108220

MA1202 Engineering Mathematics- II Department: Mathematics Year: 2021-2022
I-YEAR B.E./B.TECH. (COMMON TO ALL BRANCHES)

MA1202 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS – II QUESTION BANK
UNIT I – ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
PART-A
1. Solve y  2 y  y  0 . (NOV / DEC 2020)
Solution:
The given equation can be written as  D 3  2 D 2  D  y  0
The Auxiliary equation is m3  2m 2  m  0
m  m 2  2m  1  0
m  m  1 m  1  0
m  0, 1, 1
The solution of the given equation is y  c1e m1x   c2  c3 x  e m 2 x
y  c1   c2  c3 x  e  x
2. Solve  D  1 y  0
3
(NOV/ DEC 2018)
Solution:
The Auxiliary equation is m3  1  0
 m  1  m2  m  1  0
b  b2  4ac
 m a  1; b  1; c  1
2a
1 i 3
m  1 and .
2
The solution of the given equation is y  c1e m1x  e x  c2 cos  x  c3 sin  x 
x
x
  3   3 
y  c1e e 2  c2 cos  x   c3 sin  x  

  2   2 
3. Solve the equation  D 5  D  y  0
Solution:
The Auxiliary equation is m5  m  0
m  m 4  1  0
m  0  or  m 4  1  0
m  0  or   m 2  1 m 2  1  0
m  0, m  1, m  i
The solution of the given equation is y  c1e m1x  c2e m2 x  c3e m3 x  e x  c4 cos  x  c5 sin  x 
y  c1e0 x  c2e x  c3e  x   c4 cos x  c5 sin x 
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Page No. 1

4. Find the particular integral of  D 2  a 2  y  b cos ax  c sin ax .

Solution:
1 1
P.I  b cos ax  c 2 sin ax      (1)
D a2 2
D  a2
Replace D 2 by a 2 in (1), we have
1 1
P.I  b 2 cos ax  c 2 sin ax
a  a 2
a  a 2
x x
P.I  b  cos axdx  c  sin axdx
2 2
bx sin ax cx cos ax
P.I  
2a 2a
x
P.I  b sin ax  c cos ax.
2a
5. Find the Particular Integral of D 2  2 y  x 2 
Solution:
1
1 1  D2 
x2
P.I  x  2
 1   x2
2  D2  D 2  2  2 
2 1  
 2 
1  D2 D4  2
 1    x 

1  x 1  1  x  x2  

2  2 4 
 2
1  D2  2 1  2 D x
 1 
2
   2
 x  x  
(Omitting Higher terms of D )
2  2  2 2
 
1  2 D  2x   1 2
 x    P.I   x  1
2 2  2
Find the Particular Integral of  D  a  y  e ax sin x

2
6. (JAN 2018 & APRIL/MAY 2019)
Solution:
1
P.I  eax sin x    (1)
 D  a 2
Replace D by D  a in (1), we have
1
P.I  eax sin x
 D  a  a 2

1
P.I  eax 2
sin x  e ax  sin x dx dx  e ax  ( cos x )dx  e ax sin x
D
P.I  eax sin x
7. Solve the initial value problem y  y  0, y(0)  2, y(0)  3
Solution:
The given equation can be written as  D2  1 y  0

The Auxiliary equation is m 2  1  0  m  i  0  i    i 
C.F .  e x (c1 cos  x  c2 sin  x)

C.F .  c1 cos x  c2 sin x
P.I .  0
General Solution y ( x)  c1 cos x  c2 sin x
y( x)  c1 sin x  c2 cos x

y(0)  2  y(0)  c1 cos 0  c2 sin 0
 2  c1
y(0)  c1 sin 0  c2 cos 0
 3  c2
Hence y ( x)  2 cos x  3sin x
8. Solve the equation  D 2  4 D  13  y  e 2 x

Solution:
The Auxiliary equation is m 2  4m  13  0
4  16  52 4  36 4  6i
m    2  3i
2 2 2
C.F y  e 2 x  c1 cos 3 x  c2 sin 3 x 
1 1 1
P.I.  e2 x  e2 x  e2 x
D  4D  13
2
4  8  13 9
G.S: y  C.F  P.I
e2 x
y  e2 x  c1 cos3x  c2 sin 3x   .
9

9. Solve  D 2  6 D  9  y  e 2 x x 3 .
Solution:
The Auxiliary equation is m2  6m  9  0   m  3  0 m  3, 3

2
C.F:  c1  c2 x  e 3 x
1 e2 x e2 x
x3  e2 x 1  D  x3
2
P.I  e2 x x3  x3 
 D  3  D  2  3 1  D 
2 2 2
P.I  e 2 x 1  2 D  3D 2  4 D 3  x 3

 e 2 x x 3  2  3 x 2   3  3.2 x   4  3.2.1 
 e 2 x  x 3  6 x 2  18 x  24 
G.S. y   c1  c2 x  e 3 x   x 3  6 x 2  18 x  24  e 2 x .
10. Solve (D – 1) 2 y = sinh2x.

Solution:
The Auxiliary equation is (m – 1)2 = 0
m = 1,1
C.F =  c1  c2 x  e x
sinh 2 x 1 (e 2 x  e 2 x ) 1 e 2 x 1 e 2 x
P.I =   
( D  1) 2 ( D  1) 2 2 2 ( D  1) 2 2 ( D  1) 2
1 e2x 1 e 2 x e 2 x e 2 x
=   
2 (2  1) 2 2 ((2)  1) 2 2 18
The General Solution is y = C.F + P.I
e2 x e2 x
y   c1  c2 x  e x  
2 18
11. If 1  2i ,1  2i are the roots of the auxiliary equation corresponding to the fourth order
homogeneous linear differential equation f(D)y=0,find its solution. .
Solution: y  e x  (c1x  c2 ) cos 2 x  (c3 x  c4 ) sin 2 x 
12. Write the P.I. formula for solving second order ODE using method of variation of
parameters
Solution:
P.I .  P f1  Q f 2

 f2 R f1R
where P   dx ; Q   dx
f1 f 2 
'
f1' f 2 f1 f 2  f1' f 2
'
where R is the right hand side function in the differential equation.

13. Find the Wronskian of the differential equation D 2  4 y  4 tan 2 x  
Solution:
C.F  C1 cos 2 x  C2 sin 2 x
f1  cos2x, f2  sin 2x
f1 f2 cos 2 x sin 2 x
W 
f1 f 2 2sin 2 x 2cos 2 x

W  f1 f2'  f2 f1'  cos 2x  2cos 2x   sin 2x  2sin 2x   2 cos2 2x  sin 2 2x  2 
14. Convert x 2 y''  2 xy'  2 y  0 in to linear differential equation with constant coefficients.
(JAN 2018)
Solution:
The given equation can be written as x2 D2  2xD  2 y  0  
Put x 2 D 2     1 , xD   , x  e z , z  log x
   1  2  2  y  0
 2  3  2 y  0 where  
d
dz
15. Solve x 2 y''  xy'  y  0 (APR/MAY 2019)
Solution:
The given equation can be written as x2 D2  xD  1 y  0  
Put x 2 D 2     1 , xD   , x  e z , z  log x
  
  2      1 y  0   2  2  1 y  0    12 y  0
  
The A.E.  m  1  0  m  1,1
2
C.F. y   c1z  c2  e z   c1 log x  c2  x  x  c1 log x  c2 
d2 y dy
16. Transform the equation x 2
 6 x  2 y  x log x into linear differential equation with
2
dx dx
constant coefficients.
Solution:

The given equation can be written as x2 D2  6xD  2 y  x log x 
d
Put x2 D2     1 , xD   , x  e z , z  log x , where  
dz
     
Hence the given equation becomes   2    6  2 y  ze z   2  5  2 y  ze z
 8 
Transform the differential equation ( x  2) D 2  6 D  y  0 into linear differential
( x  2) 
17.

equation with constant coefficients.
Solution: Pre multiply (x–2) on both sides ( x  2)2 D2  6( x  2) D  8 y  0

 
Put ( x  2)  e z , z  log( x  2)
  x  2  D 2  12 ( 2   )   2  
2
 x  2  D 1   
 
Hence the given equation becomes   2    6  8 y  0
 
  7  8 y  0
2
 
Transform the differential equation  2 x  3  D 2   2 x  3  D  12  y  6 x into linear

2
18.
 
differential equation with constant coefficients.
Solution: Put 2 x  3  e z , z  log  2 x  3 
 2x  32 D2  22 ( 1)  4  2   

 2 x  3 D  2
 z 
  
4  2    2  12 y  6  e  3 
  2 
 
 
Hence the D.E is 4 2  6  12 y  3e z  9 .
19. Solve for x from the equations x   y  t and x  y  1 .

Solution:
x  y  t  x  y  1  (1)
x  y  1  (2)
Adding (1) & (2), we get
Thus x  x  2 (or)  D 2  1 x  2
A.E is m 2  1  0  m   i
C F  c1 cos t  c2 sin t

1
P.I   2
 D  1
2
P.I 
1
 2e0t 
 D  1
2
Replace D = 0
P.I 
1
 0  1
 2e0t   2
 The general solution is x  c1 cos t  c2 sin t  2.
dy dx
20. Find the Solution of x from  x,  y
dt dt
Solution: Given Dy  x, Dx  y
Dy  x  0 -------- (1)  y  Dx  0 ------------ (2)
Eliminate y from (1) and (2), we get
(1)  Dy  x  0     (3)
Apply differential operator on both sides in (2)
  Dy  D 2 x  D(0)    (4)

(3)  (4)  D 2  1 x  0 
A.E. is m 2  1  0 , m  1
C.F .  c1et  c2e t Since R.H .S .  0  P..I .  0
x(t )  C.F .  P.I .  x  t   c1et  c2e t

PART-B
Solve  D 2  2 D  1 y   x  e x   cos 2 x cosh x

2
1.
Solution:
The A.E is m2  2m  1  0
2  4  4
m  1  2
2
 1 2  x  1 2  x
C.F.: Ae  Be
 e x  e x 
P.I.  2
1
 x  2xe  e   D2  2D 1 cos 2x 2
2 x x 1
 D  2D 1  

1 1
x2   x2
 D  2D 1
2
1   2 D  D 

2

  1   2D  D2    2D  D2   .... x2
2
 
  1  2 D  D 2  4 D 2  x 2
   x 2  4 x   5  2  
x2    x2  4 x  10 
1
D  2D  1
2
2  2e x 
xe x
  x
D2  2D  1   D  12  2  D  1  1 
 
1
 2e x x
D  2D  1  2D  2  1
2
2e x
  x
D2  4D  2
2e x 1
 x
2   D2 
1   2 D  
  2 
1
  D2 
 e 1   2 D 
x
 x
  2 
  D2  
 e 1   2 D 
x
  ... x
  2  
 e x 1  2 D  x
2
xe x  e x  x  2   x  2  e x
 D  2D 1
2
1 1 e2 x
e 2x
 e 2x

D2  2D  1  4  4 1 7
1 e x cos 2 x 1 e x cos 2 x
 2
D2  2 D  1 2 D  2D  1 2

ex 1 e x 1
 cos 2 x  cos 2 x
2  D  1  2  D  1  1
2
2  D  1  2  D  1  1
2
ex 1 e x  1 
 cos 2 x    cos 2 x
2 D2  2 D  1  2 D  2  1 2  4  2 
e x  2D  1 cos 2 x e x
  cos 2 x
2 2  2D  1 2D  1 12
ex 1 e x cos 2 x
  2.2sin 2 x  cos 2 x  
2 2  4 D2  1 12
e x  4sin 2 x  cos 2 x  e x cos 2 x

 
4  16  1 12
e x  cos 2 x  4sin 2 x  e x cos 2 x

 
17 12
The General Solution is
 1 2  x   e2 x
 10  4 x  x 2     x  2 ex
 1 2 x
y  Ae  Be
7
ex e x
  cos 2 x  4sin 2 x   cos 2 x
68 12
2. Solve  D 2  4  y  x 4  cos 2 x
Solution:
The A.E. is m 2  4  0
m  2i
C.F.: A cos 2 x  B sin 2 x
1 1  1  cos 2 x 
P.I  x4  2  
D 4
2
D 4 2 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x 1 x sin 2 x
 x4  e0 x  cos 2 x .  cos 2 x dx  .
4 D  2
2  D  4
2
2 D2  4 2 2 2 2 2
1  
 4 
 x sin 2 x 
1
1  D2  4 1
 1   x  
4 4  2  4  2  2  2 

1  D2 D4  4 1 x sin 2 x
 1   x  
4 4 16  8 8
x4 12 x2 4.3.2.1 1 x sin 2 x
    
4 16 64 8 8
4 3x2 x4 x sin 2 x
G.S. is y  A cos 2 x  B sin 2 x    
8 4 4 8
3. Solve ( D 2  4 D  3) y  e x sin x  xe 3 x
Solution:
The A.E is m2  4m  3  0
 m  1 m  3  0
m  1, 3
C.F.: Ae x  Be 3 x
1 1
P.I  e x sin x  xe3 x
 D  3 D  1  D  1 D  3
e x e3 x
  sin x    x
 D 1  3 D 1  1  D  3  1 D  3  3
1 1
 e x sin x  e3 x x
 D  2 D  D  4 D  6
D2 1
 e x cos x  e3 x 2 x
 D  2 D  2 D  10D  24
1 e3 x 1
 e  x   sin x  2cos x   x
 D2  4 24
1
10 D D 2

24 24
1
1 e3 x  5 D D 2 
P.I.  e x
    1 
24  12 24 
sin x 2cos x x
 D2  4
e x  sin x  2cos x  e3 x  5D 
  1 x
 1  4 24  12 

e x
sin x  2cos x    x  
e3 x  5

5 24  12 
e x e3 x  5
G.S. is y  Ae x  Be3 x   sin x  2cos x    x  .
5 24  12 
4.
 
