USMLE STEP 1 CHECKLIST

General principles

MOLECULAR CELLULAR

CHROMATIN STRUCTURE CELL CYCLE PHASE

RER
NUCLEOTIDES

DE NOVO PYRIMIDINE SER

AND PURINE SYNTHESIS

PURINE SALVAGE DEFICIENCIES CELL TRAFFICKING

GENETIC CODE FEATURES PEROXISOME

BIOCHEMISTRY

DNA REPLICATION PROTEASOME

MUTATIONS IN DNA CYTOSKELETAL ELEMENTS

LACK OPERON
MICROTUBULE

DNA REPAIRR NUCLEOTIDES

DNA/ RNA/ PROTEINS SYNTHESIS CILLIAN STRUCTURE

DIRECTION

START AND STOP CODONS PLASMA MEMBRANE

COMPOSITION
FUNCTIONAL ORG OF
SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP
EUKARYOTIC GENE

REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION COLLAGEN

RNA POLYMERASE COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS

AND STRUCTURE

SPLICING PRE ARN OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECT

INTRONS VS EXONS
EHLERS- DANLOS SYNDROME

MICRORNAS MENKES DISEASE

TRNA ELASTIN

LAB TECHNIQUES
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

CHAPERONE PROTEIN PCR

POST TRANSLATIONAL CRISPR/CASP9

MODIFICATION CELL

@lifeinwhitecoat
 BLOTTING PROCEDURESN
ETHANOL METABOLISM

FLOW CYTOMETRY
METABOLISM SITES

MICROARRAYS ENZYMES TERMINOLOGY

ENZYME-LINKED INMUNOSORBENT
RATE DETERMINING ENZYMES
ASSAY

KARYOTYPING ATP PRODUCTION

FLUORESCENCE IN SITU ACTIVATED CARRIERS

HYBRIDIZATION
UNIVERSAL ELECTRON
GENE EXPRESSION MODIFICATIONS ACCEPTOR

GENETICS HEXOKINASE AND

GLUCOKINASE
GENETIC TERMS GLYCOLYSIS REGULATION

PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE
HARDY-WEINBERG POPULATION
COMPLEX
GENETICS

DISORDERS OF IMPRINTING PYRUVATE METABOLISM

MODES OF INHERITANCE TCA CYCLE

BIOCHEMISTRY

ELECTRON TRANSPORT
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT DISEASES
CHAIN AND OP

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISEASES GLUCONEOGENESIS

CYSTIC FIBROSIS PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY

X-LINKED RECESSIVE DISORDERS

G6PD DEFICIENCY

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES DISORDERS FRUCTOSE

METABOLISM

FRAGILE X SYNDROME SORBITOL

TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT
EXPANSION DISEASES LACTOSE DEFICIENCY

AUTOSOMAL TRISOMIES AMINO ACID

CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS UREA CYCLE

ROBERTSONIAN TRANSLOCATION TRANSPORT AMMONIA BY

ALANINE

CRI-DU-CHAT SYNDROME HYPERAMMONENIA

ORNITHINE
WILLIAMS SYNDROME
TRANSCARBAMYLASE DEF

22Q11 DELETION SYNDROMES

AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES
NUTRITION

VITAMINS FAT/ WATER SOLUBLE CATECHOLAMINES SYNTHESIS

MALNUTRITION TYROSINE CATABOLISM

PHENYLKETONURIA
METABOLISM

@lifeinwhitecoat
BIOCHEMISTRY MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE
KETONE BODIES

ALKAPTONURIA METABOLIC FUEL USE

HOMOCYSTINURIA
CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS

CYSTINURIA
LIPID TRANSPORT

GLYCOGEN
MAJOR APOLIPOPROTEINS

GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASES LIPOPROTEINS FUNCTION

LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASES FAMILIAL DYSLIPIDEMIAS

FATTY METABOLISM

BACTERIOLOGY CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY

BACTERIAL STRUCTURES GRAM +LABS / IDENTIFICATION

CELL WALLS ALFA HEMOLYTIC BACTERIA

PLEOMORPHIC BACTERIAL
BETA HEMOLYTIC BACTERIA

STAINS
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

PROPERTIES OF GROWTH MEDIA STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIS

MICROBIOLOGY

SPECIAL CULTURE STAPHYLOCOCCUS

REQUIREMENTS SAPROPHYTICUS
STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
AEROBES

ANAEROBES STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES

INTRACELLULAR BACTERIAS STREPTOCOCCUS GALACTOSE

ENCAPSULATED BACTERIA/ STREPTOCOCCUS BOVIS

VACCINES

UREASE- POSITIVE ORGANISMS VIRIDIANS GROUP

CATALASE- POSITIVE ORGANISMS ENTEROCOCCI

PIGMENT PRODUCING BACTERIA CORYNEBACTERIUM

DIPHTHERIA

BACTERIAL VIRULENCE FACTORS BACILLUS ANTHRAX

TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM

BACILLUS CEREUS

EXOTOXINS/ ENDOTOXINS LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES

BACTERIAL GENETICS NOCARDIA VS ACTINOMYCES

MYCOBACTERIAS
BACTERIA WITH EXOTOXINS

@lifeinwhitecoat
 GRAM NEGATIVE ALGORITHM INTRODUCTION FOR MYCOLOGY

NEISSERIA
SYSTEMIC MYCOSES

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA CUTANEOUS MYCOSES

OPPORTUNISTIC FUNGAL
MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS
INFECTIONS

BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS
PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII

LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKII

PARASITOLOGY
LACTOSE FERMENTING ENTERIC
BACTERIA

YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA PROTOZOA- GI INFECTIONS

PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA PROTOZOA- CNS INFECTIONS

ESCHERICHIA COLI PROTOZOA- HEMATOLOGIC

INFECTIONS

KLEBSIELLA PROTOZOA-OTHER INFECTIONS

CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI NEMATODES (ROUNDWORMS)

MICROBIOLOGY

PROTEUS MIRABILIS/VULGARIS CETODES (TAPEWORMS)

VIBRIO CHOLERA
TREMATODES (FLUKES)

HELICOBACTER PYLORI
ECTOPARASITES

SPIROCHETES
PARASITE HINTS

YERSINIA PESTIS VIROLOGY

LYME DISEASE
VIRAL STRUCTURE

LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS
GENERAL FEATURES

SYPHILIS
VIRAL GENETICS

VDRL FALSE NEGATIVES/ POSITIVES DNA VIRAL GENOMES

JARISH-HERXHEIMER REACTION
RNA VIRAL GENOMES

GARDNERELLA VAGINALIS
NAKED VIRAL GENOME
INFECTIVITY
CHLAMYDIAE
VIRAL REPLICATION

CHAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS VIRAL ENVELOPES

STEREOTYPES
ZOONOTIC BACTERIA[ DNA VIRUSES / VIRAL
CHARACTERISTICS

MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE HERPES VIRUSES /

IDENTIFICATION
RICKETTSIA AND
VECTOR-BORNE ILLNESSES
RNA VIRUSES
MYCOLOGY
NEGATIVE STRANDED  VIRUSES

@lifeinwhitecoat
 SEGMENTED VIRUSES NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

PICORNAVIRUS
UNIMMUNIZED CHILDREN BUGS

RHINOVIRUSES ANTIBIOTICS

YELLOW FEVER VIRUS ANTIBIOTIC CLASSIFICATION

YELLOW FEVER VIRUS PENICILLIN, AMOXICILLIN,

AMPICILLIN

INFLUENZA VIRUSES DICLOXACILLIN, NAFCILLIN,

OXACILLI
RUBELLA VIRUS
PIPERACILLIN, TICARCILLIN

PARAMYXOVIRUSES
B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS

CROUP CEPHALOSPORINS

MEASLES (RUBEOLA) VIRUS CARBAPENEMS

MUMPS VIRUS MONOBACTAMS

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
RABIES VIRUS
MICROBIOLOGY

INHIBITORS

PEBOLA VIRUS AMINOGLYCOSIDES

HEPATITIS VIRUSES /
SEROLOGY MARKERS TETRACYCLINE

HIV/ SEROLOGY MARKERS/

CHLORAMPHENICOL
OPPORTUNISTIC
PRIONS
CLINDAMYCIN

SYSTEMS OXAZOLIDINONES

NORMAL FLORA
MACROLIDES

FOOD POISONING BUGS

TRIMETHROPIM

DIARRHEA BUGS
SULFONAMIDES

COMMON CAUSES OF PNEUMONIA FLUOROQUINOLONES

COMMON CAUSES OF MENINGITIS

DAPTOMYCIN
OSTEOMYELITIS
METRONIDAZOLE

UTI BUGS
ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL DRUGS

COMMON VAGINAL INFECTIONSS RIFAMYCINS/ ISONIAZID

TORCHES INFECTIONS PYRAZINAMIDE/ ETHAMBUTOL

RED RASHES IN CHILDHOOD ANTIMICROBIAL PROPHYLAXIS

STIS
ANTIFUNGAL THERAPY

AMPHOTERICIN B
PID

@lifeinwhitecoat
 NYSTATIN OSELTAMIVIR, ZANAMIVIR
MICROBIOLOGY
FLUCYTOSINE ACYCLOVIR, FAMCICLOVIR,
VALACYCLOVIR, GANCICLOVIR

AZOLES FOSCARNET

TERBINAFINE CIDOFOVIR

ECHINOCANDINS HIV THERAPY

GRISEOFULVIN INTERFERONS

ANTI-MITE/ LOUSE THERAPY

B-HEPATITIS C THERAPY

INFECTION CONTROL
CHLOROQUINE
TECHNIQUES

ANTIPROTOZOAN THERAPY ANTIBIOTICS TO AVOID IN

PREGNANCY

ANTIHELMINTHIC THERAPY

LYMPHOID STRUCTURES
ANTYGEN TYPE & MEMORY

LIMPH NODE IMMUNE RESPONSES

LYMPH DRAINAGE
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

SINOSOIDS OF SPLEEN
COMPLEMENT

THYMUS
COMPLEMENT DISORDERS

LYMPHOCYTES
IMPORTANT CYTOKINES
IMMUNOLOGY

INNATE VS ADAPTATIVE IMMUNITY

RESPIRATORY BURST

MCH I & MCH II

INTERFERON ALFA & BETA

HLA SUBTYPES
CELL SURFACE PROTEINS

NK CELLS ANERGY

MAJOR FUNTIONS OF B & T CELLS

EFFECTS OF BACTERIAL TOXINS
DIFFERENTIATION OF T CELLS
ANTIGENIC VARIATION

HELPER T CELLS
PASSIVE VS ACTIVE IMMUNITY

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS VACCINATIOM

REGULATORY T CELLS HYPERSENSITIVITY TYPES/

DISORDERS
T & B CELLS ACTIVATION
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
ANTIBODY STRUCTURE & FUNCTION REACTIONS

AUTOANTIBODIES

IMMUNOGLOBULIN ISOTYPES
IMMUNODEFICIENCIES/
INFECTIONS

@lifeinwhitecoat
 GRAFTS/ TRANSPLANT REJECTION RECOMBINANT CYTOKINES/
CLINICAL USES
IMMUNOSUPPRESANT
THERAPEUTIC ANTIBOIDES

