Department Of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

Bayero University Kano

CEE4211 Chemical Engineering Laboratory II

Experiment 1

Batch Cake Filtration

Mustapha Abdullahi Umar

ENG/18/CHE/00038

Group A

Date completed: 18/08/2023

Date submitted: 22/08/2023

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract…………………………………………………………. 3

Chapter 1

Introduction……………………………………………………. 1-5

Aims………………………………………………………………. 5

Objectives………………………………………………………. 5

Chapter 2

Theory………………………………………………………….. 6-7

Chapter 3

Description of apparatus………………………………. 8

Procedure…………………………………………………….. 8

Chapter 4

Results and calculations……………………………….. 9-11

Exercises ………………………………………………………. 11-15

Chapter 5

Discussion……………………………………………………. 16

Conclusion ………………………………………………….. 16

Reference ……………………………………………………. 16

2
Abstract:

An experiment was done to examine the behavior of slurry composed of CaCO3

suspended in water. The filtration tests conducted included a single constant pressure
filtration test with a substantial membrane resistance under different conditions and a variable
pressure, variable rate filtration test. The data from the experiment showed that up to a certain
amount of water was being retained by the filter cake. The time-varying filtrate rate and
applied filtration resistance were also monitored. The results of the experiment were plotted
and showed a nearly linear relation between the average specific cake resistance of the cake
and the applied filtration pressure over a moderate range.

3
 CHAPTER 1

BATCH CAKE FILTRATION

INTRODUCTION

Separation of solids from liquids is a common operation that requires empirical data to
make predictions of performance. These data are usually obtained from experiments
performed on a small-scale laboratory equipment. In this lab, you will first perform
experiments with a small batch filter and use your experimental data to predict
operating conditions for a continuous rotary drum filter commonly used in industrial
applications. You will then verify your predictions by experiments on the drum filter.
The experiments are performed with a slurry of diatomaceous earth in water.
In order to satisfactorily complete this laboratory exercise, it is important to have a
thorough understanding of the following concepts:
• Filtration
• Filter cake resistance
• Flow through porous media
Batch Filtration (Small Scale)
Controlling parameters: Pressure drop, time for filtration, concentration of slurry
Performance indicators: Filtrate flow rate, rate of cake formation.
Feed (slurry) is poured into a graduated cylinder and filtrate is collected in a conical
flask. The filter medium is a canvas cloth fixed at the bottom of the cylinder.
The batch filtration can be performed in two regimes:
1. Pressure-driven filtration. A constant vacuum pressure is applied to the conical flask
via
pump induces liquid flow from the cylinder.
2. Gravity-driven filtration. The pump is disconnected from the conical flask and the
fluid
flow from the cylinder into the flask is driven by gravity.

4
 Figure 1: a batch cake filtration apparatus

The objective of the batch experiment is to determine the permeability κ and porosity
ε of the cake. Once these values have been obtained they can be used to make
predictions of the rate at which solids are produced in the continuous filter. These
predictions are then tested by running the continuous filter.

AIMS
In this experiment, the process of batch cake filtration will be examined.

OBJECTIVE
The main objective of the research are to assess the cake and filtration medium
resistances, analyze the compressibility of the cake, and evaluate the value of
compressibility if applicable.

5
 CHAPTER 2
THEORY

Theoretically the weights of the wet and dry cakes can be used to calculate the volume
percentage of water (and consequently, pores) in the wet cake. One can solve to
determine the cake permeability once Ɛ and K are known
Δ𝑝 = Δ𝑝pump + 𝜌slurry 𝑔(t),
Where Δppump is the pressure drop generated by the vacuum pump, ρslurry is the slurry
density, and H(t) is the height of the slurry column above the cake. H(t) is directly
related to V(t) in terms of its dependence on time. In the pressure-driven experiments,
Δppump is a constant and, if the contribution of the hydrostatic pressure to Δp is
negligible, one can assume that Δp= const.
The result of the pressure at the interface between cake and medium is;
∆P=Pa – Pb = (Pa - P') + (P' – Pb) = ∆Pc + ∆Pm
Where ∆P= overall pressure drop
∆Pc = pressure drop over cake
∆Pm = pressure drop over medium.
The amount of pressure lost as the cake is passed through can be expressed below.
2
𝑑𝑝 4.17𝜇𝑢 (1−𝜀)2 (𝑆𝑝)
=
𝑑𝐿 𝑔𝑐𝜀3 (𝑉𝑝)2
6𝑉
ɸs=𝑑𝑆𝑝
𝑃
Where dp= equivalent diameter of particle
SP= Surface area of one particle
Vp= volume of one particle
𝑑𝑝 150.12𝜇𝑢(1−𝜀)2
=
𝑑𝐿 𝑔𝑑𝑝 ɸ𝜀
𝑑𝑝
Where = pressure gradient at thickness
𝑑𝑙
µ= viscosity of filtrate
u= linear velocity of filtrate
SP= surface f single particle
UP= volume of single particle
Ɛ= porosity of the cake
Gc= Newton’s law of proportionality factor (constant)
ɸp= is the sphericity of the particle
Factoring the volume of solids in the layer;
VL = A (1-Ɛ) dL
And made dm of solids in the layer is;
dm = PP (1 – e) AdL
Where Pp is the density of the particles used.
For a filter medium resistance Rm,