Solve D2  a 2 y  tan ax by Method of Variation of Parameters. (APR/MAY 2019)
Solution:
A.E is m 2  a  0
m  ia
C.F = c1 cos ax  c2 sin ax
P.I  PI1  PI 2
f1  cos ax ; f 2  sin ax
f1  a sin ax ; f 2  a cos ax
f 2 f1 f1f 2  a
f2 X
Now, P   dx

f1 f 2  f1 f 2
=  1  sin ax tan axdx

a
1 sin 2 ax 1 (1  cos 2 ax)

a  cos ax a
=  dx  dx
cos ax
1 1
=
a  sec axdx   cos axdx
a
1 1
= 2
log  sec ax  tan ax   2 sin ax
a a
f1 X
Q dx
f1 f 2  f1 f 2
= 1  cos ax tan axdx

a

1
= cos ax
a2
 y  C.F  Pf1  Qf 2
 1 1  1
y  c1 cos ax  c2 sin ax +  2 log  sec ax  tan ax   2 sin ax  cos ax  2 cos ax sin ax
 a a  a
cos ax
y  c1 cos ax  c2 sin ax  log(sec ax  tan ax) .
a2
5. Using the method of variation of parameters, solve y  y  x cos x (NOV/DEC 2020)
Solution:
 D 2 y  y   x cos x   D 2  1 y  x cos x
A.E is m 2  1  0
m  i
C.F = c1 cos x  c2 sin x
P.I  PI1  PI 2
f1  cos x ; f 2  sin x
 
f1   sin x ; f 2  cos x
f 2 f1 f1f 2  1
f2 X
Now, P   dx
f1 f 2  f1 f 2
=   sin x.x cos xdx
1 1   x cos 2 x sin 2 x 
=  x sin x cos xdx    x sin 2 xdx    
2 2 2 4  
 x cos 2 x sin 2 x 
P 
 4 8 
f1 X
Q dx
f1 f 2  f1 f 2

=  cos x.x cos xdx

 1  cos 2 x  x x cos 2 x
 x cos xdx   x   dx   dx  
2
= dx
 2  2 2
x 2  x sin 2 x cos 2 x 
Q  
4  4 8 
 y  C.F  Pf1  Qf 2
 x cos 2 x sin 2 x   x 2  x sin 2 x cos 2 x  

y  c1 cos x  c2 sin x +   
cos x       sin x
 4 8   4  4 8 
x cos 2 x cos x sin 2 x cos x x2 sin x x sin 2 x sin x cos 2 x sin x

y  c1 cos x  c2 sin x     
4 8 4 4 8
6. Solve x 2 y+xy+y =x ln( x ). (NOV/DEC 2020)

d2y dy
Given equation is x2 2
 x  y  x ln x.
dx dx
x D
2 2
 xD  1 y  x  ln x   1
Put x  e z  or  z  log x
xD  D   2 
d
x 2 D 2  D  D  1   3 Where D denotes
dz
Sub (2) & (3) in (1) we get
 D  D  1  D  1 y  e z z
 i.e   D2  D  D  1 y  e z z
 D 2
 1 y  e z z   4 
The A.E is m 2  1  0
m  i  m  0  i1
C.F.: c1 cos z  c2 cos z
C.F c1 cos(log x)  c2 cos(log x)

1 1 1
P.I  ez z  ez z  ez z
D  1 2
( D  1)  1
2
D  2 D  2
2
[ D  D  1]
1
 ez z
  2 D  D 2  
2 1    

  2  
1
ez   2 D  D2   ez   2 D  D2  
P.I  1     z 1     z  1  x 1  1  x  x2  
2   2   2   2    
ez 
z  D( z )  D2 ( z )  (Omitting Higher terms of D )
2
P.I 
2  
ez x
P.I   z 1   log x 1
2 2
General Solution y  C.F  P.I
x
y  c1 cos(log x)  c2 cos(log x)   log x 1
2
d2 y dy
7. Solve x 2 2
 4 x  6 y  sin  log x  .
dx dx
Solution:
d2y dy
Given equation is x2 2
 4 x  6 y  sin  log x  .
dx dx
x D
2 2
 4 xD  6  y  sin  log x   1
Put x  e z  or  z  log x
xD  D   2 
d
x 2 D 2  D  D  1   3 Where D denotes
dz
Sub (2) & (3) in (1) we get
 D  D  1  4 D  2  y  sin z
 i.e   D2  D  4 D  2  y  sin z

 D 2
 3D  2  y  sin z   4 
The A.E is m2  3m  2  0
 m  1 m  2   0
m  1, 2
C.F is Ae z  Be 2 z
1
P.I.= sin z
D  3D  2
2
1
 sin z Put D2 by  1
1  3D  2
1
 sin z
3D  1
3D  1
 sin z
9D2  1

 3D  1 sin z  Replace D2 by  1
9  1  1
3D  sin z   sin z


10
3cos z  sin z

10
 The solution of (4) is
3cos z  sin z
y  Ae z  Be2 z 
10
Sub z  log x or x  e z , we get
 3cos  log x   sin  log x  

y  Ae log x  Be2log x   
 10 
 3cos  log x   sin  log x  

y  Ax 1  Bx 2   
 10 

A B  3cos  log x   sin  log x  

y   
x x2  10 
d2 y dy
Solve  x  2    x  2
2
8.
2
 y  3x  4 (APR/MAY 2019)
dx dx
Solution:
 x  2 D   x  2 D 1 y  3x  4
2 2
Let x  2  e z or z  log  x  2 
 x  2  D  D
 x  2 D 2  D  D  1
2
 D  D  1  D  1 y  3 e z  2   4
  D  D  1  D  1 y  3e z  2
  D2  2 D  1 y  3e z  2
A.E is m2  2m  1  0
m  1,1
C.F   c1 z  c2  e z
C.F  c1 log  x  2   c2   x  2 
1 1
P.I  3e z  2 3e0 z
D  2 D  1
2
D  2 D  1
[ D  1] [ D  0]
1 1
P.I  3e z  2e0 z
1 2 1 0  0 1
z 2
P.I  3e z 
2 D  2 1
[ D  1]

z2 z
P.I  3e  2
2
3log( x  2)  x  2 
2
P.I  2
2
y  C.F  P.I
3log( x  2)  x  2 
2
y  c1 log  x  2   c2   x  2   2
2
9. dx dy dx dy
Solve   2 y  cos 2t ,  2x   sin 2t (NOV/DEC 2018)
dt dt dt dt
Solution:
Dx    D  2  y  cos 2t  1
 D  2 x  Dy  sin 2t   2
Eliminating y from (1) and (2)
D 2
 2 D  2  x  2sin 2t  cos 2t   3
The A.E. is m2  2m  2  0
m  1 i
C.F.: et  c1 cos t  c2 sin t 
P.I1 
2sin 2t

sin 2t

1  D  sin 2t  sin 2t  D(sin 2t )  sin 2t  2 cos 2t
 D2  2D  2  1  D  1  D 2  1  4  5
 D 2  4 
cos 2t 1 cos 2t 1 1  D  cos 2t 1 cos 2t  D(cos 2t )  cos 2t  2sin 2t 

P.I1       
 D  2D  2  2 1  D  2 1  D 
2 2
2 1  4   10 
 D 2  4 
 sin 2t  2cos 2t   cos 2t  2sin 2t 
x  et  c1 cos t  c2 sin t         (4)
 5   10 
dx
(1)+(2)  2  2y  2x  cos 2t  sin 2t
dt

dx
 2y  cos 2t  sin 2t  2x  2
dt
1 dx 
y  cos 2t  sin 2t  2x  2     (5)
2 dt 
substitute x in (5)
3
y  e t  c1 sin t  c2 cos t   sin 2t
2
The Solution is
 sin 2t  2cos 2t   cos 2t  2sin 2t 

x  et  c1 cos t  c2 sin t     
 5   10 
sin 2t
y  et  c1 cos t  c2 sin t  
2
10. Solve the simultaneous ordinary differential equations

 D  4  x  3 y  t , 2 x   D  5 y  e 2t
Solution:
Given  D  4  x  3 y  t  1
2 x   D  5  y  e 2t   2 
2  1   D  4    2 
6 y   D  4  D  5  y  2t   D  4  e 2t
6  D 2  9 D  20  y  2t  2e 2t  4e zt
D 2
 9 D  14  y  6e 2t  2t
The A.E. is m 2  9m  14  0
 m  7  m  2   0
m  2,  7
C.F.: Ae2t  Be7 t
6 2
P.I.  e 2t  2 t
 D  9D  14  D  9D  14
2

6e2t 2 1
  t 
4  18  14 14 9D D2
1 
14 14
1
6e2t 1  9 D D 2 
  1    t 
36 7  14 14 
e2t 1  9 D  e 2t 1  9
  1    t    t  
6 7  14  6 7  14 
2t 7 t e2t t 9
G.S. is y  Ae  Be   
6 7 98
To Calculate x
2e2t 1
Dy  2 Ae2t  7 Be7t  
6 7
2t 7 t 5e2t 5t 45
5 y  5 Ae  5Be   
6 7 98
7e2t 5t 1 45
 D  5 y  3Ae2t  2Be7t    
6 7 7 98
 2   2 x    D  5  y  e 2t
7e2t 5t 31 2t
 3 Ae2t  2Be7t    e
6 7 98
3 A 2t 7 5t 31
x e  Be7t  e2t  
2 72 14 196
The General solution is
3 A 2t e2t 5t 31
x e  Be7t   
2 12 14 196
e2t t 9
y  Ae2t  Be7t    .
6 7 98

UNIT-II VECTOR CALCULUS
PART-A
1. Find the unit normal vector to the surface   x 2  y 2  z at (1,-2,5) (APR / MAY 2019)
   
Solution:    i  j  k   x2  y 2  z   (2 x) i  (2 y) j  (1) k
 x y z   
  (1, 2,5)  2i  4 j  k

 2 i-4j  k 2 i-4j  k
Unit normal vector to the surface =  
 2  (4)  (1)
2 2 2
21
2. Find the directional derivative of   xyz at (1, 1, 1) in the direction of i  j  k .
   
Solution:     i  j  k  (xyz )= ( yz ) i  ( xz ) j  ( xy ) k .  (1,1,1)  i  j  k
 x y z 
a (i  j  k )
The directional derivative of  in the direction of i  j  k      
|a| 12  12 12
(i  j  k ) 3
= (i  j  k) 3

3
 3.
3. Check whether F  ( y 2  z 2  3 yz  2 x )i  (3 xz  2 xy ) j  (3 xy  2 xz  2 z )k
is solenoidal or not. (APRIL/MAY2021)
Solution: A vector function F is said to be solenoidal if

   
  F  i  j  k  . ( y 2  z 2  3 yz  2 x)i  (3xz  2 xy) j  (3xy  2 xz  2 z )k 
 x y z 
  F  (0  0  0  2)  (0  2 x)  (0  2 x  2)
  F  (2)  (2 x)  (2 x  2)  0
F is solenoidal.
4. Find the angle between the surfaces x log z  y 2 – 1 and x 2 y  2 – z at the point (1, 1, 1)
Solution: Let 1  y 2  x log z  1

   
1   i  j  k   y 2  x log z  1
 x y z   

x
1   log z i  2 y j  k ,  1  (1,1,1)  2 j  k and  1  5
z
Let 2  x y  2 +z
2
   
2   i  j  k   x2 y  2 +z 
 x y z   
2  (2 xy ) i  x 2 j  (1) k ,  2  (1,1,1)  2i  j  k and  2  6
cos 
 1.2

 2 j  k  .  2i  j  k  0  2 1
   cos 
1  1 
.
 5  6 
=
1 2 30  30 
5. Find the directional derivative of   x 2  y 2  2 z 2 at P (1, 0, 2) in the direction of the line

PQ where Q is the point (2, 3, 4).
   