IMMUNOSUPPRESANTS / TARGETS

INFLAMMATION ERS

NECROSIS AMYLOIDOSIS

APOPTOSIS NEOPLASTIC PROGRESSION

CELL INJURY P-GLYCOPROTEIN

ISCHEMIAS PLASIA DEFINITIONS

INFARCTS: RED VS PALE TUMOR NOMENCLATURE

CACHEXIA
ATROPHY
PATHOLOGY

DISEASES ASSOCIATED TO
INFLAMMATION NEOPLAMS

CHROMATOLYSIS ONCOGENES

TYPES OF CALCIFICATION TUMOR SUPRESSOR GENES

LEUKOCYTE EXTRAVASATION
TUMOR MARKERS)

FREE RADICALS INJURY

ONCOGENIC MICROBES

INHALATION INJURY AND CARCINOGENS

SEQUELAE
SCAR FORMATION PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME

WOUND HEALING PSAMMOMA BODIES

GRANULOMATOUS DISEASES CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY

EXUDATE VS TRANSUDATE COMMOM METASTASES

PHARMACOLOGY

KINETICS/ DYNAMICS
ELIMINATION OF DRUGS

ENZYME KINETICS
URINE PH & DRUG ELIMINATION

DRUG METABOLISM
PHARMACOKINETICS

DOSAGE CALCULATIONS EFFICACY VS POTENCY

MYCOPTYPES OF DRUGS
INTERACTIONS AUTONOMIC DRUGS

RECEPTOR BINDING AUTONOMIC RECEPTORS

THERAPEUTIC INDEX ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS

@lifeinwhitecoat
PHARMACOLOGY G- PROTEIN- LINKED SECOND SYMPATHOLYTICS
MESSENGERS
ALPHA BLOCKERS
AUTONOMIC DRUGS

CHOLINOMIMETIC AGENTS BETA BLOCKERS

CHOLINESTERASE POISONING SEAFOOD TOXINS

MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS SPECIFIC ANTIDOTES

DRUG REACTIONS- ALL

ATROPINE
SYSTEMS
CYTOCHROME P-450
SYMPATHOMIMETICS
INTERACTIONS / SULFA DRUGS
NE VS ISOPROTENEROL
PUPIL SIZE AFFECTING DRUGS

BIOSTATISTICS

CONSENT FOR MINORS

TYPES OF STUDIES
DECISION-MAKING CAPACITY

CLINICAL TRIALS
ETHICAL SITUATIONS

EVALUATION OF DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

SURROGATE DECISION-MAKER

LIKELIHOOD RATIO
CONFIDENCIALITY

QUANTIFUING RISK
THE WELL PATIENT

INCIDENCE VS PREVALENCE
CHANGES IN THE ELDERLY
PUBLIC HEALTH 

PRECISION VS ACCURACY REPORTABLE DISEASES

BIAS AND STUDY ERROS DISEASE PREVENTION

MAJOR MEDICAL
STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION
INSURANCE PLANS

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES HEALTHCARE PAYMENT

MODELS
OUTCOMES OF STATISTICAL
HYPOTHESIS TESTING MEDICARE AND MEDICAID

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
HOSPICE CARE

META- ANALYSIS COMMOM CAUSES OF

DEATH BY AGE

COMMOM STATISTICAL TESTS CONDITIONS WITH FREQUENT

HOSPITAL READMISSIONS
PEARSON CORRELATION
QUALITY AND SAFETY

CORE ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

SAFETY CULTURE

INFORMED CONSENT
HUMAN FACTORS DESIGN

@lifeinwhitecoat
 PDSA CYCLE TYPES OF MEDICAL ERRORS

QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
MEDICAL ERROR ANALYSIS

SWISS CHEESE MODEL

ORGAN SYSTEMS
EMBRYOLOGY
ECG TRACINGS

HEART EMBRIOLOGY
ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE

HEART MORPHOGENESIS
B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE

FETAL CIRCULATION NORMAL CARDIAC PRESSURES

FETAL-POSNATAL DERIVATIVES AUTOREGULATION

ANATOMY
CAPILLARY FLUID EXCHANGE

ANATOMY OF THE HEART

PATHOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

CARDIAC OUTPUT VARIABLES

CONGENITAL CARDIAC DEFECT
CARDIOVASCULAR

ASSOCIATIONS
CARDIAC OUTPUT EQUATIONS
HYPERTENSION
STARLING CURVE
HYPERLIPIDEMIA SIGNS

RESISTANCE, PRESSURE, FLOW ATEROSCLEROSIS

CARDIAC AND VASCULAR

ATHEROSCLEROSIS
FUNCTION CURVES

PRESSURE- VOLUMEN LOOPS AORTIC ANEURYSM

AND CARDIAC CYCLE

PHYSIOLOGY CHANGES IN TRAUMATIC AORTIC RUPTURE

VALVULAR DISEASE
AORTIC DISSECTION
SPLITTING

ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

AUSCULTATION OF THE HEART
MANIFESTATION

HEART MURMURS EVOLUTION OF MYCARDIAL

INFARCTION

MYOCARDIAL ACTION POTENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF MYOCARDIAL