6
 𝑑𝑡 𝜇 𝛼𝑐𝑉
at constant-pressure =𝑔 ( + Rm)
𝑑𝑉 𝑐∆𝑝 𝐴
when△p is constant, the only variables are V and t. when t=0, V=0 and
△p= △pm; hence,
𝜇Rm 𝑑𝑡 1
= (𝑑𝑉)0= 𝑞
𝐴𝑔𝑐 ∆𝑝 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 1 1
And also 𝑑𝑣 can also be written as,𝑑𝑉 = 𝑞 = 𝐾 cV + 𝑞 Kc
0
𝜇𝑐𝛼
Kc= 𝐴2 𝑔
𝑐 ∆𝑝
Integration of the above equation
𝑡 𝐾𝑐 1
= ( )𝑉 +
𝑣 2 𝑞0
A plot of t/V versus V will be linear, with a slope of Kc/2 and an intercept of 1/qo.
The cake and medium resistances can be determined from this graph.;
𝐾𝑐∆𝑝𝑔𝑐 𝐴2 𝐴∆𝑝𝑔𝑐 Mc
α= Rm = C=
µ𝑐 µ𝑞0 V

7
 CHAPTER 3

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS ;
- Cake component from CaCO3
- water for the preparation of slurry used
- glass apparatus (density bottle, funnel, measuring cylinders
Buchner funnel, flask, stirrer and beaker)
- stopwatch for time readings
- clamp, mass balance and vacuum pump for absorption.

PROCEDURE
1. Determine the porosity of CaCo3 using the density bottle
2. Prepare a slurry of CaCo3 introducing 50g of the solid in 160ml
of water and mix thoroughly
3. Setup the filtration apparatus and introduce the prepared slurry
into the buchner funnel
4. Switch on the vacuum pump and start your stopwatch
5. Stop the vacuum pump after and measure volume (V) of the
filterate collected in the flask
6. Repeat steps 5 for 20,40,60,100,140 and 160s after
commencement of filtration
7. Determine values for u and dp for the filtration
8. Repeat steps 2-7 using 130ml water in step 2
9. Repeat step 8 using 100ml water in step 1

8
 CHAPTER 4
RESULTS & CALCULATIONS
For 160ml volume of slurry
𝑑𝑢 1 9
𝑈1 = 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 10×12.6 = 0.0714cm/s
𝑑𝑢 1 13
𝑈2 = 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 20×12.6 = 0.0516cm/s
𝑑𝑢 1 19
𝑈3 = 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 40×12.6 = 0.0377cm/s
𝑑𝑢 1 29
𝑈4 = 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 60×12.6 = 0.0384cm/s
𝑑𝑢 1 42
𝑈5 = 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 80×12.6 = 0.0417cm/s
𝑑𝑢 1 27
𝑈6 = 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 140×12.6 = 0.0153cm/s
𝑈1+𝑈2+𝑈3+𝑈4+𝑈5+𝑈6 0.0714+0.0516+0.0377+0.0384+0.0417+0.0153
Average velocity 𝑈160 = =
6 6

𝑈160 = 0.0427𝐶𝑀/𝑆
For 130ml volume of slurry
𝑑𝑢 1 8
𝑈1 = 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 10×12.6 = 0.0635cm/s
𝑑𝑢 1 17
𝑈2 = 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 20×12.6 = 0.0675cm/s
𝑑𝑢 1 23
𝑈3 = 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 40×12.6 = 0.0456cm/s
𝑑𝑢 1 29
𝑈4 = 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 60×12.6 = 0.0384cm/s
𝑑𝑢 1 30
𝑈5 = 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 80×12.6 = 0.0298cm/s
𝑑𝑢 1 30
𝑈6 = 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 140×12.6 = 0.0056cm/s
𝑈1+𝑈2+𝑈3+𝑈4+𝑈5+𝑈6 0.0635+0.05675+0.0456+0.0384+0.04298+0.0056
Average velocity 𝑈160 = =
6 6