Solution:    i
 x
 
 j  k  x2  y2  2z 2 = (2 x)i  (2 y ) j  (4 z )k
y z 
  (1,0,2)  2i  8k
  
Position Vector of Q  2i  3 j  4k and Position Vector of P  i  2k
  
PQ   Position Vector of Q    Position Vector of P   2i  3 j  4k  i  2k  i  3 j  2 k 
a ( i  3 j  2k )
The directional derivative of  in the direction of i  3 j  2k      
|a| 12  32  22
( i  3 j  2k ) 2  16
 ( 2i  8k )     14
14 14
6. If   ( y 2  2 xyz 3 )i  (3  2 xy  x 2 z 3 ) j  (6 z 3  3 x 2 yz 2 )k , find  .
     
Solution:    i j k   ( y  2 xyz )i  (3  2 xy  x z ) j  (6 z  3x yz )k
2 3 2 3 3 2 2
 x y z 
Equating the components of i , j , k ,
  
 ( y 2  2 xyz3 )...(1)  (3  2 xy  x2 z 3 ) …(2)  (6 z3  3x2 yz 2 ) …(3)
x y z
Integrating (1) partially w.r.t. x , we get   xy 2  x 2 yz 3  f1 ( y, z ) ...(4)
Integrating (2) partially w.r.t. y , we get   3 y  xy 2  x 2 yz 3  f 2 ( x, z ) ...(5)
3
Integrating (3) partially w.r.t. z , we get   z 4  x2 yz3  f3 ( x, y) ...(6)
2
From (4), (5) and (6), collecting non repeating terms alone, we get
3
  3 y  xy 2  x2 yz3  z 4  c
2

7. Define solenoidal vector function. If V  ( x  3 y )i  ( y  2 z ) j  ( x  2 z )k is solenoidal,

then find the value of  .


Solution: A vector function V is said to be solenoidal if   V  0
   
Given V  ( x  3 y )i  ( y  2 z ) j  ( x  2z )k is solenoidal.
        
 i  j  k  (( x  3 y ) i  ( y  2 z ) j  ( x  2 z ) k ) 0
 x y z 
   
 ( x  3 y)  ( y  2 z )  ( x  2z )   0  1  1  2  0  2  2    1
 x y z 
8. Show that a vector field F  ( x 2  y 2  x )i  (2 xy  y ) j is irrotational.
  
i j k
    
Solution: curl F    F 
x y z
( x  y  x)  (2 xy  y )
2 2
0
         
 F  i 0  (2 xy  y)   j 0  ( x2  y 2  x)   k  (2 xy  y)  ( x 2  y 2  x) 
 z   z   x y 
  F  0i  0 j  k  2 y  2 y   0  F is irrotational.
9. For what values of ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’ such that
F  ( x  2 y  az )i  (bx  3 y  z ) j  (4 x  cy  2 z )k is irrotational.
(APR/MAY 2018)

Solution: If F is irrotational then  F  0
i j k
  
0
x y z
( x  2 y  az ) (bx  3 y  z ) (4 x  cy  2 z )
i  c  1  j  4  a   k  b  2   0 i  0 j  0k
Comparing like coefficients on both sides
c  1  0, a  4  0, b  2  0
.  a  4 ; b  2 ; c  –1
 
10. Prove that div r =3 and curl r = 0 .
  
Solution: div r = .F   i
 
 j k   xi  yj  z k  11  1 3
 x y z 

i j
k
  
curl r =   r   i (0  0)  j (0  0)  k (0  0)  0
x y
z
x yz

11. If F  x 3 i  y 3 j  z 3 k , find div(curl F )
i j k
  
Solution:  F 
x y z
x3 y3 z3
                
 i    ( z3 )    (y3 )   j    ( z3 )    ( x3 )   k    (y3 )    ( x3 )   0i  0 j  0k
  y   z     x   z     x   y  
    
div (curl F ) =      F    i

 j  k  . (0i  0 j  0k )  0
   x y z 
12. Evaluate  2 (log r )
Solution:
2   
2 
2  log r    log r     log r 
x x  x 
  1 r   1 x   x
        2
x  r x  x  r r  x  r 
  x  y  z 
3r 2 (1)    x  2r      y  2r      z  2r    
 r r  r 
 4
r
3r  2 x  2y  2z
2 2 2 2
3r 2  2r 2
 
r4 r4
1
 2
r
13. Evaluate the work done by F = 5xyi + 2yj when moving a particle from x =1 and x =2
along the curve y  x 3 .
Solution: Given y  x 3  dy  3x 2 dx . F = 5xyi + 2yj ; F.dr  5xydx + 2ydy
2
Work done =  F  dr =  (5 x y dx  2 y dy ) =  (5 x 4  6 x5 )dx   x5  x6     32  64   (2)   94.
2
 1
C C 1
If F  (4 xy - 3 x z )i  2 x j - 2 x z k , then check whether the integral  F dr

2 2 2 3
14. is
C
independent of the path C.

Solution: The line integral is independent of the path of integration if  F  0 .

i j k
  
 F 
x y z
4 xy  3 x2 z 2 2 x2 2 x3 z
           
i  (2 x3 z )  (2 x 2 )   j  (2 x3 z )  (4 xy  3x 2 z 2 )   k  (2 x 2 )  (4 xy  3x 2 z 2 ) 
 y z   x z   x y 
 i (0  0)  j (6 x 2 z  6 x 2 z )  k (4 x  4 x)  0i  0 j  0k  0
Hence the line integral is independent of path.

15. State the Green’s theorem on the plane. (APRIL/MAY2021)
Statement: If R is a closed region in the xy - plane bounded by a simple closed curve C and if
P  x, y  and Q  x, y  are continuous functions of x and y having continuous partial derivatives in
 Q P 
R , then  P dx  Qdy    x  y  dx dy
C R
1
2
16. Prove that the area bounded by a simple closed curve C is given by ( xdy  ydx ) , using
Green’s theorem.
 Q P 
Solution: By Green’s Theorem,  P dx  Qdy      dx dy
C R  x y 
y x P 1 Q 1
Take P   ; Q    ; 
2 2 y 2 x 2
1
2
( xdy  ydx)
1 1
     dx dy   dx dy  Area of the region bounded by thesimpleclosed curve.
R
2 2 R
17. State Gauss divergence theorem

Statement: The surface integral of the normal component of a vector function F over a closed

surface S enclosing the volume V is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of F taken
throughout the volume V.


 F  n dS =  divF dV =
S V
   F dV ,
V
where n is the unit outward normal to the surface S.

18. Use Gauss divergence theorem, prove that  r . nds  3V , where V is the volume enclosed
S
by the surface S.
Solution: By Gauss divergence theorem
   
 r nˆ ds    r dV    x i  y j  z k  ( xi  y j  zk ) dV
S V V
   
 r nˆ ds    x ( x) y ( y) z ( z)  dV   3 dV  3V
S V V
19. State Stoke’s theorem.
Statement: The surface integral of the normal component of the curl of a vector function F over
an open surface S is equal to the line integral of the tangential component of F around the closed
curve C bounding S
F  dr   curl F  n ds    F    n ds
C S S
20. If S is any closed surface enclosing a volume V and F  axi  byj  czk , prove that
 F .nˆ ds  (a  b  c )V
S
   
Solution:  F nˆ ds    F dV   (
S V V
x
i
y
j  k ) (axi  byj  cz k )dV
z
   
   (ax)  (by )  (cz )  dv  (a  b  c)V
V  x y z 
PART-B
1. Find the angle between normal to the surface xy  z 2 at the point (–2, –2,2) and (1,9, –3).
(APRIL/MAY2021)
Solution: Let   xy  z 2
  yi  x j  2 zk ,
At the point  –2, –2, 2   1  –2,–2,2  2i  2 j  4k and  1  4  4  16  24  2 6
At the point 1,9, 3  2 1,9,3  9i  j  6k and  2  81  1  36  118
cos 
 1.2

 2i  2 j  4k .9i  j  6k  18  2  24

11
2 6  118 
=
1 2 2 708 177
 11 
  cos 1   .
 177 
2. If   2 xyz 3 i  x 2 z 3 j  3 x 2 y z 2 k , Find  ( x , y , z ) given that  (1, 2, 2)  4
(MAY / JUNE 2016)

Solution:
  
  i j k  (1)
x y z
Given   2 xyz 3i  x 2 z 3 j  3x 2 y z 2 k  (2)
     
Given    i j k   (2 xyz )i  ( x z ) j  (3x yz )k
3 2 3 2 2
 x y z 
Equating the components of i , j , k ,

 2 xyz 3    (3)
x

 x2 z3    (4)
y

 3x 2 yz 2    (5)
z
Integrating (3) w.r.t x (keeping y and z constant )
we get   x yz  f1 ( y, z ) .....( I )
2 3
Integrating (4) w.r.t y (keeping x and z constant )
we get   x yz  f 2 ( x, z ) .....( II )
2 3
Integrating (5) w.r.t z (keeping x and y constant )
  x 2 yz 3  f 3 ( x, y ) ......( III )
From (I), (II) and (III), collecting non repeating terms alone, we get   x 2 yz 3  c
Given  (1, 2, 2)  4
 (1)2 (2)(2)3  c  4  16  c  4

 c  4  16  20
   x 2 yz 3  20
3. Prove that Curl Curl F  grad div F   2 F (MAY / JUNE 2016)

Let F  F1i  F2 j  F3 k
i j k
 F3 F2   F1 F3   F2 F1 
     i     j   k
Curl F   y z   z x   x y 
x y z
F1 F2 F3
i j k
  
Curl (Curl F ) 
x y z
 F3 F2   F1 F3   F2 F1 
    z  x   x  y 
 y z 1    
   F F    F F     2 F2  2 F3    2 F1  2 F1  
    2  1    1  3   i        i
 y  x y  z  z x    y x z x   y z 2  
2
  2 F  2 F2  2 F3    2 F1  2 F1  2 F1  
   21     2  2  i
 x x y x z   x 2 y z  
   F F F    2 2 2  
    1  2  3    2  2  2  F1  i
 x  x y z   x y z  
 
 
 x
 
. F   2 F1  i

    
 i  
. F  j . F  k    
. F    2  F1i  F2 j  F3k 
 x y z 
curl (curlF )  (. F )   F
2
4. Find the value of ‘n’ so that the vector r n r is both irrotational and solenoidal.
(MAY 2019)
Solution:

r  xi  yj  zk ,r  r  x2  y 2  z 2
 
n
r n  x2  y 2  z 2 2  r n r  r n xi  yj  zk  

i j k r 2  x2  y 2  z 2
 
  rn r 

x

y

z
r x r y r z
  ;  ; 
x r y r z r
rnx rn y rnz

 i  (r n z ) 
 y z
 
 n   n
r y  j
  x
r z     
 n   n
z
r x k
  x
r y 
 n 
y
r x 

   
 r r   r r   r r 
 i  znr n 1  ynr n 1   j  znr n 1  xnr n 1   k  ynr n 1  xnr n 1 
 y z   x z   x y 
 y z  x z  x y
 i  znr n 1  ynr n 1   j  znr n 1  xnr n 1   k  ynr n 1  xnr n 1 
 r r  r r  r r
 0i  0 j  0k  0
 r n r is irrotational for all values of n.
 
 x

y

z 
 
.(r n r )   i  j  k  . r n xi  yj  zk   x  r x   y  r y   z  r z 
n n n
r n r r
 r n  xnr n1  r  ynr n1  r n  znr n1
x y z
 3r n  nr n 2 ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  3r n  nr n2 (r 2 )  3r n  nr n  (3  n)r n
r n r is Solenoidal  .r n r  0
(3  n)r n  0  n  3. Therefore r n r is Solenoidal when n  3.