INFARCTION
PACEMAKER ACTION POTENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF MYOCARDIAL
INFARCTION

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
ECG LOCALIZATION OF STEMI

TORSADES DE POINTES MYOCARDIAL INFACTION

COMPLICATIONS

BRUGADA SYNDROME ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

TREATMENTS
WOLFF- PARKINSON-WHITE
CARDIOMYOPATHIES
SYNDROME

@lifeinwhitecoat
 HEART FAILURE
HYPERTENSION TREATMENT

SHOCK CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS

BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS HYDRALAZINE

CARDIOVASCULAR

RHEUMATIC FEVER HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCY

ACUTE PERICARDITIS NITRATES

MYOCARDITIS ANTIANGINAL THERAPY

CARDIAC TAMPONADE RANOLAZINE

SYPHILITIC HEART DISEASE MILRINONE

VASCULITISDES SACUBITRIL

CARDIAC TUMORS LIPID-LOWERING AGENTS

KUSSMAUL SIGN
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
HEREDITARY HEMORRHAGIC ANTIRRHYTMICS- SODIUM
TELANGIECTASIA CHANNEL BLOCKERS
(CLASS I- IV)
PHARMACOLOGY
OTHER ANTIARRHYTMICS

EMBRIOLOGY & ANATOMY

CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS
THYROID DEVELOPMENT
VITAMINE D

ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA PARATHYROID HORMONE

PITUITARY GLAND CALCITONINTHYROID HORMONES

ENDOCRINE PANCREAS CELL TYPE SIGNALING PATHWAYS

ENDOCRINE HOMONES

PHYSIOLOGY SIGNALING PATHWAYS

ENDOCRINE

STEROID HORMONES
INSULIN
PATHOLOGY

GLUCAGON CUSHING SYNDROME

HYPOTHALAMIC- PITUITARY NELSON SYNDROME

HORMONES

PROLACTIN ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY

GROWTH HORMONE HYPERALDOSTERONISM

APPETITE REGULATION NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES HYPOTHYROIDISM VS

HYPERTHYROIDISM

ADRENAL STEROIDS AND CAH

ATHYROID ADENOMA

CORTISOL THYROID CANCDER

@lifeinwhitecoat
 MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE 
DIAGNOSING PARATHYROID
NEOPLASIAS
DISEASE

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM PHARMACOLOGY

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM DIABETES MANAGEMENT

FAMILIAR HYPOCALCIURIC
INJECTABLES
HYPERCALCEMIA
ENDOCRINE

HYPOPITUITARISM ORAL DRUGS

ACROMEGALY THYROID MANAGEMENT

LARON SYNDROME THIONAMIDES

SYNDROME INAPPROPIED LEVOTHYROXINE,LIOTHYRONINE

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE SECRETION

DIABETES INSIPIDUS HYPOTHALAMIC/ PITUITARY

DRUGS

DIABETES MELLITUS DEMECYCLINE

TYPE I VS TYPE II DM
FLUDROCORTISONE

DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS CINACALCET

HYPEROSMOLAR HYPERGLYCEMIC
SEVELAMER
STATE

EMBRIOLOGY & ANATOMY

PECTINATE LINE
TNORMAL GASTROINTESTINAL
EMBRYOLOGY LIVER TISSU STRUCTURE

VENTRAL WALL DEFECTS BILIARY STRUCTURES

TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FEMORAL REGION

ANOMALIES
GASTROINTESTINAL

INTESTINAL ATRESIA INGUINAL CANAL

HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC
HERNIAS
STENOSIS

PANCREAS AND SPLEEN

PHYSIOLOGY
EMBRYOLOGY

RETROPERITONEAL STRUCTURES GASTROINTESTINAL

IMPORTANT GASTROINTESTINAL
LIGAMENTS
DIGESTIVE TRACT ANATOMY
DIGESTIVE TRACT HISTOLOGY
ABDOMINAL AORTA AND
BRANCHES
REGULATORY SUBSTANCES
GASTROINTESTINAL SECRETORY
PRODUCTS
LOCATIONS GASTROINTESTINAL
SECRETORY CELL
PANCREATIC SECRETIONS
CARBOHYDRATE ABSORPTION

GASTROINTESTINALBLOOD SUPPLY
VITAMINE/ MINERAL
AND INNERVATION
ABSORPTION
CELIAC TRUCK
PEYER PATCHES

PORTOSYSTEMIC ANASTOMOSES BILE

@lifeinwhitecoat
 MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS
BILIRUBIN
OF COLORECTAL CANCER
CIRRHOSIS AND PORTAL
PATHOLOGY
HYPERTENSION

SIALOLITHIASIS SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL

PERITONITIS
SALIVARY GLAND TUMOR SERUM MARKERS OF LIVER
PATHOLOGY

ACHALASIA REYE SYNDROME

ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE

ESOPHAGEAL PATHOLOGIES

NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER

BARRET ESOPHAGUS
DISEASE

ESOPHAGEAL CANCER HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY

GASTRITIS HEPATOCELLULAR
CARCINOMA/ HEPATOMA

MÉNÉTRIER DISEASE OTHER LIVER TUMORS

GASTRIC CANCER
BUDD-CHIARI SYNDROME
GASTROINTESTINAL

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE ALFA-1-ANTITRYPSIN DEF

ULCER COMPLICATIONS JAUNDICE

PHYSIOLOGIC NEONATAL
MALABSORPTION SYNDROMES
JAUNDICE

BILIARY ATRESIA
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL
DISEASES
HEREDITARY
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME HYPERBILIRUBINEMIAS