𝑈160 = 0.0416𝐶𝑀/𝑆
For 100ml volume of slurry
𝑑𝑢1 6
𝑈1= 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 10×12.6 = 0.0476cm/s
𝑑𝑢 1 14
𝑈2 = 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 20×12.6 = 0.0556cm/s
𝑑𝑢 1 21
𝑈3 = 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 40×12.6 = 0.0417cm/s
𝑑𝑢 1 22
𝑈4 = 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 60×12.6 = 0.0291cm/s

9
 𝑑𝑢1 12
𝑈5 = 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 80×12.6 = 0.0119cm/s
𝑑𝑢1 3
𝑈6 = 𝑑𝑡×𝐴 = 140×12.6 = 0.0017cm/s
𝑈1+𝑈2+𝑈3+𝑈4+𝑈5+𝑈6 0.0476+0.0556+0.0417+0.0291+0.0119+0.0017
Average velocity 𝑈160 = =
6 6

𝑈160 = 0.03126𝐶𝑀/𝑆

150.12 ∗ 𝜇 ∗ 𝑈(1 − 𝜀)𝑀𝑐

∆𝑃 =
𝑔𝑐 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑑𝑝2 ∗ ∅2 ∗ 𝜀 2
μ= viscosity = 8.9× 10−4
e = porosity = 0.30
Mc= mass of cake = 50g
gc = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81
ρc = density of the particle = 2930
Φ = sphericity = 0.4
A = cross sectional area of filter medium = 12.6𝑐𝑚2

150.12 ∗ 8.9 × 10−4 ∗ 4.27 × 10−4 (1 − 0.3)50

∆𝑃160 =
9.81 ∗ 12.6 ∗ 2930 ∗ (5 × 10−5 )2 ∗ 0.42 ∗ 0.32
∆𝑃160 = 15064815.53
150.12 ∗ 8.9 × 10−4 ∗ 4.16 × 10−4 (1 − 0.3)50
∆𝑃130 =
9.81 ∗ 12.6 ∗ 2930 ∗ (5 × 10−5 )2 ∗ 0.42 ∗ 0.32
∆𝑃160 = 14706278.9
150.12 ∗ 8.9 × 10−4 ∗ 3.13 × 10−4 (1 − 0.3)50
∆𝑃100 =
9.81 ∗ 12.6 ∗ 2930 ∗ (5 × 10−5 )2 ∗ 0.42 ∗ 0.32
∆𝑃100 = 11226.96

10
Vol.of U(cm/s) Dp(N/m2) t(s) V(cm3)
slurry(cm3)
160 0.0427 15064815.53 10 9
20 13
40 19
60 29
80 42
140 27
130 0.0416 14706278.9 10 8
20 17
40 23
60 29
80 30
140 10
100 0.0313 11226.161 10 6
20 14
40 21
60 22
80 12
140 3

EXERCISE
1. Determine the average velocity of fluid flow, u for each
∆𝑃160 = 15064815.53
∆𝑃130 = 14706278.9
∆𝑃100 = 11226.961
2. Plot a graph of t/V vs V for each ∆𝑝
For ∆𝑃160
t/V v
1.111 9
1.538 13
2.105 19
2.068 29
1.904 42
5.185 27

A plot of t/V against V for 160ml volume of slurry

11
 Y-Values
2.5
y = 0.0205x + 1.2864
2
R² = 0.4203
1.5
Y-Values
1
Linear (Y-Values)
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50

For ∆𝑃130
t/V V
1.250 8
1.170 17
1.739 23
2.068 29
2.667 30
14 10

A plot of t/V against V for 130ml volume of slurry

Y-Values
y = 0.0586x + 0.5269
3
R² = 0.7531
2.5
2
1.5 Y-Values
1 Linear (Y-Values)
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

For ∆𝑃100
t/V V
1.667 6
1.428 14
1.904 21
2.727 22
6.667 12
46.667 3

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A plot of t/V against V for 100ml volume of slurry

Y-Values
8
7
6
5
4 Y-Values
3 y = -0.0336x + 3.3831 Linear (Y-Values)
2 R² = 0.0105
1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25

3. Determine the slope and intercept of each

For ∆𝑃160 slope =0.020 intercept =1.26
For ∆𝑃130 slope =0.058 intercept =0.526
For ∆𝑃100 slope =0.033 intercept =3.383