5.     
Find the value of a , b , c so that F  axy  bz 3 i  3 x 2  cz j  3 xz 2  y k is 
irrotational. For these values of a , b, c , find also the scalar potential function.
(APRIL/MAY2021)
Solution:
    
Given F  axy  bz 3 i  3 x 2  cz j  3 xz 2  y k 
curlF    F  0
i j k
    i (1  c)  j (3z 2  3bz 2 )  k (6 x  ax)  0
 F 
x y z
axy  bz 3 3x 2  cz 3xz 2  y

F is irrotational.
Equating like components we get a  6, b  1, c  1
To find Scalar potential  we assume F  
F     6 xy  z 3  i   3x 2  z  j   3xz 2  y  k
    
j k    6 xy  z  i   3x  z  j   3xz  y  k
3 2 2
i
 x y z 
comparing coefficient of i, j & k


x

 6 xy  z 3   (1)

y

 3x 2  z   (2)

z

 3xz 2  y   (3)
Integrating (1) w.r.t x (keeping y and z constant )

6 x2 y 3
  z x  f1 ( y, z )  3x 2 y  z 3 x  f1 ( y, z )
2
Integrating (2) w.r.t y (keeping x and z constant )

  3x2 y  zy  f 2 ( x, z )
Integrating (3) w.r.t z (keeping x and y constant )

z3
  3x  yz  f3 ( y, z )  z 3 x  yz  f3 ( x, y )
3
   3x 2 y  z 3 x  zy  c where c is a constant (c  f1 ( y, z )  f 2 ( y, z )  f3 ( y, z ))
  x
Verify Green’s theorem for 2 (1  y )dx  ( x 3  y 3 )dy  where C is the boundary of the
6. 
C
region defined by the lines x = 1 and y = 1 . (MAY/ JUNE 2016)
 x (1  y)dx  ( y  x3 )dy
2 3
Given
c
D C
P  x 2 (1  y ) Q  y 3  x3
P 2 Q
x  3x 2
y x
A B

 Q P 
By Green's theorem  Pdx  Qdy    x  y dxdy
c R
 Q P  1 1 1 1
Consider    dxdy    (3x  x )dydx    (2 x )dydx
2 2 2
R 
x y  1 1 1 1
1
1
 x3  1
1 1 
1
4 4 8
  2   dy   2   dy    dy    [ y]11   (1)
1 
1 
3  1 3 3 1  
3 3 3
Consider
 Pdx  Qdy        
c AB BC CD DA
Along AB, y  1, dy  0 and x varies from  1 to 1
1
  Pdx  Qdy  x (1  1)dx  0
2
AB 1
Along BC , x  1, dx  0 and y varies from  1 to 1
1
1
 y4 
  Pdx  Qdy   ( y  1)dy    y   2
3
BC 1  4  1
Along CD, y  1, dy  0 and x varies from 1 to 1
1 1
 2 x3  4
  Pdx  Qdy  1   
2
2 x dx 
CD  3 1 3
Along DA, x  1, dx  0 and y varies from 1 to 1
1 1
 4 
 
 Pdx  Qdy  ( y  1)dy   y  y   1  1  1  1  2
3
DA 1  4 1 4 4
4 4 8
 Pdx  Qdy  0  2  3  2  4  3  3
C
 (2)
 (1)  (2) Hence the theorem is verified .
7. Verify Stoke’s theorem for the vector F  xyi  2 yz j  xzk , where S is the open surface of
the rectangular parallelepiped formed by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z=0, x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3
above the XOY plane. (APRIL/MAY2021)

By Stoke's theorem  F.d r    F.n ds
C S
Evaluation of L.H .S :
 F.dr   F.dr   F.dr   F.dr   F.dr

C OA AB BD DO
Along OA : y  0, z  0, dy  0, dz  0
 F.dr  0
OA
Along AB : x  1, z  0, dx  0, dz  0
 F .dr   0  0
AB AE
Along BD : y  2, z  0, dy  0, dz  0
0 0
 2 x2 

BD
F .dr    2x  dx   2 x dx
BD 1

 2 1
  0  1  1
Along DO: x  0, z  0, dx  0, dz  0
 F .dr   0  0
DO DO
 LHS   F .dr  0  0  1  0  1
C
Evaluation of RHS:
  F. n ds      

S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Given, F   xy  i  2 yz j  xzk
i j k
  
 F   2 yi    z  j  xk
x y z
xy 2 yz  xz
Over S1: x = 0 , n = - i

3 2 2
 2 y 2 
3 2 3 2 3
   F. n ds   2 yi  .(i )dydz    2 ydy dz  0  2  dz   4  z 0  12

3
S1 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 y dy dz 
0
Over S2: x =1 , n = i
2
  2 y2 
3 2 3 2 3
   F. n ds   2 yi  . i dydz 
S2 0 0
0 0 2 y dy dz  0  2  dz  12
0
Over S3: y =0 , n =  j
3 1 3 3 3
   z2 
3 1
S 0 0  
               9
1
  F . n ds   z j  j dxdz z dx dz xz 0
dz z dz    
3 0 0 0 0  2 0 2
Over S4: y = 1 , n = j
3 1 3 3
 z2 
3 1
   F . n ds    z j. j dxdz      z  dx dz     xz 
1 9
0
dz   
S4 0 0 0 0 0  2 0 2
Over S5 :z = 1 , n = k
 1   1 
1 2
   x2 
2 1 2 1 2
   F. n ds     xk .kdxdy      x dxdy      dy   2  dy   2   y 0  1

2
S5 0 0 0 0 0  2 0 0   
9 9
      
S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
 12  12    1  1
2 2
 L.HS = R.HS.
Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

8. Verify Stoke’s theorem for the vector field defined by F =  x 2 + y 2  i + 2xy j taken around
the square bounded by the lines x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1. (APR/MAY 2019)
+
By Stoke’s theorem  F . d r   curl F . n ds
C S
Given F   x 2  y 2  i  2 xy j
B
C
b
F . d r   x 2  y 2  dx  2 xy dy
O A
Evaluation of LHS:
 F.dr        
C OA AB BC CO

Along OA : y  0  dy  0, x varies from 0 to 1
1
1  x3  1
1
  F . d r    x  y  dx  2 xy dy 
    
2
2 2
x dx
OA 0 0  3 0 3
Along AB: x  1  dx  0, y varies from 0 to 1

1
1  y2 
AB F. d r  0 1  y  .0  2 y dy  2  2   1
2
Along BC: y  1, dy  0 , x varies from 1 to 0
0
0  x3  1  4
 F . d r  1  x  1
2
dx  0    x     
3 
1   
BC 3 1 3
Along CO: x  0, dx  0, y varies from 1 to 0
 F . d r    0  y 2  0 0  0
CO 1
1 4
  F . dr   F. dr   F. dr   F. dr   F. dr  3 1  3  2.
C OA AB BC CO
Evaluation of RHS:
i j k
  
curl F   i  0  0  j 0  0  k  2 y  2 y   4 yk
x y z
x 2  y 2 2 xy 0
As the region is in the xy plane we can take n  k and ds  dxdy
1
 y2 
 
1 1
 
1
S curl F . n ds   4 yk .k dx dy  4 0 0 y dx dy 4  
 2 0
x 0
 2.
  F. d r   curl F . n ds
C S
Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

3 3 3
9. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F  x i  y j  z k taken over the cube bounded by
the planes x = 0, x =a, y = 0, y =a, z = 0 and z = a. (APRIL /MAY 2018)

Solution:
By Gauss – Divergence theorem  F  n ds   divFdV

S V
Evaluation of LHS:

 F  nds   F  n ds   F  nds  ...   F  nds
S S1 S2 S6

Over S1: x = 0, n =  i
 aa aa
 F  n ds =   ( x i  y j  z k ).(i) dy dz     x3 dy dz
3 3 3
S1 00 00
0

Over S2: x = a, n = i
 aa aa
 F  n ds    ( x i  y j  z k ).(i ) dy dz   x3 dy dz
3 3 3
S2 00 00
aa a a
   a 3 dy dz  a 3   y 0 dz  a 3  a dz
a
= 00 0 0
 a 4  z   a 4 (a )  a 5
a
0

Over S3: y = 0, n =  j
 aa aa
 F  n ds =   ( x i  y j  z k ).( j ) dx dz     y 3 dx dz  0
3 3 3
S3 00 00

Over S4: y = a, n = j
 aa aa
 F  n ds    ( x i  y j  z k ).( j ) dx dz    y 3 dx dz
3 3 3
S4 00 00
aa a a
   a3 dx dz  a3   x 0 dz  a3  a  0  dz  a  z 0  a (a)  a
a 4 a 4 5
00 0 0

Over S5: z = 0, n =  k

 aa aa
 F  n ds =   ( x i  y j  z k ).(k ) dx dy     z dx dy  0
3 3 3 3
S5 00 00

Over S6: z = a, n = k
 aa aa
 F  n ds    ( x i  y j  z k ).(k ) dx dy    z 3 dx dy
3 3 3
S6 00 00
a a
  x  a dy  a  y 0  a (a)  a
a
a 3 a
0 dy a 3 4 4 5
0 0

  F  n ds  0  a5  0  a5  0  a5  3a5
S
Evaluation of RHS:
 
. F   i  j
 x

y
k
  3
 x i y j z k
z 
3 3
 
. F  3x 2  3 y 2  3 z 2
aaa
 .F dV     3x  3 y 2  3z 2 dx dy dz
2
V 000
aaa
 3   x 2  y 2  z 2 dx dy dz
000
a
aa
 x3 
 3    ( y 2  z 2 ) x  dy dz
00 3  0
aa
 a3 
 3    ( y 2  z 2 ) a  dy dz
00 3 
a
 a3
a
y3 
 3  y  a  az 2 y  dz
03  0
3
 a4 a4
a

 3    a 2 z 2  dz
 3 3 
0 

a
 a4 a4 z3 
 3 z  z  a2 
 3 3 3 
0
 a5 a5 a5  9a5
 3      3a5
 3 3 3  3 .
   
10. Using Gauss Divergence theorem, evaluate  F .nds

S
ˆ , F  y i  x j+ z 2 k and S is the surface
of the cylindrical region bounded x  y  a 2 2 2

z  0 and z  b (APRIL/MAY2021)
Solution:
By Gauss – Divergence theorem  F  nds   divFdV

S V
   
Given, F  y i  x j + z k ,by RHS =  divFdV
2
 
. F   i  j
 x

y
k
 
. y i  x j  z k
z 
2
 
. F  2 z
b a a2  y2
 .F dV     2 zdx dy dz

V 0 a  a2  y2
b a a2  y2
  2 z ( x) dy dz
0 a
 a2  y2
b a
  2z( a 2  y 2  ( a 2  y 2 ) )dy dz
0 a
b a
  2 z (2 a 2  y 2 )dy dz
0 a
b a
  4 z  ( a 2  y 2 )dy dz
0 a

b b
y 2 a2 y a a2
  8z( a  y 2  sin 1 ( )) ) dz   8 z ( sin 1(1)) dz
0
2 2 a 0 0
2
b
a2 
  8z( )dz
0
2 2
b
  a 2  2 zdz
0
b
  a 2 ( z 2 )   a 2b 2
0
UNIT-III COMPLEX VARIABLES

PART-A
1. Define an Analytic function (or) Holomorphic function (or) Regular function.
Solution:
A function is said to be analytic at a point if its derivative exists not only at that point but also in
some neighborhood of that point.
2. State the necessary conditions for f(z) to be analytic.
Solution:
The necessary conditions for a complex function f(z) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y) to be analytic in a region
u v v u
R are  and  (i.e) C – R equations.
x y x y
3. State the Sufficient conditions for f(z) to be analytic.
Solution:
u u v v
If the partial derivatives , , , exist and continuous in D and satisfies the conditions
x y x y
u v v u
 and   , then the function f(z) is analytic in a domain D.
x y x y
4. State the polar form of the Cauchy Riemann equations. (APRIL/MAY 2021)
Solution:
i
When z is expressed in the polar form r e , assuming that w  u (r, θ)  i v (r, θ) is analytic,
then
u u v v
(i). , , , exists
r θ r θ
u 1 v v 1 u
(ii).  and  at every point in R.
r r  r r 
5. Define an Entire (or) an Integral function.
Solution: A function which is analytic everywhere in the finite plane except at z =  is called an
entire function.

Example: ez, sin z, cosh z.
6. The real part of an analytic function f(z) is constant, prove that f(z) is a constant function.
( MAY 2017)
Solution: Let f(z) = u + iv
Given u = constant.  ux = 0 and uy= 0

by C-R equations, ux = 0  vy = 0 and uy= 0  vx = 0
f '(z) = ux + ivx = 0 + i0 = 0
Integrating, f (z) = c (where c is a constant)
7. Give an example of a function where u and v are harmonic but u + iv is not analytic.
(MAY/JUNE 2016)
Solution:
Let u  x and v   y
u x  1, u y  0, u xx  0, u yy  0
v x  0, v y  1
v xx  0, v yy  0
u xx  u yy  0  u is harmonic.
and v xx  v yy  0  v is harmonic.
But u x  v y and u y  v x  u and v are not analytic.
2
8. Show that f (z) = z is differentiable at z = 0 but not analytic at z = 0. (APR / MAY 2015)
Solution: Let z = x + iy and z  x  iy
z  zz  x 2  y 2
2
f (z)  z  (x 2  y 2 )  i0
2
u  x 2  y2 , v  0
u x  2x , vx  0
u y  2y , vy  0
So, the C-R equations ux = vy and uy= - vx are not satisfied everywhere except at z = 0.
So, f (z) may be differentiable only at z = 0. Now ux = 2x, vy = 0 and uy= 2y, vx = 0 are
continuous everywhere and in particular at (0, 0). So f (z) is differentiable at z = 0 only and not
analytic.
9. Determine whether the function z is analytic or not. (MAY / JUNE 2014)
Solution:
Let z = x + iy z  x  iy
u=x,v=-y
u x =1 v x =0
u y =0 v y = -1
u x  vy v x  u y

C-R equations are not satisfied. Therefore f (z) is not analytic.
10. Define Harmonic function.