WILSON DISEASE
APPENDICITIS

HEMOCHROMATOSIS
DIVERTIULA OF GI TRACT
BILIARY TRACT DISEASE
ZENKER DIVERTICULUM

CHOLELITHIASIS
MECKEL DIVERTICULUM

ACUTE PANCREATITIS
HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE

CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
MALROTATION

INTUSSUSCEPTION PANCREATIC
ADENOCARCINOMA

VOLVULUS PHARMACOLOGY

OTHER INTESTINAL DISORDERS

ACID SUPPRESSION THERAPY

COLONIC POLYPS HISTAMINE-2 BLOCKERS

POLYPOSIS SYNDROMES PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS

LYNCH SYNDROME
ANTIACIDS

COLORECTAL CANCER BISMUTH, SULCRALFATE

@lifeinwhitecoat
 METOCLOPRAMIDE
MISOPROSTOL

ORLISTAT
OCTREOTIDE

SULFASALAZINE LAXATIVES

LOPERAMIDE
APREPITANT

EMBRIOLOGY & ANATOMY NEUTROPHIL LEFT SHIFT

FETAL ERYTHROPOIESIS HEME SYNTHESIS PORPHYRIAS

AND LEAD POISONING
BLOOD GROUPS
IRON POISONING

HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN COAGULATION DISORDERS

PLATELET DISORDERS
HEMATOPOIESIS
MIXED PLATELET AND 
ALL BLOOOD CELLS
COAGULATION DISORDERS

PHYSIOLOGY HEREDITARY THROMOSIS

SYNDROMES LEADING
HEMATO/ ONCOLOGY

HYPERCOAGULABILITY
HEMOGLOBIN ELECTROPHORESIS
BLOOD TRANSFUSION THERAPY

PLATELET PLUG FORMING LEUKEMIA VS LYMPHOMA

THROMBOGENESIS HODGKIN VS NON-HODGKIN

LYMPHOMA
COAGULATION AND KININ
PATHWAYS
MULTIPLE MYELOMA
VIT K- DEPENDENT COAGULATION MYELODYSPLASTIC
COMPONENTS SYNDROMES
PATHOLOGY
LEUKEMIAS

PATHOLOGIC RBC FORMS CHRONIC MYELOPROLIFERATIVE

DISORDERS

RBC INCLUSIONS POLYCYTEMIA

ANEMIAS
CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION
MICROCYTIC HYPOCHROMIC
ANEMIAS GASLANGERHANS CELL
HISTIOCYTOSIS
MACROCYTIC ANEMIAS TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME
NORMOCYTIC, HEMOPHAGOCYTOSIS
NORMOCHROMIC ANEMIAS LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS

NONHEMOLYTIC,NORMOCYTIC
ANEMIAS PHARMACOLOGY

INTRINSIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS

HEPARIN

EXTRINSIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS

DIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITORS

INTERPRETATION IRON STUDIES WARFARIN

LEUKOPENIAS HEPARIN VS WARFARIN

@lifeinwhitecoat
 DIRECT FACTOR XA INHIBITORS IRINOTECAN, TOPOTECAN

THROMBOLYSIS HYDROXYUREA
HEMATO/ ONCOLOGY

ADP RECEPTOR INHIBITORS BEVACIZUMAB

ANTIPLATELET
ERLOTINIB
PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS
GLYCOPROTEIN IIB/ IIIA
CETUXIMAB,PANITUMUMAB
INHIBITORS

CANCER DRUGS- CELL CYCLE IMATINIB, DASATINIB

RITUXIMAB
CANCER DRUGS- TARGETS

ANTITUMOR ANTIBIOTICS BORTEZOMIB,CARFILZOMIB

ANTIMETABOLITES TAMOXIFEN,RALOXIFENE

ALKYLATING AGENTS TRASTUZUMAB

MICROTUBULE INHIBITORS
DABRAFENIB,VEMURAFENIBE

CIPLASTIN, CARBOPLATIN RASBURICASE

OXALIPLATIN

ETOPOSIDE, TENIPOSIDE KEY CHEMOSTOXICITIES

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY TYPES OF MUSCLE FIBERS

ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE

CONTRACTION & RELAXATION

ARM ABDUCTION MUSCLE PROPIOCEPTORS

WRIST REGION
BONE FORMATION

HAND MUSCLE CELL BIOLOGY OF BONE

MK, SKIN & CT

UPPER EXTREMITY NERVES

PATHOLOGY

BRACHIAL PLEXUS LESIONS

OVERUSE INJURIES OF ELBOW

DISTORTIONS OF HAND
WRIST AND HAND INJURIES

COMMOM HIP AND KNEE 

KNEE EXAM
CONDITIONS

CHILDHOOD MUSCULO-
LOWER EXTREMITY NERVES
SKELETAL CONDITIONS

ACTIONS OF HIP MUSCLES COMMOM PEDIATRIC

FRACTURES

ANKLE SPRAINS
OSTEOPOROSIS

SIGNS LUMBOSACRAL
OSTEOPETROSIS
RADICULOPATHY

NEUROVASCULAR PAIRING
OSTEOMALACIA/ RICKETS

MOTONEURON ACTION POTENTIAL

OSTEITIS DEFORMANS
TO MUSCLE CONTRACTION

@lifeinwhitecoat
 AVASCULAR NECROSIS OF BONE SKIN LAYERS

LAB VALUES IN BONE DISORDERS EPITHELIAL CELL JUNCTIONS

DERMATOLOGIC MACROSCOPIC
PRIMARY BONE TUMORS
TERMS
OSTEORTHRITIS VS RHEUMATOID DERMATOLOGIC MICROSCOPIC
ARTHRITISS TERMS

GOUT
PIGMENTED SKIN DISORDERS
CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE
DEPOSITION DISEASE SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS

SYSTEMIC JUVENILE
COMMOM SKIN DISORDERS
IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS

SJÖGREN SYNDROME VASCULAR TUMORS OF SKIN

SEPTIC ARTHRITIS SKIN INFECTIONS

SERONEGATIVE
SPONDYLOARTHRITIS AUTOIMMUNE BLISTERING
MK, SKIN & CT

SKIN DISORDERS
SYSTEMIC LUPUS OTHER BLISTERING SKIN
ERYTHEMATOSUS DISORDERS
MISCELLANEOUS SKIN
ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME
DISORDERS

POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA SKIN CANCER

FIBROMYALGIA
PHARMACOLOGY

POLYMYOSITIS/ DERMATOMYOSITIS ARACHIDONIC ACID PATHWAY

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
ACETAMINOPHEN/ ASPIRIN
DISEASE

RAYNAUD PHENOMENON CELECOXIB

NORMAL FLORA
NSAID

FOOD POISONING BUGS

LEFLUNOMIDE

DIARRHEA BUGS BISPHOSPHONATES

COMMON CAUSES OF PNEUMONIA TERIPARATIDE

COMMON CAUSES OF MENINGITIS

CHRONIC GOUT DRUGS
OSTEOMYELITIS
ACUTE GOUT DRUGS

SCLERODERMA
TNF-ALFA INHIBITORS
DERMATOLOGY

EMBRYOLOGY NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS

NEURAL DEVELOPMENT HOLOPROSENCEPHALY

REGIONAL SPECIFICATION OF
DEVELOPING BRAIN LISSENCEPHALY

POSTERIOR FOSSA
CNS & PNS ORIGINS
MALFORMATIONS

@lifeinwhitecoat
 SYRINGOMYELIA CRANIAL NERVES

TONGUE DEVELOPMENT VAGAL NUCLEI

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

CRANIAL NERVE REFLEXES

TYPES OF CELLS NEURONS

MASTICATION MUSCLES

SENSORY RECEPTORS SPINAL NERVES

SPINAL CORD-LOWER EXTENT

PERIPHERAL NERVE

CHROMATOLYSIS SPINAL CORD & ASSOCIATED

TRACTS
NEUROTRANSMITTER CHANGE
WITH DISEASE SPINAL TRACT ANATOMY &
FUNCTIONS

MENINGES CLINICAL REFLEXES

NEUROLOGY & SPECIAL SENSES

BLOOD- BRAIN BARRIER

PRIMITIVE REFLEXES

VOMOTING CENTER
LANDMARK DERMATOMES

SLEEP PHYSIOLOGY PATHOLOGY

HYPOTHALAMUS COMMOM BRAIN LESIONS

THALAMUS ISCHEMIC BRAIN DISEASE/

STROKE

LIMBIC SYSTEM NEONATAL INTRAVENTRICULAR

HEMORRHAGE

DOPAMNERGIC PATHWAY
INTRACRANEAL HEMORRHAGE

CEREBELLUM EFFECTS OF STROKES

BASAL GANGLIA CENTRAL POSTSTROKE PAIN

SYNDROME

CEREBRAL CORTEX REGIONS

DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY

CEREBRAL PERFUSION APHASIA

HOMUNCULUS ANEURYSMS

CEREBRAL ARTERIES-
CORTICAL DISTRIBUTION SEIZURES

CIRCLE OG WLLIS
FEVER VS HEAT STROKE

DURAL VENOUS SINUSES

HEADACHE

VENTRICULAR SYSTEM MOVEMENT DISORDERS

NEURODEGENERATIVE
BRAIN STEM-VENTRAL VIEW
DISORDERS

BRAIN STEM-DORSAL VIEW IDIOPATHIC INTRACRANIAL

HYPERTENSION
CRANIAL NERVE NECLEI HYDROCEPHALUS

CRANIAL NERVE & VESSEL

MULTIPLE SCREROSIS
PATHWAY

@lifeinwhitecoat
 OTHER DEMYELINATING & HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
DYSMYELINATING DISORDERS
NEUROCUTANEOUS DISORDERS RETINAL VEIN OCCULSION

ADULT PRIMARY BRAIN TUMORS

RETINAL DETACHMENT

CHILDHOOD PRIMARY BRAIN CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY

TUMORS OCCLUSION

HERNIATION SYNDROMES RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA

PAPILLEDEMA
MOTOR NEURON SIGNS

SPINAL CORD LESIONS LEUKOCORIA

POLIOMYELITIS
PUPILLARY CONTROL

BROWN-SÉQUARD SYNDROME
MARCUS GUNN PUPIL
NEUROLOGY & SPECIAL SENSES

FRIEDREICH ATAXIA
HORNER SYNDROME

COMMOM CRANIAL NERVE LESIONS

OCULAR MOTILITY

FACIAL NERVE LESIONS CN III,IV,VI PALSIES

OTOLOGY
VISUAL FIELD DEFECTS

AUDITORY PHYSIOLOGY CAVERNOUS SINUS

DIAGNOSING HEARING LOSS INTERNUCLEAR

OPHTHALMOPLEGIA

TYPES OF HEARING LOSS

PHARMACOLOGY

CHOLESTEATOMA EPILEPSY DRUGS

VERTIGO BARBITURATES

OPHTHALMOLOGY BENZODIAZEPINES

NORMAL EYE ANATOMY NONBENZODIAZEPIN

HYPNOTICS

CONJUNCTIVITIS SUVOREXANT

REFRACTIVE ERRORS
RAMELTEON

PRESBYOPIA
TRIPTANS

CATARACT
PARKINSON DISEASE DRUGS

AQUEOUD HUMOR PATHWAY CARDIDOPA/LEVODOPA

GLAUCOMA
SELEGILINE,RASAGILINE

NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE
UVEITIS
DRUGS
AGE-RELATED MACULAR
ANESTHETICS-GENERAL
DEGENERATION
PRINCIPLES

DIABETIC RETINOPATHY INHALED ANESTHETICS

@lifeinwhitecoat
 INTRAVENOUS ANESTHETICS OPIOID ANALGESICS

LOCAL ANESTHETICS MIXED AGONIST & ANTAGONIST

OPIOID ANALGESICS
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING
TRAMADOL
DRUGS

