The

NERVOUS
System

CAS- Natural Sciences Department

OLFU-Pampanga Campus
UNIT Expected Outcomes
List the characteristics, divisions and functions of the nervous
system

Describe the relationship between the spinal cord and the spinal
nerves and its cross section

Relate how different areas of the Nervous system conducts Sensory

and Motor functions

List the various types of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and briefly
describe their functions

Contrast the structure of the autonomic nervous system and the

somatic nervous system.
Compare and contrast the general functions of the
parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

Helps regulate ‘homeostasis’ and integrates all

body activities by sensing changes (sensory),
interpreting them (integrative) and reacting to
them (motor).

Neurology
➢ the branch of medical science that dealswith
the study of normal functioning and disorders
of the nervous system.
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 ?

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 3 Main Functions:

1. Received sensory input from

internal and external environment
2. Integration (Integrate the input)
3. Motor output (Respond to stimuli)
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Functions:

Sensory
Input
Functions: Brain Activity
 Motor output -Muscle &
Functions: Glands Control
Functions:
 Major Division of the
Nervous System
Central Nervous
System or CNS

Peripheral
Nervous System
PNS

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CNS
➢Brain and spinal cord
➢collections of neurons are called
nuclei.

PNS
➢lies outside the CNS, consists of
spinal and cranial nerves linking
thebody to the brain and spinal cord.
➢Collections of neurons are called
ganglia.
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PNS
❖Autonomic nervous system
➢ involuntary control of internal
organs, blood vessels, smooth and
cardiac muscles, consisting of the
sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous systems.
❖ Somatic nervous system
➢ voluntary control of skin, bones,
joints, and skeletal muscle.

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

SPINAL CORD
 CELLS OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM?

NEURON
• Nerve cells
• Receive input, process input, produce
response
• Require oxygen and glucose
CELLS OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM Dendrite: receives
stimulus from other
NEURON neurons or sensory
receptors
Structures

Cell body:
processes
Axon: transmits stimulus;
stimulus to a gland, contains a
muscle, organ, or other nucleus
neuron
CELLS OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Types of Neurons
 Any
Questions?
 Central Nervous System

Brain and Spinal Cord

The adult human brain weighs about 1.3kg body

weight, constitutes 2% of total body wt.
It is a mass of pinkish grey, jelly like tissue made
up of 1billion neurons and neuroglia.
It is the control center for all body activities and
human emotions.

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The Brain

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 Lobes of the Brain

Frontal

Parietal

Occipital

Temporal

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 Location: top
Location: front
Function: SENSES
Function: controls voluntary motor
functions, EMOTIONS Location: back
Parietal Lobe
Function: vision

Location: sides
Function: hearing, smell, memory
A. Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain, constitutes 85% of total

brain weight.

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A. Cerebrum

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B. Cerebellum or (Metencephalon)

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C. Brainstem
The most
primitive part of
the brain
Responsible for
sustaining the
basic functions of
life

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Major Parts of the Brain
:Brainstem
Parts of the Brainstem

1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla
oblongata

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D. Diencephalon
situated at the ventro- medial
portion of the cerebrum

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 Location: below cerebrum
▪ Located between
Characteristics:
▪ the brainstem
means and
little brain
▪ cerebrum
cortex is composed of
▪ Components:
gyri, sulci, gray matter
▪ ▪ Functions:
Thalamus controls
▪ Epithamalus
balance, muscle tone,
coordination
▪ Hypothalamus of fine
motor movement

Major Parts of the Brain

 Characteristics:
largest portion of
diencephalon
Function: influences
moods and detects
pain

Location: above
thalamus
Function: emotional
Location: below thalamus
and visceral
Characteristics: controls pituitary gland
Function: controls homeostasis, body temp, response to odors
thirst, hunger, fear, rage, sexual emotions

Major Parts of the Brain

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
Protective Layers of
the Brain

BRAIN
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CSF (CerebroSpinal Fluid)

➢ a clear and
colorless fluid
produced by the
choroid plexuses
and found within
the ventricles of
the brain,
subarachnoid
space and
central canal of
the spinal cord.

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Ventricles of the 1. Lateral ventricles
Brain
( fluid filled • found within each cerebral
cavities) hemispheres
• communicates with the 3rd
ventricle by means of
foramen of Monro

2. Third ventricle
• Small slit cavity located in
the center of diencephalons,
between 2 thalami
• communicates with the 4th
ventricle by means of
aqueduct of sylvius

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3. Fourth ventricle
➢located at the base of
cerebellum and is continues
with the central canal of
spinal cord.
➢communicates with the spinal
cord by means of 2 openings:
➢foramen of lushka and
➢foramen of magendie
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 Spinal Cord

❖ A 45cm cord like

structure located
within the vertebral
column.
❖ At extends from
the base of the
skull to the 2nd
lumbar vertebrae.
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Two Functions of the Spinal Cord

Important conduction pathway

for ascending and descending
nerve fibers from and to the
brain.
Important center for reflexes; ex.
Stretch and withdrawal reflexes.
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 Any
questions?