Solution:
A function f(x, y) which possess continuous second order partial derivatives and which satisfies
 2f  2f
Laplace equation is called a harmonic function. (i.e) If   0 , then f is harmonic.
x 2 y2
11. Show that the function u = 2x – x3 + 3xy2 is harmonic.
Solution:
Given u = 2x – x3 + 3xy2
u x  2 – 3x 2  3y 2 u y = 6xy
u xx = - 6x u yy =6x
u xx +u yy  - 6x  6x  0
Hence u is harmonic
12. Find a function w such that w = u + iv is analytic, if u = ex siny
Solution:
Given u = ex siny
u x =e x siny u y =e x cosy
u x (z,0)  ez (0)  0 u y (z,0)  ez (1)  ez
By Milne Thomson's method

f(z)   u x (z,0)dz  i  u y (z,0)dz  0  i  ezdz  iez  C
13. Define Conformal transformation and isogonal transformation.
Solution:
Conformal transformation: A mapping or transformation which preserves angles in magnitude

and in direction between every pair of curves through a point is said to be conformal
transformation.
Isogonal transformation: A transformation under which angles between every pair of curves
through a point are preserved in magnitude but altered in sense is said to be isogonal at that point.
14. Define Bilinear transformation (or) Mobius transformation (or) linear fractional
transformation.

az+b
Solution: The transformation w = , ad – bc  0 where a, b,c,d are complex numbers is called
cz+d
a bilinear transformation. This is also called as Mobius or linear fractional transformation.
1
15. Obtain the fixed points of the transformation w = (APRIL / MAY 2019)
z
1
Solution: Given: w =
z
The fixed points are obtained by replacing w by z.
1
i.e, z =  z2  1  z   1
z
z i
16. Find the invariant points of the mapping w = (APRIL / MAY 2021)
1  iz
Solution:
z i
Given: w =
1  iz
The invariant points are obtained by replacing w by z.
z i
z=  z 1  iz   z  i
1  iz
 z  iz 2  z  i
 z2  1
 z1
17. Find the critical points of the transformation w 2  (z - α)(z - β) (MAY/JUNE 2016)
Solution:
Given: w 2  (z - α) (z - β)        ( 1 )
dw dz
Critical points : If w = f (z) then 0 and 0
dz dw
Differentiate (1) with respect to z, we get
dw
2w  (z - α)  (z -β)  2z  (α +β)        ( 2 )
dz
dw 2z  (α+β)
                (3)
dz 2w
dw   dz 2w
0z  and 0 0
dz 2 dw 2z  (α +β)
 w  0  (z - α) (z -β)  0  z   ,
 
The critical points are , and 
2
18. Find the image of the circle z  3 under the transformation w = 2z (NOV / DEC 2012)

Solution: Given w = 2z , z  3
w  2 z  w  2 (3)  6
Hence the image of the circle z  3 in the z-plane maps to the circle w  6 in the w-plane.
19. Find the image of the hyperbola x2 – y2 = 10 under the transformation w = z2
Solution: w = z2  u  iv   x+iy   x - y + i2xy

2
2 2
u = x2 – y2 and v = 2xy ; x2 – y2 = 10 (i.e) u = 10
Hence the image of the hyperbola x2 – y2 = 10 under the transformation w = z2 is u = 10 which is

a straight line in w plane.
20. Find the image of the circle z  1 by the transformation w = z + 2 + 4i
Solution: Given: w = z + 2 + 4i
u + iv = x + iy + 2 + 4i = ( x + 2 ) + i ( y + 4 )
u = x + 2, v=y+4
 x = u – 2, y=v–4
 z 1
x2 + y2 = 1 Hence ( u – 2 )2 + ( v – 4 )2 = 1.
 The circle in the z-plane is mapped into the circle in the w -plane with centre (2, 4) and
radius 1.
PART B
 2 2 
If f(z) is an analytic function, prove that  2  2  f ( z )  4 f ( z )
2 2
1. (APR / MAY 2021)
 x y 
Solution:
Let f(z) = u + iv be analytic.
Then ux = vy and uy = -vx (1)
Also uxx+ uyy = 0 and vxx+ vyy = 0 (2)
Now |f(z)|2 = u2 + v2 and f(z) = ux + ivx

 | f (z) | 2  2u.u x  2v.v x
x

and
2
x 2

| f (z) | 2  2 u 2x  u.u xx  v 2x  v.v xx  (3)
Similarly
2
y 2

| f (z) | 2  2 u 2y  u.u yy  v 2y  v.v yy  (4)
Adding (3) and (4)
 2 2 

 2  2  | f (z) | 2  2 u 2x  u 2y  u(u xx  u yy )  v 2x  v 2y  v(v xx  v yy ) 
 x y 

 2 u 2x  v 2x  u (0)  v 2x  u 2x  v(0) 

 4 u 2x  v 2x 
 4. f ( z)
2
2. Given w  u  iv  z 3 , verify that family of curves u=c1 and v=c2 are cut orthogonally.
(APRIL / MAY 2021)
Solution: Given w  z 3
 w  x  iy   x 3  3xy 2  i 3x 2 y  y 3
3
 
u  x 3  3xy 2 , v  3x 2 y  y 3
To prove u and v are cut orthogonally:
u  c1
 x  3xy 2  c1    (1)
3
Differentiating (1) with respect to ' x' , we get
 dy 
3x 2  3 x2y  y2   0
 dx 
dy x  y2
2
  m1 
dx 2 xy
v  c2
 3x 2 y  y 3  c2      (2)
Differentiating (2) with respect to ' x' , we get

 dy  2 dy
3 2 xy  x 2   3y 0
 dx  dx
dy 2 xy
 m2   2
dx x  y2
 x 2  y 2  2xy 
m1 m2     2   1
2 
 2xy  x  y 
 The family of curves u=c1 and v=c2 are orthogonal to each other.
3. Prove that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are harmonic function.
(MAY 2019)
Proof:
Let f (z) = u + iv be an analytic function of z.
Then by C- R equations we have,
u v v u
 ...........(1)   .........(2)
x y x y
Differentiating (1) partially with respect to x, we get
 2u  2 v
 .......... .(3)
x 2 xy
Differentiating (2) partially with respect to y, we get
 2u  2 v
 .......... .( 4)
y 2 yx
Adding (3) and (4), we get
 2u  2u  2 v  2 v
   0
x 2 y 2 xy yx
 u satisfies the Laplace equation.
Similarly
Differentiating (1) partially with respect to y, we get
 2 v  2u
 .......... .(5)
y 2 yx
Differentiating (2) partially with respect to x, we get
 2v  2u
 .......... .(6)
x 2 xy
Adding (5) and (6), we get
 2v  2v  2u  2u
   0
x 2 y 2 xy yx
 v satisfies the Laplace equation.
Hence the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are harmonic function.
1
4. Find the image of z  2i  2 under the transformation w  (APRIL / MAY 2018,2019)
z
Solution:
1 1
Given w  z
z w
Now w  u  iv
1 1 u  iv u  iv
z    2 2
w u  iv  u  iv  u  iv  u  v
u  iv u v
i.e., x  iy  2 2  x  2 2 ..........(1) y  2 2 ..........(2)
u v u v u v
Given z  2i  2
x  iy  2i  2  x  i ( y  2)  2
x 2   y  2   4  x 2  y 2  4 y  0...................(3)
2
Sub (1) and (2) in (3)

 u   v   v 
2 2
 2 2   2 2  4 2 2   0
u v  u v  u  v 
u2 v2  4v 
  2 0
u  u  v 
2 2 2 2  u  v 
2
2
v 2
u  v   4v  u  v 
2 2
0
2 2
u  v  2 2 2
1  4v   u  v  2 2
0
u  v 
2 2 2
1
1  4v  0  v   (u 2  v2  0)
4
which is a straight line in w -plane.

y
v
x2   y  2  4
2
 0, 2 
v0 u
x 1
v
4
z  plane
w  plane
5. 1
Show that the transformation w  transforms circles and straight lines in the Z-plane into
z
circles or straight lines in the W-plane. (APRIL / MAY 2017)
Solution:
1 1
w z
z w
1 u  iv
 x  iy   2 2
u  iv u  v
u v
 x  2 2 and y  2 2
u v u v
Consider the equation a (x2 + y2) + bx + cy + d = 0 ------------(1)
This equation represents a circle if a  0 and a straight line if a = 0
1
Under the transformation w  equation (1) becomes
z
d (u2 + v2) + bu – cv + a = 0 --------------(2)
This equation represents a circle if d  0 and a straight line if d = 0
Value of a & d Equation (1) and (2) Conclusion
a  0, d 0 Equation (1) and (2) represents a The transformation maps a circle not
circle, not passing through the passing through the origin in z–plane
origin, in the z–plane and w– into a circle not passing through the
plane origin in w–plane
a  0, d = 0 Equation (1) represents a circle The transformation maps a circle

passing through the origin in the passing through the origin in z–plane
z–plane and equation (2) into a straight line not passing through
represents a straight line not the origin in w–plane
passing through the origin in w–
plane
a = 0, d 0 Equation (1) represents a straight The transformation maps a straight line

line not passing through the origin not passing through the origin in the z–
in the z–plane and equation (2) plane into a circle passing through the
represents a circle passing origin in w–plane
through the origin in w–plane
a = 0, d = 0 Equation (1) and (2) represents a The transformation maps represent a

straight line passing through the straight line passing through the origin
origin in the z–plane and w–plane in z–plane into a straight line passing
through the origin in w–plane
1
Thus, the transformation w  maps the totality of circles and straight lines as circles or straight
z
lines.
6. Find the image of region bounded by the lines x  0, y  0, x  y  1 in the z-plane by the
i
mapping w  z e 4
(APRIL / MAY 2021)
Solution:
i
Given w  z e 4
  
 u  iv  (x  iy) cos  i sin 
 4 4
 (x  iy)
1
(1  i) 
1
x - y  ix  y
2 2
Here u 
1
x - y, v
1
x  y
2 2
-y y
when x  0, then u  , v  u  v
2 2
x x
when y  0, then u  , v u v
2 2
1
when x  y  1, then v 
2
The corresponding regions in the z-plane and w-plane are shown below and is represent as
rotation.

7. Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z = 1, i, –1 into the points w = i, 0, –i. Hence
find the image of |z| < 1 (APRIL / MAY 2019)
Solution:
We know that
 w  w1  w2  w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w1  w2  w3  w  z1  z2  z3  z 

 w  i  0  i    z 1i  1
 i  0 i  w 1  i  1  z 

 w  i  i    z  11  i 
  i  w  i   1  i  z  1

 w  i    z  11  i   1  i 
 w  i   z  11  i  1  i 

 w  i    z  1  1  1  2i 
 w  i   z  1 1  1

 w  i    z 1   2i 
 w  i   z  1  2

 w  i   i  z  1 ........(1)
 w  i   z  1

 w  i   iz  i
 w  i  z 1
Applying componendo and dividendo rule, we get

w  i  w  i iz  i  z  1
  2w iz  i  z  1
w  i  w  i iz  i  z  1  
2i iz  i  z  1
 1  i  z  1  i  1  i  z  1  i
 w  i  
  i  1 z  1  i   i  1 z  1  i
To find the image of z  1 :
From (1),
 z  1  i  w  i   iw  1
 z  1 w  i w  i
Applying Componendo and dividendo rule, we get
z  1  z  1 iw  1  w  i

z  1  z  1 iw  1  w  i

2z

1  i  w  i  1
2  1  i  w  1  i
 z
1  i  w  i  1
1  i  w  1  i
Now z  1 
1  i  w  i  1  1
1  i  w  1  i
 1  i  w  i  1  1  i  w  1  i
 1  i  u  iv   i  1  1  i  u  iv   1  i
 u  iv  iu  v  i  1  u  iv  iu  v  1  i
 u  v  1  i 1  u  v   u  v  1  i (1  u  v)
u  v 1  1 u  v  u  v 1  1 u  v 

2 2 2 2
 
 u 2  v 2  1  2u  2v  2uv  1  u 2  v 2  2u  2v  2uv 
u 2  v 2  1  2u  2v  2uv  1  u 2  v 2  2u  2v  2uv
 2u  2u  2u  2u
 4u  4u
 8u  0
 u0
The image of z  1 in z-plane is right half of w-plane u  0.