SPASMOLYTICS/ ANTISPASMODICTS GLAUCOMA DRUGS

PSYCHOLOGY GRIEF

ELECTROCONVULSIVE
CLASICAL CONDITIONING
THERAPY

OPERANT CONDITIONING RISK FACTOR FOR SUICIDE

COMPLETION
TRANSFERENCE &
COUNTERTRANSFERANCE ANXIETY DISORDER

EGO DEFENSES PANIC DISORDER

PATHOLOGY PHOBIAS

INFANT DEPRIVATION EFFECTS GENERALIZED ANXIETY

DISORDERS

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE
CHILD ABUSE
DISORDERS
PSYCHIATRY

CHILD NEGLECT TRICHOTILLOMANIA

TRAUMA & STRESS-RELATED

VULNERABLE CHILD SYNDROME
DISORDERS

CHILDHOOD & EARLY-ONSET DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA BY

DISORDERS SYMPTOMS DURATION

ORIENTATION PERSONALITY/ CLUSTERS

DISORDERS

AMNESIAS
MALINGERING

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
FACTITIOUS DISORDERS

DELIRIUM SOMATIC SYMPTOMS &

RELATED DISORDERS
PSYCHOSIS
EATING DISORDERS

SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM
GENDER DYSPHORIA
DISORDERS

MOOD DISORDERS SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

MANIC EPISODE SLEEP TERROR DISORDER

HYPOMANIAC EPISODE
ENEURESIS

BIPOLAR DISORDER
NARCOLEPSY

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER

DEPRESSION WITH ATYPICAL STAGES OF CHANGE IN

FEATURES OVERCOMING ADDICTION

PERIPARTUM MOOD DISTURBANCES PSYCHIATRIC EMERGENCIES

@lifeinwhitecoat
 PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG
INTOXICATION AND WITHDRAWAL BUSPIRONE

ALCOHOLISM ANTIDEPRESSANTS

WERNICKE- KORSAKOFF SELECTIVE SEROTONIN

PSYCHIATRY

SYNDROME REUPTAKE INHIBITORS

SEROTONIN-NOREPINEPHRINE
PHARMACOLOGY
REUPTAKE INHIBITORS
PREFERRED MEDICATIONS SELECTED
TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS
PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MONOAMINE OXIDASE

STIMULANTS INHIBITORS

TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS ATYPICAL ANTIDEPRESSANTS

ANTIDEPRESSANT
ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS
DISCONTINUATION SYNDROME
OPIOID WITHDRAWAL &
LITHIUM
DETOXIFICATION

NEPHRON TRANSPORT
PEMBRYOLOGY & ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY

KIDNEY EMBRYOLOGY RENAL TUBULAR DEFECTS

RELATIVE CONCENTRATION
POTTER SEQUENCE (SYNDROME) ALONG PROXIMAL
CONVOLUTED TUBULES

HORSESHOE KIDNEY RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-

ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM
CONGENITAL SOLITARY
JUXTAGLOMERULAR
FUNCTIONING KIDNEY
APPARATUS
DUPLEX COLLECTING SYSTEM
KIDNEY ENDOCRINE FUCTIONS

POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES HORMONES ACTING ON

KIDNEY
KIDNEY ANATOMY &
GLOMERULAR STRUCTURE POTASSIUM SHIFTS

COURSE OF URETERS
ELECTROLYTE DISTRURBACES
RENAL

PHYSIOLOGY FEATURES OF RENAL

DISORDERS
FLUID COMPARTMENTS
ACID-BASE PHYSIOLOGY

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
BARRIER ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS

RENAL CLEARANCE RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

PATHOLOGY

EFFECTIVE RENAL PLASMA FLOW

CAST IN URINE

FILTRATION NOMENCLATURE OF
GLOMERULAR DISORDERS
CHANGES IN GLOMERULAR
GLOMERULAR DISEASES
DYNAMICS EFFECT

CALCULATION OF REABSORPTION & NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

SECRETION RATE

GLUCOSE CLEARANCE NEPHRITIC SYNDROME

@lifeinwhitecoat
 KIDNEY STONES
DIFFUSE CORTICAL NECROSIS

HYDRONEPHROSIS RENAL PAPILLARY NECROSIS

RENAL CELL CARCINOMA RENOVASCULAR DISEASE

RENAL CYST DISORDERS

RENAL ONCOCYTOMA
RENAL

NEPHROBLASTOMA
PHARMACOLOGY

TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA DIURETICS SITE OF ACTION

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF

THE BLADDER MANNITOL

URINARY INCONTINENCE
ACETAZOLAMIDE

ACUTE CYSTITIS
LOOP DIURETICS

PYELONEPHRITIS THIAZIDE DIURETICS

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY POTASSIUM-SPARING DIURETICS

CONSEQUENCE OR RENAL DIURETICS: ELECTROLYTE

FAILURE CHANGES

RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING

ENZYMES INHIBITORS

ACUTE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTORS

BLOCKERS
ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS
ALISKIREN

EMBRYOLOGY & ANATOMY

PHARYNGEAL APPARATUS

IMPORTANT GENES OF PHARYNGEAL CLEFT

EMBRYOGENESIS DERIVATIVES
PHARYNGEAL ARCH
EARLY FETAL DEVELOPMENT DERIVATIVES
PHARYNGEAL POUCH
EMBRYOLOGIC DERIVATIVES
REPRODUCTIVE

