Heart

Circulatory System

The

The
CAS- Natural Sciences Department
OLFU-Pampanga Campus
UNIT Expected Outcomes
Describe & explain the different structures
and functions of the heart
Relate how the heart produces and regulates its
action potentials and conduction system

The
Elaborate the pulmonary and systemic
circuits
Describe the heart’s blood flow blood supply
and explain the different regulation
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: AN
OVERVIEW

1. Functions
1. Regulates blood supply
2. Generates blood pressure
3. Route's blood
4. Ensures 1-way blood flow
2. STRUCTURES
a. Heart Characteristic

Location:
between lungs
in thoracic Orientation: apex (bottom)
cavity towards left side

Size
b. Heart Coverings
c. Heart Layers

surface of heart (outside)

thick, middle layer

composed of cardiac
muscle

smooth, inner surface

d. Cardiac Muscle
• Striated (actin and myosin)
• Ca2+ and ATP used for contractions
• Intercalated disks connect cells
e. Chambers and Blood Vessels
§ 4 Chambers:
e. Chambers and Blood Vessels
§ 4 Chambers:
f Atria
• Upper portion;
Holding chambers
• Small, thin walled,
contract minimally to
push blood into
ventricles
• Interatrial
septum: separates
right and left atria

g Ventricles
• Lower portion; Pumping chambers
• Thick, strong walled, contract forcefully to propel blood out of heart
• Interventricular septum: separates right and left ventricles
 RIGHT SIDE OF HEART:
Pulmonary circuit

§ carries blood from heart to lungs

§ blood is O2 poor, CO2 rich

1. Right Atrium: receives blood from

3 places: superior and inferior vena
cava and coronary Sinus
*Tricuspid Valve
2. Right Ventricle: opens into
pulmonary trunk

§ Pulmonary trunk:
splits into right and left pulmonary
arteries
*Pulmonary Valve
3. Pulmonary arteries:
carry blood away from heart to lungs
LEFT SIDE OF HEART: Systemic circuit:

§ carries blood from heart to body

§ blood is O2 rich, CO2 poor
1. Left Atrium:4 openings (pulmonary
veins) that receive blood from lungs
*Bicuspid Valve

2. Left Ventricle:
§ opens into aorta
§ thicker, contracts more forcefully,
higher blood pressure than right ventricle
has to get to body
*Aortic Valve

Aorta: carries blood from Left Ventricle

to body
3. CIRCUITS OF THE HEART
a. Pulmonary Circuit
b. Systemic Circuit
CIRCUITS OF THE HEART
a. Pulmonary Circuit
RIGHT SIDE OF HEART: Pulmonary circuit
§ carries blood from heart to lungs
§ blood is O2 poor, CO2 rich
Right Atrium: receives blood from 3 places:
superior and inferior vena cava and coronary
sinus
§ Superior vena cava:
drains blood above diaphragm (head,
neck, thorax, upper limbs)
§ Inferior vena cava:
drains blood below diaphragm
(abdominopelvic cavity and lower limbs)
§ coronary sinus:
drains blood from myocardium
Right Ventricle: opens into pulmonary trunk
§ Pulmonary trunk:
splits into right and left pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary arteries:
carry blood away from heart to lungs
CIRCUITS OF THE HEART
b. Systemic Circuit
LEFT SIDE OF HEART: Systemic circuit:

§ carries blood from heart to body

§ blood is O2 rich, CO2 poor

Left Atrium:4 openings (pulmonary

veins) that receive blood from lungs

Left Ventricle:
§ opens into aorta
§ thicker, contracts more forcefully,
higher blood pressure than right ventricle
has to get to body

Aorta: carries blood from Left Ventricle

to body
4. BLOOD FLOW
4. BLOOD FLOW
4. BLOOD FLOW
 5. BLOOD SUPPLY
§ Coronary arteries:
o supply blood to heart wall
o originate from base of aorta (above
aortic semilunar valve)

§ Left coronary artery:

o has 3 branches
o supply blood to anterior heart wall and left
ventricle
§ Right coronary artery:
o originates on right side of aorta
o supply blood to right ventricle
5. BLOOD SUPPLY
Any Questions?
Recap:
1. Functions
2. Structures

The
a. Heart characteristics
b. Heart coverings
c. Heart Layers
d. Cardiac Muscles
e. Atria
f. Ventricle

3. Cir cuits of the Hear t

4. Blood Flow
5. Blood Suppl y
6. ACTION POTENTIAL IN CARDIAC MUSCLE
Changes in membrane channels’ permeability are responsible for producing action
potentials and is called pacemaker potential.
6. ACTION POTENTIAL IN CARDIAC MUSCLE
7. CARDIAC CYCLE
§ Heart is 2 side by side pumps: right and left
§ Atria: primers for pumps Ventricles: power pumps
§ Cardiac Cycle: repetitive pumping action which includes contraction and
relaxation
§ Cardiac muscle contractions produce pressure changes within heart chambers.
§ Pressure changes are responsible for blood movement.
§ Blood moves from areas of high to low pressure.
8. HEART SOUNDS
§ Stethoscope is used to hear lung and heart sounds
§ First sound is lubb, second is dupp
§ Sounds result from opening and closing valves
§ Murmurs are due to faulty valves
9. REGULATION OF HEART FUNCTION

Stroke Volume:
§ volume of blood pumped per ventricle per contraction
§ 70 ml/beat

Heart Rate:
§ number of heart beats in 1 min.
§ 72 beats/min.

Cardiac Output:
§ volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 min.
§ Cardiac output is the product of the heart rate (HR) and the stroke volume (SV)
§ CO = HR × SV
§ CO = HR (75 beats/min) × SV (70 ml/beat)
§ CO = 5250 ml/min = 5.25 L/min
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTTbX
XI8qAg
 9. REGULATION OF HEART FUNCTION

Factors Modifying Basic Heart Rate

1. Neural (ANS) controls

§ Sympathetic nervous system speeds heart rate
§ Parasympathetic nervous system, primarily vagus nerve
fibers, slow and steady the heart rate

2. Hormones and ions

§ Epinephrine and thyroxine speed heart rate
§ Excess or lack of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions also
modify heart activity

3. Physical factors
§ Age, gender, exercise, body temperature influence heart rate
UNIT Expected Outcomes
Describe & explain the different structures
and functions of the heart
Relate how the heart produces and regulates its
action potentials and conduction system

The
Elaborate the pulmonary and systemic
circuits
Describe the heart’s blood flow blood supply
and explain the different regulation