8. Find the bilinear maps which maps the points z  1, 1,  in the z-plane onto the points
w   1,  i, i in w-plane. (NOV/DEC 2019)
Solution:
We know that
z1  1, z2   1, z3   ; w1   1, w2   i, w3  i
 w  w1  w2  w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w1  w2  w3  w  z1  z2  z3  z 
z 
z3  z  z1   2  1
 w  w1  w2  w3    z3 
 w1  w2  w3  w  z z  z 1  z 
3 1 2  
 z3 

 w  1 i  i    z  1 0  1
 1  i  i  w 1  11  0
 w  1 2i    z  1 1
 1  i  i  w  2
  w  1 4i    z  1 1  i  i  w 
4wi  4i   z  1  iz  i (i  w)
4wi  4i  iz  i  z  1  wz  w  iwz  iw
4wi  wz  w  iwz  iw  iz  i  z  1  4i
w(4i  z  1  iz  i)   z (1  i)  1  3i
w 1  3i  z (1  i )   1  3i  z (1  i )
1  3i  z (1  i )
 w
1  3i  z (1  i )
sin 2 x
9. Determine the analytic function f(z)=u+iv, if u  (APRIL / MAY 2019)
cosh 2 y  cos 2 x
Solution:
sin 2 x
u
cosh 2 y  cos 2 x
u  cosh 2 y  cos 2 x  2cos 2 x   sin 2 x  2sin 2 x 

1  x, y   
x  cosh 2 y  cos 2 x 
2

 1  z, 0  
1  cos 2 z  2 cos 2 z   2sin 2 2 z
1  cos 2 z 
2
1  cos 2 z  2 cos 2 z   2 1  cos 2 2 z 


1  cos 2 z 
2

1  cos 2 z  2 cos 2 z   2 1  cos 2 z 1  cos 2 z 
1  cos 2 z 
2
2 1
   2   cos ec 2 z
1  cos 2 z sin z
u  cosh 2 y  cos 2 x  0   sin 2 x  2sinh 2 y 

2  x, y   
y  cosh 2 y  cos 2 x 
2
 2  z, 0   0
By Milne’s Thomson method,
f  z    1  z , 0  dz  i  2  z , 0  dz
   cos ec 2 z dz  i0
 cot z  c
10. If f(z)=u+iv is an analytic function and u  v  ex (cos y  sin y) find f(z) in terms of z.
Solution:
f  z  u  iv -----(1)
if  z  iu  v -----(2)
 1  i  f  z    u  v   i  u  v 
F  z   U  i V , where F  z   1  i  f  z  , U  u  v, V  u  v
 Since U  u  v  e x  cos y  sin y  is a real part
U
1  x, y    e x cos y  sin y 
x
1  z , 0   e z
U
2  x, y    e x   sin y  cos y 
y

2  z , 0   e z  1  e z
By Milne’s Thomson Method
F  z    1  z , 0  dz  i  2  z , 0  dz
  e z dz  i  e z dz  e  ie
z z
 1  i  e z
1  i  f  z   1  i  e z  C1
f  z   ez  C
UNIT – IV COMPLEX INTEGRATION

PART – A
1. State Cauchy’s Integral Theorem. (APR / MAY 2015)
Solution: If f (z ) is analytic at every point of the region R bounded by a simple closed curve C
and if f ' ( z ) is continuous at all points inside and on C, then  f ( z) dz  0 .
C
3z 2 + 7z + 1 1
2. What is the value of the integral  z + 1 dz, where C is | z | = 2 ? (APR / MAY 2018)
C
3z 2  7 z  1
Solution: Let f (z) =  dz . Singular point is given by z + 1 = 0  z = –1
C
z 1
1
 z = –1 lies outside C.
Put z = –1  | z | = | –1 | = 1 >
2
3z 2  7 z  1
Hence by Cauchy’s integral theorem  f ( z)dz  0   dz = 0
C C
z 1
3. Evaluate  sin z dz , where C encloses the entire complex plane. (APR / MAY 2019)
C
Solution: Here f ( z )  sin z is analytic inside and on C, f '(z) is continuous at all points inside
and on C
Hence by Cauchy’s integral theorem  f ( z)dz  0   sin z dz = 0.

C C
4. State Cauchy’s integral formula for nth derivative.

Solution: If f (z) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C and z = a is any interior point
of the region R enclosed by C, then f (n)( a )  n!  f ( z ) dz
2 i C  z  a n 1

cos πz
5. Evaluate  z -1
dz if C is | z | = 2.
C
Solution: Singular point is obtained by z – 1 = 0  z = 1
Put z = 1  | z | = | 1 | = 1 < 2 z = 1 lies inside C.
Let f (z) = cos πz
f ( z)
By Cauchy’s integral formula,  z  a dz  2 i f (a)
C
cos z

C
z  1
dz = 2πi f (1) = 2πi cos π = –2πi.
e2z
6. Evaluate   z + 24 dz where C is z = 3 using Cauchy’s integral formula.
C
Solution: Singular point is Z  2 (order 4). Z  2 lies inside the circle z  3 .
Take f ( z )  e 2z  f ( z )  2e2 z , f ( z )  4e 2 z , f ( z )  8e2 z

f(z) 2 i ( n )
By Cauchy’s integral formula,  dz  f ( a ).
n 1
C  z  a
n!
f(z) 2 i 2 i  2 z  2 i  4  8 i 4
 dz  f ( 2 )  8e  8e  e .
  6  
C  z  2
4 3! 3! z 2 3
1
7. Expand f ( z)  at z = 2 as a Taylor’s series. (MAY / JUNE 2016)
z2
f '(a) f ''(a)
Solution: Taylor’s series of f(z) at z =a is f ( z)  f (a)  ( z  a)  ( z  a)2  ...
1! 2!
f '(2) f ''(2)
Taylor’s series of f(z) at z =2 is f ( z)  f (2)  ( z  2)  ( z  2)2  ...
1! 2!
1 2 6
f (z ) = f ' ( z) =  f ' ' ( z) =
z2 z3 z4
1 1 1 3 3
f (2)  f '(2)    f ''(2)  
4 22 4 23 8
1  1  3( z  2)2  1 ( z  2) 3( z  2)2  1 3( z  2)2 

f ( z)     ( z  2)   ...      ...  1  ( z  2)   ...
4  4 28 4 4 16  4 4 
8. Obtain the Taylor’s series expansion of log 1 + z  when z = 0.

Solution: Let f  z   log 1  z 
f  z   log 1  z  1 1 f ( z ) 
2 6
f ( z )  f ( z )  f iv ( z ) 
1 z 1  z  2 1  z 
3
1  z 4

f  0   log1  0 f (0)  1 f (0)  1 f (0)  2 f iv (0)  6
f '(a) f ''(a)
Taylor’s series of f(z) at z =a is f ( z)  f (a)  ( z  a)  ( z  a)2  ...
1! 2!
f (0) f (0) 2 z2 z3 z4
log(1  z)  f (0)  z z  ...  z     ....
1! 2! 2 3 4
9. Define Laurent’s series.
Solution: If C1 , C2 are two concentric circles with centre at z = a and radii r1 and r2 (r1 < r2) and
if f(z) is analytic inside and on the circles and within the annular region between C1 and C2,
then for
 
any z in the annular region, we have f ( z)   an ( z  a)n   bn ( z  a) n , where
n 0 n 1
1 f ( z)

1 f ( z)
an   dz and bn  dz .
2 i C ( z  a) n 1 2 i C ( z  a)n 1
1 2
ez
10. Obtain the Laurent’s expansion of the function in the neighbourhood of its
 z  1
2
singular point. Hence find the residue at that point.

ez
Solution: Let f(z)= . Here, z  1 is a singular point.
 z - 1
2
e u+1 eeu e  u2 u3 
Put z  1  u .  f(z) = 2
= 2
= 2 
1+u + + +...
u u u  2! 3! 
e e e  u 2 u3  e e e  ( z  1)2 ( z  1)3 
   2    ...       ...
u 2 u
u  2! 3!  ( z  1)
2 z  1 ( z  1)2  2! 3! 
Residue of f(z) at z = 1 is the coefficient of 1
 e.
z 1
11. Define Singularity and Essential singularity of f(z) with an example. (APR/MAY2019)
Solution: (i) A point z = a at which a function f(z) fails to be analytic is called a singular point or
1
singularity of f(z). Example: Consider f ( z )  . Here, z = 3 is a singular point of f(z)
z3
(ii) If the principal part of Laurent’s series contains an infinite number of non - zero terms, then
1 1
1
2
z = a is known as essential singularity. Example: f ( z )  e  1  z  z  ... has z = 0 as an essential
z
1! 2!
singularity, since f(z) is an infinite series of negative powers of z.
sinz - z
12. Discuss the nature of singularities of at z = 0
z3
sin z  z
Solution: Let f  z   .The function f ( z ) is not defined at z  0 .
z3
sin z  z cos z  1  sin z  cos z 1
But by L’Hospital’s rule we have, lim 3
 lim 2
 lim  lim 
z 0 z z 0 3z z 0 6z z 0 6 6
Since the limit exists and is finite, the singularity at z  0 is a removable singularity.
1
13. State the nature of the singularity of f(z) = z cos   . (APR/MAY2021)
z
1  1 1
2
1 1
4 
Solution: Given f(z) = z cos    z 1        ...
z  2!  z  4!  z  
3
11 1 1
 z        ...
2  z  24  z 
Here z = 0 is an essential singularity, since f(z) is an infinite series of negative powers of z.
1
14. Find the residue of f(z) = z 2sin   at z = 0
z
 1  2 1 1 1  1   z 1
3
Solution: Given f(z) = z sin   = z 

2
    ... =   ...
z 1! z 3!  z   1 6 z
1 1
Residue of f (z) at z = 0 is the coefficient of = .
z 6
15. Determine the poles and residues at each pole of the function f(z) = cot z
cos z
Solution: Given f (z) = . The poles of f(z) are given by sin z = 0  z =  n, n  0,1, 2,3...
sin z
P(n )  cos z  cos n
Residue of f(z) at z = nπ is     1
Q ' (n )  d sin z   z  n cos n
z
16. Find the poles and residues of f(z) = .
2
z - 3z + 2
Solution: The poles of f (z) are obtained by z 2  3z  2  0  ( z  1)( z  2)  0 .
The simple poles are z  1, 2
 1 , Res of f(z)z2 = Lt ( z  2)
Res of f(z)z1 =
z z
Lt ( z  1) 2
z 1 ( z  1)( z  2) z 2 ( z  1)( z  2)
1- e2z
17. Calculate the residue of f(z) = at the poles. (NOV/DEC 2014)
z4
1  e2z
Solution: Given, f ( z)  . Here z  0 is a pole of order 4
z4
1 d3  4 1 e 
2z
[Res of f ( z )]z 0  lt  ( z  0) 
z 0 3! dz 3  z 4 

1 d3 1 d2 1 d 1 4
 lt 3

1  e 2z

  lt 2
2e2 z   lt 4e2 z   lt 8e2 z  
z 0 3! dz z 0 3! dz z 0 6 dz 6 z 0 3
18. State Cauchy’s Residue theorem. (MAY / JUN 2014)

Statement: If f(z) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C except at a finite number of
isolated singular points a1,a2,…an inside C, then
 f ( z)dz = 2 i  (sum of the residues of f(z) at these singular points).

C
4
19. Find the value of  (z - 4)3 (z - 2) dz , where C is | z | = 3
C
4
Solution: Given f ( z )  , The poles are given by( z – 4)3(z – 2) = 0  z  2 & z =
( z  4) 3 ( z  2)
4
z  2 is a simple pole and lies inside C. But z = 4 is a pole of order 3 and lies outside C.
4 4 4 1
[Res of f(z)]z=2 = lim ( z  2) f ( z )  lim ( z  2)  lim  
z 2 z 2 ( z  4) 3 ( z  2) z 2 ( z  4) 3 (2) 3 2
dz = 2 i       i
4 1
By Cauchy Residue theorem, 
C ( z  4) ( z  2)  2
3
20.
2π
dθ
Express  2cosθ + sinθ
0
as Complex integration. (DEC/JAN 2016)
Solution: Here z  ei , dz  iei d  d 

1 z2 1 z 2 1
dz cos 
, ,sin  
iz 2z 2iz
dz dz
2
d iz iz
0 2cos  sin   C  z 2  1   z 2  1   C  2iz 2  2i  z 2  1  , where Cis the unit circle.
2    
 2 z   2iz   2iz 
2dz

C 2iz  2i  z  1
2 2
2dz
 .
C (1  2i ) z  (2i  1)
2
PART-B
2
3z + 7z +1
1. If f(a) = 
C z-a
dz where C is | z | = 2 then find the value of f (3) , f '(1 + i ) and f ''(1 - i ) by
Cauchy’s Integral Formula. (APR / MAY 2021)

Solution:
3z 2 + 7z +1
(i) Given that, f(a) =  z - a dz
C
3z 2 + 7z +1
Now f(3) =  z - 3 dz
C
Singular point is given by z –3 = 0  z = 3
Put z = 3  | z | = | 3 | = 3 > 2  z = 3 lies outside C.