DERIVATIVES
TYPES OF ERRORS IN
MORPHOGENESIS CLEFT LIP AND CLEFT PALATE

TERATOGENS
GENITAL EMBRYOLOGY

FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME

SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION
NEONATAL ABSTINENCE
SYNDROME UTERINE ANOMALIES

MALE/FEMALE GENITAL
TWINNING HOMOLOGS

CONGENITAL PENILE
PLACENTA ABNORMALITIES

UMBILICAL CORD DESCENT TESTES AND OVARIES

GONADAL DRAINAGE
VITELLINE DUCT

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
AORTIC ARCH DERIVATIVES
ANATOMY

@lifeinwhitecoat
 ADNEXAL (OVARIAN) TORSION
PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
AMNIOTIC FLUID ABNORMALITIES
EPITHELIAL HISTORY

MALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY HYDATIDIFORM MOLE

URETHRAL INJURY CHORIOCARCINOMA

AUTONOMIC INNERVATION
HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY
MALE SEXUAL RESPONSE
GYNECOLOGIC TUMOR
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
EPIDEMIOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY VULVAR PATHOLOGY

SPERMATOGENESIS
IMPERFORATE HYMEN

ESTROGEN
VAGINAL TUMORS

PROGESTERONE CERVICAL PATHOLOGY

PRIMARY OVARIAN
OOGENESIS
IINSUFFICIENCY

MOST COMMOM CAUSES OF

OVULATION
ANOVULATION
REPRODUCTIVE

MENSTRUAL CYCLE FUNCTIONAL HYPOTHALAMIC

AMENORRHEA

ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN

SYNDROME
PREGNANCY
OVARIAN CYST

HUMAN CHORIONIC
OVARIAN NEOPLASMS
GONADOTROPIN

HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA

APGAR SCORE UTERINE CONDITIONS

BREAST PATHOLOGY
INFANT & CHILD DEVELOPMENT

LOW BIRTH WEIGHT

BENIGN BREAST DISEASES

LACTATION BREAST CANCER

MENOPAUSE
PENILE PATHOLOGY

ANDROGENS
EXTRAGONADAL GERM CELL
TUMORS
TANNER STAGES OF SEXUAL
HORMONE LEVELS IN GERM
DEVELOPMENT
CELL TUMORS
TESTICULAR NON-GERM
PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY CELL TUMORS

PATHOLOGY
EPIDIDYMITIS & ORCHITIS

BENIGN PROSTATIC
SEX CHROMOSOME DISORDERS
HYPERPLASIA

DIAGNOSING DISORDERS OF PROSTATITIS

SEX HORMONES
OTHER DISORDERS OF SEX PROSTATIC ADENOCARCINOMA
DEVELOPMENT

@lifeinwhitecoat
 PHARMACOLOGY
COMBINED CONTRACEPTION

CONTROL OF REPRODUCTIVE COPPER INTRAUTERINE

HORMONES DEVICE

LEUPROLIDE TOCOLYTICS

ESTROGENS DANAZOL

SELECTIVE ESTROGENS TESTOSTERONE,

RECEPTORS MODULATORS  METHYLTESTOSTERONE

AROMATASE INHIBITORS ANTIANDROGENS

HORMONE REPLACEMENT
THERAPY TAMSULOSIN

PROGESTINS PHOSPHODIESTERASE
TYPE 5 INHIBITORS
ANTIPROGESTINS
MINOXIDIL

EMBRYOLOGY & ANATOMY PULMONARY CIRCULATION

LUNG DEVELOPMENT PULMONARY VASCULAR

RESISTANCE

CONGENITAL LUNG
MALFORMATIONS ALVEOLAR GAS EQUATION

CLUB CELLS OXYGEN DEPRIVATION

VENTILATION/ PERFUSION
ALVEOLAR CELL TYPES
MISMATCH

NEONATAL RESPIRATORY CARBON DIOXIDE

SYNDROME TRANSPORT
RESPONSE TO HIGH
RESPIRATORY TREE
ALTITUDE

LUNG ANATOMY
RESPONSE TO EXERCICE
RESPIRATORY

DIAPHRAM STRUCTURES
PATHOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY RHINOSINUSITIS

LUNG VOLUMES
EPISTAXIS

DETERMINATION OF PHYSIOLOGIC
HEAD & NECK CANCER
DEAD SPACE

VENTILATION DEEP VENOUS TRROMBOSIS

LUNG AND CHEST WALL

PULMONARY EMBOLI
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CHANGES IN THE ELDERLY FLOW-VOLUME LOOPS

HEMOGLOBIN
MEDIASTINAL PATHOLOGY
CYANIDE VS CARBON MONOXIDE
POISONING MEDIASTINITIS

METHEMOGLOBIN
PNEUMOMEDIASTINUM

OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG
OXYGEN CONTENT OF BLOOD
DISEASES

@lifeinwhitecoat
 RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASES
LUNG CANCER

SARCOIDOSIS
LUNG ABSCESS

INHALATION INJURY & SEQUELAE PANCOAST TUMOR

PNEUMOCONIOSES SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

SYNDROME

MESOTHELIOMA
PHARMACOLOGY
RESPIRATORY

ACUTE RESPIRATORY
DISTRESS SYNDROME HISTAMINE-1 BLOCKERS

SLEEP APNEA GUAIFENESIN

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION N-ACETYLCYSTEINE

PHYSICAL FINDINGS IN SELECT DEXTROMETHORPHAN

LUNG DISEASES
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE,
ATELECTASIS
PHENYLEPHRINE
PLEURAL EFFUSIONS
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
DRUGS
PNEUMOTHORAX
ASTHMA DRUS

PNEUMONIA
METHACHOLINE

NATURAL HISTORY OF
LOBAR PNEUMONIA

“ALWAYS REMEMBER THAT THE FUTURE COMES ONE DAY

AT A TIME.”
- Dean Acheson

@lifeinwhitecoat