 3 55 3125 am an am n
53
(iii) 32
3
323 36 729 (am )n amn
3 m
11 113 1331 a am
(iv) 3
12 12 1728 b bm
3
3 1 1 1 64 1
(v) a n
4 3
3
33 27 27 an
64
4 43
Sol. We have.
4 2 3
2 11 3 2 4 112 33
(i) 4 2 3
11 3 2 11 3 2
23
=
112
6
Ans.
121
(ii) We have,
1
5 4 1 5 4
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 3 5 2 3 5
15 2 2 5
4
25 3 3
1 16 5
32 81 3
5
2 81 3
5
Ans.
486
22
(iii) We have,
215 2115
=0 Ans.
(iv) We have,
3 3 2
2 2 3 23 1 32
3 5 5 33 2 / 5 52
23 1 32
33 2 3 / 53 52
2 3 53 32
33 2 3 52
5
= Ans.
3
Ex.24 Simplify :
253 / 2 2433 / 5 16 2 n 1 4 2 n
(i) (ii)
165 / 4 (8)4 / 3 16 2 n 2 2 2 n 2
Sol. We have,
(i)
253 / 2 2433 / 5
5 2 3 /2
35
3 /5
523 / 2 353 / 5
2 45 / 4 2 34 / 3
53 33
25 24
125 27
32 16
3375
Ans.
512
16 2 n 1 4 2 n 2 4 2n 1 22 2n
(ii)
16 2 n 2 2 2 n 2 24 2n 2 2 2n 2
2n5 2n2
2n 6 2n 3
2n5 2n 2
2.2 n 5 2.2 n 2
2n5 2n2 1
22
n5
2 n2
2 Ans.
23
3 / 4 25 3 / 2 3
81 5
Ex.25 Simplify
16 9 2
Sol. We have
3 / 4 3 / 4 52 3 / 2 3
81 25 3 / 2 5 3 34 5
4 2
16 9 2 2 3 2
3 / 4 3 / 2
3 4 5 2 5 3
2 3 2
4x3 / 4 5 2 x 3 / 2 5 3
3
2 3 2
3 3 3
3 5 5
2 3 2
3 3
2 5 5
3
3 3 2
2 3 33 2 3
33 53 53
2 3 33 53
33 53 2 3
= 1 Ans.
24
EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 3.1
1 1
1. If x= 3 + 8 and y = 3 - 8 then 2
2
x y
3 7
2. If a + b 7 then (a,b) =
3 7
(A) (8, -3) (B) (-8, -3) (C) (-8, 3) (D) (8, 3)
5 2 5 2
3.
5 2 5 2
3 2 xy
4. If x = and y = 1, the value of is :
3 2 x 3y
5 5 6 4 64
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 4 64 5 5
5. Which one is greatest in the following :
3 3 3
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 2
6. The value of 5
32 3 is :
3 2 3 2
7. If x and y the value of x2 + xy + y2 is :
3 2 3 2
2 1 3
8. Simplify :
5 3 3 2 5 2
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 10 (D) 100
9. Which of the following is smallest ?
4 5
(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 4 (D) 3
25
3
10 The product of 3 and 5 is :
6 6 6 6
(A) 375 (B) 675 (C) 575 (D) 475
14. 3
7292.5
1
(A) (B) 81 (C) 243 (D) 729
81
4 3
15. x2
1 1 1
(A) x (B) x 2 (C) x 3 (D) x 6
SUBJECTIVE DPP - 3.2
1. Arrange the following surds in ascending order of magnitude :
(i) 4 10 ,3 6 , 3 (ii) 3 4 ,4 5 , 3
2. Whish is greater :
17 12 or 11 6 .
8
3. Simplify : .
15 1 5 3
4 2
4. If p and q are rational number and p q find p and q.
3 2
(i) 3
32 (ii) 3
36 (iii) 2 3 / 5
3 2 5
(i) (ii)
5 3
26
7. Retionalise the denominator and simplify :
3 2 1 2 4 3 5 2
(i) (ii) (iii)
3 2 32 2 48 18
8. Simplify :
5 3 5 3 73 5 73 5
(i) (ii)
5 3 5 3 3 5 3 5
11 7 5 6
(i) a b 77 (ii) ab 6
11 7 5 6
3 1
10. If x = find the value of 4x3 + 2x2 - 8x + 7.
2
5 21 1 1 1
11. If x = show that x3 3 5 x2 2 x 0.
2 x x x
a2 a2
12. Show that a = x + 1/x, where x = .
a2 a2
1 1 1 1 1
13. Prove that : 5.
3 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 2
5 2 5 2
14. If x = and y = find the value of 3x2 + 4xy - 3y2.
5 2 5 2
15. Evaluate:
5 2 5 2
32 2.
5 1
x 2 / 3
y 4 xy 1 / 2 .
18. Simplify :
1
5 /2
(i) 161 / 5 (ii) 0.001
3
19. If
9 n 32 3 n / 2
2
( 27 )n
1
, then prove than m - n = 1.
33m 2 3 27
27
ANSWER KEY
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ans. A B C B D C
(Subjective DPP # 1.2)
1. (i) Non-terminating and repeating (ii) Non-terminating and non-repeating
(iii) Non-terminating and repeating (iv) Terminating
7 4 3 5 11
2. , , , ,
6 3 2 3 6
5 22 23 24 25 26 27
4. 5. , , , , ,
24 7 7 7 7 7 7
9 10 11
6. , ,
24 24 24
5 4 3
7. , ,
14 14 14
(Objective DPP # 2.1)
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ans. A B A A C D C C
(Subjective DPP # 2.2)
3. 0.110101001000100001
37 6 5 4 4 23
11. (i) 1/3 (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (v)
99 11 99 3 3 37
19
12.
30
28
(Objective DPP # 3.1)
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B D B D C A A B B B
Qus. 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. C D D C D
(Subjective DPP # 3.2)
1. (i) 4 10 3 6 3 (ii) 4 5 3 4 3 2. 11 6
10 2 3 3
3. 16 1 5 5 4. P ,Q 5. (i) 2 (ii) 6 (iii) 22/5
7 49
3 6 15 94 6
6. (i) 5 (ii) 7. (i) 5 2 6 (ii) 7 5 2 (iii)
2 3 15
31 10
8. (i) 8 (ii) 5 9. (i) a = 9/2, b = 1/2 (ii) a ,b
19 19
12 56 10
10. 10 14.
3
y9 / 4
17. 18. (i) 1/4 (ii) 0.1 20. 1
x5 / 6
29