3z 2 + 7z +1
Hence by Cauchy’s integral theorem  dz  0
C z-3
 f(3) = 0 .
d
(ii) f '(a) = f(a)
da
d  3z + 7z +1 
2
 ∂ 3z 2 + 7z +1 
  dz      dz
da 
C z-a  C∂
 a z-a 
∂ 1   -1 
   3z2 + 7z +1   dz    3z + 7z +1 
2
(-1)  dz
C a z-a
∂ C  (z - a) 2

3z2 +7z +1
f '(a)   dz
C (z -a)2
By Cauchy’s integral formula,
= 2 i g '(a) , if ' a ' lies inside C, where g(z) = 3z 2 + 7z +1
Here 1+ i lies inside C,
3z2 +7z +1
f ' (1+ i) =  dz
C  z - (1+ i)2
= 2 i g '(1+ i) , since g'(z) = 6z + 7
= 2 i  6(1+ i) + 7 
= 2 i 13+ 6i  .
d
(iii) f '' (a) = f '(a)
da
∂  1   
c

  3z 2 + 7z + 1 
   dz   3z 2 + 7z + 1
∂a  (z - a) 
2 C
   (z(-2)
- a)3
( -1 )  dz


3z2 +7z +1
f ''(a)  2  dz
C (z -a)3
2 i  
= 2  g (a)  , if ' a ' lies inside C, where g(z) = 3z2 +7z +1
 2! 
Here 1- i lies inside C,
3z2 +7z +1
f '' (1- i) = 2  dz
C  z - (1- i) 3
 
2 i
= 2  g''(1- i)  , since g''(z) = 6
 2! 
= 2 i 6 
= 12 i .

z2
2. Evaluate  (z -1)2 (z + 2)dz where C is z = 3 . (APR / MAY 2015)
C
Solution:
Z=1 lies inside z = 3
Z= – 2 lies inside z = 3
z2 A B C
  
 z  1  z  2
2  z  1  z  1  z  2
2
z 2  A  z  1 z  2   B  z  2   C  z  1
2

1
Put z  1, B 
3
4
Put z  2, C 
9
5
Equating co  eff of z 2 on bothsides, A 
9
5 1 4
z2 9  3  9

 z  12  z  2    z  1  2
z  1 2 z 
5 1 4
z2
C  z  12  z  2  C  z  1dz  C  z  12 dz  C  z 92 dz
9 3
 5 1 4
   2 i f (1)    2 i f (1)    2 i f ( 2)
9  3 9
 5 1 4
   2 i (1)    2 i (0)    2 i (1)  f ( z)  1
9  3 9
 2 i
3. z 2 -1
Obtain Taylor’s Series and Laurent’s series to represent the function in the
(z + 2)(z + 3)
region | z | < 2 and 2 < z < 3 (APR / MAY 2019)
Solution:
z 2 1 z 2 1
f  z   2
 z  2   z  3 z  5 z  6
Since the degree of the numerator and denominator are same we have to divide and apply partial

fractions.
z2  1 5z  7 5z  7
 1 2  1
z  5z  6
2
z  5z  6  z  2  z  3
3 8
 1 
z2 z3
z z
(i) Given |z|<2   1 and   1
2 3
Consider
z2  1 3 8 3 8
 1   1 
z  5z  6
2
z2 z3  z  z
2 1   3 1  
 2  3
1 1
3 z 8 z
 1  1    1  
2 2 3 3
3 z z2  8 z z2 
 1   1    ....    1    ...  .
2 2 2  3 3 9 
2 z
(ii) Given 2  z  3   1 and 1
z 3
z2 1 3 8 3 8
 1   1 
z  5z  6
2
z 2 z 3  2  z
z 1   3 1  
 z  3
1 1
3 2 8 z 
 1 1   1 
z z 3 3
3 2 4  8 z z2 
 1  1   2  ...   1    ...  .
z z z  3 3 9 
1
4. Find the Laurent’s series expansion of valid in the regions z > 2 and
 z - 2 z -1
0 < z -1 < 1
Solution:
1 A B A  z  2   B  z  1
f(z)   
 z  2 z  1  z  1  z  2  z  2 z  1
 1  A  z  2   B  z  1
Put z  1, A  1
z  2, B  1

1 1
 f(z) 
 z 1  z  2
Region1:
z 22 z 1 z
2 1
 1 1
z z
1 1
f(z) 
 1  2
z 1   z 1  
 z  z
1 1
1 1 1 2
  1    1  
z z z z
1 1 1  1  2  2 2 
2
  1      ...  1      ...
z  z z  z
  z z 

n n
1  1 1  2
       
z n0  z  z n0  z 
 1  2n
 n 1

n 0 z n 0 z n 1
Region 2:
Put z  1  t  z  1  t
0  z 1  1 0  t  1
 t 1
1 1
f(z) 
 z  1  z  2 
1 1
 
t t 1
1 1
 
t  1  t 
1 1
  1  t 
t

1
t

 1  t  t 2  ... 


1
 z  1 
 1   z  1   z  1  ...
2

1 
   z  1
n

 z  1 n 0
z 2 - 4z + 2
5. Find the Laurent’s series expansion of f(z) = 3 in 3 < | z + 2 | < 5 (JAN 2016)
z - 2z 2 - 5z + 6
SOLUTION:
z 2 - 4z + 2 z 2 - 4z + 2 A B C
   
z 3 - 2z 2 - 5z + 6  z  1 z  2 z  3  z  1  z  2  z  3
 z 2 - 4z + 2 = A  z  2  z  3  B  z  1 z  3   z  1 z  2 
1
Put z  1, A 
6
14
Put z  2, B 
15
1
Put z  3, C 
10
1 14 1
z 2 - 4z + 2 6  15  10

z 3 - 2z 2 - 5z + 6  z  1  z  2  z  3
Given that 3 < | z + 2 | < 5
Put u = z + 2
3 z  2  5  3 u  5
3 u
  1 and 1
u 5
1 14 1
z 2 - 4z + 2 6  15  10

z 3 - 2z 2 - 5z + 6  u  3 u  u  5
1 14 1
 6  15  10
 3 u  u
u 1   ( 5 )  1  
 u  5
1 1
1  3 14 1  u
 1     1  
6u  u  15 u 50  5 
1   3 1  u
n n
14
      
6u n o  u  15 u 50 n o  5 

1  1    3  14  1  1   z  2 
n n
        
6  z  2  n o  z  2  15  z  2  50 n o  5 
The validity of the region is 3 < | z + 2 | < 5.
z dz 1
6. Evaluate  (z -1)(z - 2)2 , where C is the circle | z – 2 | =
2
by Cauchy Residue Theorem.
C
Solution:
The poles are obtained by (z – 1) (z – 2)2 = 0  z  1, 2, 2
 z = 1 is a simple pole and z = 2 is a pole of order 2.
1 1 1
C is the circle | z – 2 | = consider z=1, 1 – 2 1  , consider z=2, 2 – 2 0 
2 2 2
z = 1 lies outside C and z = 2 lies inside C.
Residue at Z = 2: (Pole of order 2)
d z z 1  z
Res f ( z )  lt dz ( z  2)  z 1 z  2
2
2
 lt  z 1 2
 1
z 2 z 2
By Cauchy Residue theorem,
z dz
 ( z  1) ( z  2)
C
2
 2  i (1)  2  i
2π
cos2θ
7. Evaluate  dθ using contour integration. (APR/MAY 2018)
0
5 + 4cosθ
i
SOLUTION: Let z  e  dz  ieid  dz  izd
dz 1 1
 d & cos    z   …………(1)
iz 2 z
1  z 2  1
 cos     …………(2)
2  z 
z 2  (e i ) 2  e i 2  cos 2  i sin 2
cos 2  Re al part of z 2 ………….(3)
Using (1) , (2) and (3) in the given integral, we get

2
cos 2 R.P of z 2 dz
 5  4 cos 
d  
C
iz
 1  z2 1  
0
5  4  
 2  z 
z 2 dz
 R.P of 
C
iz
  z2 1  
5   2 
  z 
z 2 dz
 R.P of  C
iz
 2z  2 
2
5 
 z 
z 2 dz
 R.P of  C
iz
 5z  2 z 2  2 
 
 z 
By using Cauchy’s residue theorem

C
f ( z )dz  2 i ( R1  R2  .....  Rn )
1 z 2 dz
R.P of   2 i( R1  R2  .....  Rn ) …………………………..(A)
i C ( z  2)(2 z  1)
z2
f ( z) 
( z  2)(2 z  1)
The poles of f(z) are z = - 2 is a pole of order 1 lies outside |z| = 1,
z = -1/2 is a pole of order 1 lies inside side |z| = 1
1
To find R1: Residue at z  
2
  1 
Re s  f ( z )z  1  lim  z      f ( z )
2 z  1 
2  2 
 1 z2
 lim  z  
z  1 
2
2  ( z  2)(2 z  1)
 1 z2
 lim  z  
z  1  2  1
2
( z  2).2  z  
 2

 1 2 
2
z 2 1
= lim = = 4 = 1 .
z   1 2( z  2)  1   3  12
2
2  2 2 
 2  2
Using this in (A),
1 z 2 dz 1 1
R.P of 
i C ( z  2)(2 z  1)
 R.P of  2 i 
i 12
 
 R.P of = .
6 6
2π
dθ
8. Evaluate  1- 2p sin θ + p2 , | p | < 1.
0
i dz i z2  1
Solution: Let z  e , dz  i e d  d  , sin 
iz 2iz
2
d  dz iz 
 1  2p sin   p2 
 z2  1  2
, Cis | z |  1
0 C
1  2p    p
 2iz 
dz dz 1 dz
  
p C

C iz  p(z  1)  izp
2 2
pz  iz(p  1)  p
2 2
 1
C z 2  iz  p    1
 p
2
d 1
dz
 1  2p sin   p2 
p C
 i
........(1)
0 (z  ip)  z  
 p
i
The poles are given by z  ip & z 
p
i
| z | = | i p | = p < 1.  z= ip lies inside C and z  lies outside C.
p
   
   1 
1 1 ip
  Re s of f (z)  z ip  Lt (z  ip)    Lt    
z ip   i   zip z 
i  1  1  p2
 (z  ip)  z      ip  
  p   p  p
dz  ip  2  p
By Cauchy Residue Theorem   i 
 2i 
 1  p 2 

 1 p
2
C (z  ip) z 
 p 


2
d 1  2p  2
From (1)  1  2p sin   p2    2 

p  1  p  1  p2
,p 1
0

dx
9. Evaluate  (x2 + a2 )2 ,(a > 0) using contour integration. (APR / MAY 2019)
0
Solution:
1
Let f ( z ) 
(z  a 2 )2
2
. Consider  f ( z)dz
c
where C is the contour consists of the upper half circle c1 of z  R & the real axis from –R to R.
R
  f (z)dz   f (z)dz   f (x)dx.......................... (1)
c c1 R
The poles of f (z ) are given by ( z  a )  0  z   ai (twice)

2 2 2
z = ai is a pole of order 2 & lies inside C
z = - ai is a pole of order 2 & lies outside C
d  1  d  1  2 1
Res f (z)z ai  lt  (z  ai)2   lt  2
  3
z ai dz
 (z  ai) (z  ai) 
2 2 z ai dz  (z  ai)  (2ai) 3
4a i
 1  
By Cauchy’s Residue Theorem  f (z)dz  2i  4a i   2a
3 3
In (1) R  , then  f (z)dz  0

c1

 (1)   f ( z )dz   f ( x)dx
c 

dx 
=  (x

2
a )
2 2
 3
2a

dx 
= 2  3
0 (x  a )
2 2 2
2a

dx 
 (x
0
2
a )
2 2
 3
4a

xsinx dx
10. Evaluate  , where a > 0. (MAY / JUN 2016)
2 2
0 (x + a )

Solution:

x sin xdx 1  x sin xdx
Let 0 ( x2  a 2 )  2  ( x2  a 2 )
1  x sin xdx 1  xeix dx 1

  2  IP  2  IP(I1 )
2  ( x  a )
2
2  ( x  a )
2
2
 
xeix
I1   2 2 dx   F ( x)dx
 x  a 
xeix zeiz
Here F ( x)  2 let F ( z )  2
x  a2 z  a2
The poles of F(z) are given by
 z  ia are poles of order 1
 z  ia lies inside C
Consider  f (z) dz where C is the contour consists of the upper half circle C, of | z| = R and the
C
real axis from –R to R.

R
  f ( z) dz   f ( z ) dz   f ( x) dx    (1)
C C1 R
zeiz
  Re s of f (z)  z ai  Lt (z  ia)
z ia (z  ib)(z  ib)
e  a (ia) e  a
 
2ia 2
 ea  a
I1  2i    i(0)  ie
 2 
1 1 e  a
I IP(I1 )  IP(ie  a ) 
2 2 2
By Cauchy’s Residue Theorem
  
 (1)   f (z) dz   f (x) dx   f (z) dz  0 as R   
 
C   C 


ea
  f (x) dx  .
0
2
UNIT V - LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
PART-A
1. State the sufficient conditions for the existence of Laplace transform. (NOV / DEC 2019)
Solution:
i) f (t) is continuous or piecewise continuous in the closed interval [ a , b ] where a > 0.
ii) f (t ) is of exponential order.
2. Give an example for a function having Laplace transform but not satisfying the continuity
condition.
Solution: f  t   t  1/ 2 has Laplace transform even though it does not satisfy the continuity
condition.
3. Give an example for a function that do not have Laplace transform.

t2
Solution: The function f  t   e do not have Laplace transform. Since  e st et dt does not exist.
2
4. Find the Laplace transform of sin 3  2t  .

