4Q ENGLISH REVIEWER

CONDITIONALS

Types of Conditionals

1. Zero conditional is used when two clauses are always true.

If+Present simple + present simple
Examples:
● If you turn the knob to the right, the bottle opens.
● We get sunburn if we stay under the heat of the sun for a long
time.
● If you drop the vase, it breaks.

2. First conditional is used when the two clauses talk about realistic
and possible situations.
If+Present simple + Future simple
Examples:
● I will break the window if a fire breaks out.
● I will go take a bath if the temperature does not improve.

3. Second conditional is used when talking about unreal or

impossible things.
If+ Past simple + Verb (base form)
Examples:
● If I were president, I would feed all the poor people.
● I would build the tallest building if only I were rich.
● Jericho would be the happiest kid in the world if he
reached the moon.

4. Third conditional is used when describing the past or something

that did not happen.
If + past perfect +would have +past participle
4Q ENGLISH REVIEWER

Examples:
● If I had started the task sooner, I would not have been late in
submitting it.
● They could have won the competition if they had taken all the
trainings more seriously.
● If they had been more supportive of her, she would not have left
the country.

5. Mixed conditional
If Conditional + Second conditional + Third Conditional If Conditional +
Third Conditional + Second Conditional
Examples:
● If they had arrived earlier, they would be enjoying that huge cake
now.
● I would get the shoes I like if I saved more money.
● If we start cleaning the drainage today, we will be able to clean the
other parts of the city next week.

LOGICAL FALLACIES

Logical Fallacy
deceptive or false arguments that may seem stronger than they actually
are due to psychological persuasion, but proven wrong with reasoning

Types of logical fallacies:

Circular Reasoning
returns to the original statement and does not provide new and relevant
justification.

Example
Bringing gadgets to school is banned because it is wrong to bring
gadgets to school. Since it is wrong to bring them, they have been
banned.
4Q ENGLISH REVIEWER
False Dilemma
presents only two choices to choose from, when in reality they are not
the only choices

Example
If you don’t love me, then that can only mean you hate me.

Slippery Slope
exaggerates the consequences of an event as though it could lead to
something disastrous, when in fact it is not that dangerous

Example
If we allow same-sex marriage now, pretty soon we’ll be condoning
marriage with animals

Non-Sequitur
presents a connection between the premise and the conclusion that
does not make sense or is illogical

Example
I made a lot of Atenean friends during the intersession break, so Ateneo
must be a good school to attend.