4. Determine the cake and filtration medium resistances

𝐾𝐶∆ ∆𝑃𝑔𝐴2 𝐴∆𝑃𝑔 𝑀𝑐
𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝛼 = 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑚 = 𝐶=
𝜇𝑐 𝜇𝑞𝑜 𝑉
𝐾𝐶∆ ∆𝑃160 𝑔𝐴2
For ∆𝑃160 = 𝛼 = =kc/2=0.020 = kc=0.04
𝜇𝑐
9 + 13 + 19 + 29 + 42 + 27
𝑉= = 16.83
6
𝑀𝑐 50
𝐶= = = 2.97
𝑉 16.83

0.04 ∗ 15064815.53 ∗ 9.81 ∗ (1.26 × 10−3)2

𝛼= = 35504.83
8.9 × 10−4 ∗ 2.97

1/𝑞𝑜 =1.26 𝑞𝑜 = 0.79

1.26 × 10−3 × 15064815.53 × 9.81
𝑅𝑚 =
2930 × 0.79
= 80.44

𝐾𝐶∆ ∆𝑃130 𝑔𝐴2

For ∆𝑃130 = 𝛼 = =kc/2=0.058 = kc=0.116
𝜇𝑐
8 + 17 + 23 + 29 + 30 + 10
𝑉= = 19.5
6
𝑀𝑐 50
𝐶= = = 2.56
𝑉 19.5

13
 0.116 ∗ 14706278.9 ∗ 9.81 ∗ (1.26 × 10−3)2
𝛼= = 166874.89
8.9 × 10−4 ∗ 2.56

1/𝑞𝑜 =0.526 𝑞𝑜 = 1.901

1.26 × 10−3 × 14706278.9 × 9.81
𝑅𝑚 =
2930 × 1.9011
= 32.63

𝐾𝐶∆ ∆𝑃100 𝑔𝐴2

For ∆𝑃100 = 𝛼 = =kc/2= 0.033 = kc=0.066
𝜇𝑐
6 + 14 + 21 + 22 + 12 + 3
𝑉= = 13
6
𝑀𝑐 50
𝐶= = = 3.84
𝑉 13

0.066 ∗ 11226.96 ∗ 9.81 ∗ (1.26 × 10−3 )2

𝛼= = 3.37
8.9 × 10−4 ∗ 3.84

1/𝑞𝑜 =3.383 𝑞𝑜 = 0.295

1.26 × 10−3 × 11226.96 × 9.81
𝑅𝑚 =
2930 × 3.37
= 0.014
5. Plot 𝛼 and 𝑅𝑚 against Δ𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐omment on the curve
α against Δ𝑝

Y-Values
20000000
y = 63.4x + 6E+06
15000000 R² = 0.421

10000000 Y-Values
Linear (Y-Values)
5000000

0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000

14
Rm against Δ𝑝

Y-Values
20000000
y = 176302x + 3E+06
15000000 R² = 0.6492

10000000 Y-Values
Linear (Y-Values)
5000000

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

6. Using the result of exercise 4 above how can you describe the behavior of the
resistances in relation to your observation during practical
The cake resistance increases as the pressure drop increase
7. Using eq.(15) determine the compressibility of the cake
Compressibility of the cake
From the equation given,
𝛼 = 𝛼0 (∆𝑝)𝑠
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝛼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝛼0 + 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑔∆𝑝
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝛼 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝛼0
𝑠=
𝑙𝑜𝑔∆𝑝
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝛼 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝛼0
𝑠=
𝑙𝑜𝑔∆𝑝
4.2890 − 9.819
𝑠=
6.996
𝑠 = −0.796

8. State 4 safety measures necessary for safe conduct of the experiment

Precautions

• The glass apparatus should handle with care

• Time should be take accurately
• Oil level should be checking each time in the vacuum pump
• Filter solution should be measured in normal eye view.

15
 Chapter 5
DISCUSSION

It was evident from the outcome that the data matched an empirical
equation of the outcome for t/v against v. The practical importance of
the filtration equations was further established, and values for, the
particular cake resistance, and R, the filter-medium resistance, were
computed. The results for were then fitted to an empirical equation.

CONCLUSION

The batch filtration method can be used to separate the sludge and
filtrate from a slurry solution of cake and water, and then measure the
volume of the filtrate with measuring devices. The data gathered was
plotted on a graph, which displayed a linear behavior, allowing for the
calculation of the values of Kc, q, α, and R.

REFERENCE

• Coulson JM and Richardson JF, Chemical Engieering Vol2, New York:

Pergamon Press, 1990.
• Purchas DB, Industrial Filtration of Liquids, Leonard Hill, 1971.
• Perry RH, Chemical Engineers Handbook, McGraw-Hill, 1982.
• McCabe, Smith and Harriott, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering,
McGraw-Hill, 1986.
• Wakeman RJ and Tarleton ES, Filtration Equipment Selection,
Modelling and
Process Simulation, Elsevier Advanced Technology, 1999

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