• Analysis of the genetic behaviour of three or

more linked loci may show evidence of multiple

cross-overs.
• When three loci are involved, there will be two
parental types, four recombinant classes with
single cross-overs and two recombinant types
showing cross-overs between all three loci ( =
double cross-over).
• The two parental types will be most abundant,
the four single cross-over (SCO) recombinants
will be next while the two double cross-over
(DCO) recombinants will be least abundant.
• The phenomenon of a cross - over
occurs when homologous chromatids
in the tetrad (one from each of the
two parents) exchange segments of
varying length during prophase
• The point of crossover is known as a
chiasma (pl. chiasmata)
• Multiple crossover is the event when
there is two or more crossover
between 2 sister chromatids
• Multiple crossover requires 3 linked
gene pairs to observe
Parental:
a+b+c+
abc
Multiple Crossover Single Crossover
How often crossing over occured?
Depends on the distance of two
genes,
(the closer the genes the less likely
crossover happens)

Why are double crossover events

expected in lower frequency?

Because crossover occur If two mutations show 0% recombination

randomly along the lengths of
chromosome, within any
region, the occurence of 2
events is less likely than the
occurence of 1 event
in linkage experiments they may be ___?
1) in different genes but so close to
eachother that crossovers are never
detected
or
2) mutations in the same gene
• Recombination frequency is a
measure of genetic linkage and is The purple gene, with a dominant
used in the creation of a genetic
linkage map. Recombination pr+ allele that specifies normal,
frequency (θ) is red eyes and a recessive pr allele
the frequency with which a single
chromosomal crossover will take that specifies purple eyes.
place between two genes during
meiosis.

• One way that recombination

frequencies have been used
historically is to build linkage
maps, chromosomal maps based
on recombination frequencies.
• The example would be Drosophila
melangaster
The vestigial gene, with a
dominant vg+ allele that specifies
normal, long wings and a
recessive vg allele that specifies
short, "vestigial" wings
Recombinant Freguency

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡
× 100%
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡
× 100%
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
151 + 154
× 100% = 10.7%
1334 + 1195 + 151 + 154

The recombination frequency between the purple and vestigial genes

is 10.7%