1 3 1
Solution: L  sin3  2t  = L[3sin2t – sin6t] = L[sin2t] – L[sin6t]
  4 4 4
3 2  1 6 
=  –
4  s 2  4  4  s 2  36 
 
6  1 1  3  32  48
L  sin  2t    
3
 

     
.
  4  s 2  4 s 2  36  2  s 2  4 s 2  36  s 2  4 s 2  36
 
1
5. Find the Laplace transform of e 2 t t 2 .
Solution:
By property, if L  f (t )   F ( s ), then L e  at f (t )   L  f (t ) s  s  a
  1   1  1 
    1   2  2 
 2t 2 1  2 1
 2   
L  e t   L t     
 ss 2  s 2   s 2 
3 3
  
   
ss  2  ss  2
1
 1
= 2    
3 2
( s  2) 2
6. Find L  t sin at  (NOV/DEC 2019)

Solution:

d d  a 
L t sin at    L sin at     2
 s 2  a 2 0  a.2s 

 


2as  
2   .
ds  s  a 
   
2 2
ds  s2  a2  s2  a2
 
 cos at 
7. Does L   exist?
 t 

 f (t )  f (t )
Solution: By property, L
 t   L[ f (t )] ds , provided t 
Lt 
0 t
exist.
s
f (t ) cos at 1
Here, Lt  Lt   .
t0 t t 0 t 0
 L 
cos at 
does not exist.
 t 
8. If L[f (t)] = F(s) then prove that L  f  at    1 F  s  . (APR / MAY 2018)
a a

Solution: We know that, L  f  t    e st f (t ) dt  F (s)
0

 L  f  at    e st f (at ) dt
0
1
put at  u  dt = du
a
 u    s
s du 1   a u
e f u  f  u  du  1 F  s  .
a 0
L  f  at   = a
= e
0
a a a
F  s
Prove that L   f  t  dt  
t
9. , where L  f  t    F  s  . (NOV/DEC 2016)
 0  s
t
Solution: Let F  t    f  t  dt  F '  t   f  t 
0
We know that, L  F '  t    sL  F  t    F  0   sL  F  t    0
t 
 L  f  t    sL  F  t    sL   f  t  dt 
0 
t  L  f (t ) F  s 
Hence, L   f  t  dt    .
0  s s
10. Find the Laplace transform of unit step function.
0, t  a
Solution: The unit step function u a (t ) is defined as ua ( t )  
1, t  a, a  0
  
 e st  1   as e as
L ua (t )   e ua (t ) dt   e (1) dt  
 st  st
    e  e   .
0 a  s  a s  s

11. Define unit impulse function and write its Laplace transform.
0, t  a
Solution: The unit impulse function  a (t ) is defined as a (t )   .
 , t  a
Laplace transform of unit impulse function is L  a  t    e  a s .
12. Write the Laplace transform of f ( t ) , 0 < t <10 with f ( t )  f ( t  10) ?
1 p st
Solution: If f (t) is a periodic function with period p then L[f(t)] =  e f (t )dt .
1  e  ps 0
Given f (t) is a periodic function with period p =10,
1 10 st
L[f(t)] =  e f (t )dt
1  e 10s 0
13. State convolution theorem in Laplace transform and also find L[sint  cost] . (M/J 2017)
Statement:
Convolution theorem in Laplace transform states that L  f  t   g  t    L  f  t   L  g  t   .
1 s s
 L[sin t *cos t ]  L[sin t ]L[cos t ]  2  .
 s  1  s  1  s2  12
2

2t
14. Using Laplace transform, evaluate  te sin t dt (APR / MAY 2015)
0

 d 
Solution:  e2t (t sin t )dt   L(t sin t )s  2 =   L sin t 
0  ds s 2
  
 d  1  2s 4
   2      

 ds  s  1   s 2   s 2  1  
2
25
    s 2
15. Find L[(t  1) 2 u (t  1)]
Solution: By Second shifting property, L[ f (t  a)u (t  a)]  e  as F ( s)  e  as L[ f (t )] .

Here , f (t )  t 2  f (t  1)  (t  1) 2
2 2e s
 L[(t  1) 2 u (t  1)]  e  s L(t 2 )  e  s  3
s3 s
s3
16. Can F(s) = be the Laplace transform of some f(t)?
 s  1 2
s3
Solution: Lt F  s   Lt  0.
s  s   s  12
Hence F(s) cannot be Laplace transform of any f(t).

1 1 3 6s 
17. Find L1  2   2  2
s s  4 s  4 s  9 
Solution:
1 1 3 6s  1  1   1  1  6s 
L1  2   2  2   L1  2   L1    3L1  2 L  2
s s  4 s  4 s  9 s  s  4  s  4   s  9 
3
 t  e4t  sinh 2t  6cos3t.
2
 s 
18. Find L1   (MAY-JUNE 2016)
 s2  4s  5 
Solution:
 s    s  2  2 
L1  2   L 
1

 s  4s  5    s  2  1 
2
 s2 
 e2t L1  2  L1  F  s  a    e  at L1  F  s  
 s 1
  s  1  1 
 e2t  L1  2   2L  2 
  s 1  s  1 
 e 2t  cos t  2sin t 
19. Find L1  tan 1  1   .

 
  s 
1 1  1 1
Solution: Let F(s) = tan 1    F ' (s)  2  2 
= 2
s 1  (1 / s)  s  s 1
1 1   1  1  1  sin t
By property, L1  F (s)   L  F   s   L1  tan 1     L1  2  
t   s  t  s  1 t
dy
20. Solve using Laplace transform  y  0 given that y(0) = 1.
dt
Solution: Taking Laplace transforms on both sides, we get
L  y'  t   L  y t   0
 
sL  y  t    y  0   L  y  t    0
(s+1) L[y(t)]  1= 0  y (0) 1
L[y(t)] =
1
 y (t) = L1  1  t
e
( s  1)  s 1 
PART-B
1. Find (a) L  t 2 e  t cos t  (b) L[sin t ]
Solution: (a) L t 2 e t cos t   L t 2 cos t 

s  s 1

 2 d
2 
  1 2
L  cos t 
 ds  ss 1
 d 2  s 
  2  2 
 ds  s  1  ss 1


2
 
 d s  1 1  s.2s  

 
ds 2
 s2  1 
s  s 1
 
 d 1 s 
2

ds s 2  1 2 
   
s  s 1
 3 
2  s  1  6  s  1
3
 2s  6s 
 3

   
3
 s  1 
2
s  s 1
 s  1  1
2
 ( t )3 ( t ) 5 
(b) L[sin t ]  L  t    ....
 3! 5! 
 1/ 2 t 3/ 2 t 5/ 2 
 L t    ....
 6 120 
(3 / 2) (5 / 2) (7 / 2)
    ....
s3/ 2 6s5/ 2 120s7 / 2
(1/ 2)(1/ 2) (3/ 2)(1/ 2)(1/ 2) (5/ 2)(3/ 2)(1/ 2)(1/ 2)
    ....
s3/ 2 6s5/ 2 120s7 / 2
(1/ 2)  (3/ 2)(1/ 2)  (5 / 2)(3/ 2)(1/ 2) 
    ....
s3/ 2 6s5/ 2 120s7 / 2
(1/ 2)   (3/ 2) (5 / 2)(3/ 2) 
 1   ....
 
3/ 2 1 2
s 6s 120s
(1/ 2)    1  1  1  
2
  1        ....
s3/ 2   4s  2  4s  
 1 
  
 e  4s 
.
2s3/ 2
t
2. Find the Laplace transform of e 4 t  t sin 3tdt .
0
Solution:

 4t t   t 
L  e  t sin 3tdt    L   t sin 3tdt  
    
 0   0   ss  4
 L(t sin 3t ) 
 
 s ss  4
1 
  L(t sin 3t ) 
s  ss  4
1  d 
    L(sin 3t )  
 s  ds   ss  4
 1  d  3  
    2  
 s  ds  s  9    s  s  4
 2
 
1  s  9 0  3(2 s ) 
 


 
2
s s2  9 
 
  
1  6s 
  2 
s

  s  9
2
 
  ss  4
6 6
 
 s  4  9  s 
2 2
2 2
 8s  16  9
 t  6
 L  e4t  t sin 3tdt   .
 
 
2
 0  s  8s  25
2

 cos at  cos bt 
e
3. t
Evaluate   dt by using Laplace transform. (NOV/DEC 2019)
0  t 
Solution:

t  cos at  cos bt  = L  cos at  cos bt 
e 
 t
 dt

 t 
s 1
0
 
   L[ cos at  cos bt ] ds 
 s  s 1
  
 s s 


  s2  a2  s2  b2  ds 
s  s 1
 1 
1  
   log ( s 2  a 2 )  log ( s 2  b2 )  
  2 2  s  s 1

   2 
2  
1 s  a
  log  2  
 2   s  b2   
 s  s 1
1  s2  a2   
    log  2 2   
 2   s  b    s 1
  s 2  b2 
 log  2 
  s  a 2 
  s 1

1  b2
 log
1  a2
t , 0 t a
4. Find the Laplace transform of f ( t )   with period 2a. (APR/MAY 2021)
 2a  t , a  t  2a
2a
1
Solution: L  f  t    e
 st
f  t  dt
1  e2as 0
1  a  st 2a 
   e f  t  dt   e  st
f  t  dt 
1  e2as  0 a 
1  a  st 2a 
  e t dt   e  st  2a  t  dt 
1  e2as  0 a 
  e  st   e  st  
a
  e  st   e  st  
2a 
1
  s   1  s 2     2a  t    s    1  s 2  
  t 
1  e 2as        0       a 
 
    st    st   a   e  st   e  st   
2a
1 e e
   t       2a  t     
1  e 2as    s   s 2     s   s 2   
 0 a 
1   e  as e  as   1    e 2as  ae  as e  as   
    a  2    2   2    2  
1  e2as   s s   s    s  s s   
1  ae as e as 1 e2as ae as e as 

   2  2 2   2 
1  e2as  s s s s s s 
 
2
1 1  e2as  2e as  1  e  sa
   2
1  e2as  s2  s 1 e
 as
 
1  e  as 

1  e sa 1  as 
=  tanh  

s 1 e
2  as
 s 2
 2
 2 
5. Find L1  5 s  15 s  11  .
  s  1 s  2  
3
 
5s 2  15s  11 A B C D
Solution:    
 s  1 s  2 3
s  1 s  2  s  2 2
 s  2 3
5s 2  15s  11  A  s  2   B  s  1 s  2   C  s  1 s  2   D  s  1

3 2
1
Put s  1 we get A  
3
1
Equating the coefficients of s 3 we get B 
3
Put s  2 we get D  7
Put s  0 we get C  4
5s 2  15s  11 1/ 3 1/ 3 4 7
    
 s  1 s  2 3
s  1 s  2  s  2 2
 s  2 3
 5s 2  15s  11  1 1  1  1 1  1   1   1 
L1     L 
 s  1 3 L s  2  4 L1
   7 L1
 
  s  1 s  2         s  2     s  2  
3 2 3
3
1 1 1 1
  et  e2t  4e2t L1  2   7e2t L1  3 
3 3 s  s 
1 1 7 2
  et  e2t  4e2t t  e2t L1  3 
3 3 2 s 
1 1 7
 f  t    et  e2t  4e2t t  e2t t 2
3 3 2
 1 s 
6. Find the inverse Laplace transform of log  2  .
 s 
  1  s 
Solution: Let L1 log  2   f  t 
  s 
1 s 
 L  f  t    log  
 s2 
 d   1  s   d 
 
1 1
L t f  t    log  2    log 1  s   log s 2     2 2s
ds   s   ds   1 s s
2 1
L t f  t   
s s 1
2 1  1  1 
t f  t   L1     2L1    L1    2 1  e t
s s  1 s   s  1
2  e t
 f t  
t
t
  1  s  2  e
 L1 log   
  s 2  t
 1 s2 
7. Find L  2 2  using convolution theorem. (NOV /DEC 2020)
 ( s  a )( s  b ) 
2 2
Solution: L1  F  s  G  s    L1  F  s    L1 G  s  
 
 L  1 s2   L1  s   L1  s   cos at  cos bt
 
 s 2  a 2 s 2  b2   

 s2  a2 
 
 s 2  b2 
 
t
  cos au cos b  t  u  du
0
t
1
cos  au  bt  bu   cos  au  bt  bu  du
2 0 

t
cos   a  b  u  bt   cos   a  b  u  bt  du
1
2 0 

1  sin  bt   a  b  u  sin   a  b  u  bt  
t
   
2  a b ab  0
1  sin  bt  at  bt  sin  at  bt  bt    sin bt sin bt 

     
2  a b ab   a  b a  b 
1  sin at sin at   sin bt sin bt  

     
2  a  b a  b   a  b a  b  
1  2a sin at 2b sin bt 
  2 2  2 2 
2  a b a b 

a sin at  b sin bt
f t  
a 2  b2
 s2 
8. Find L1  2 2
 ( s  4 s  5) 
Solution:
   
s  2 L  s2 
L 
1 1
 2
  s 2  4s  5 
 
2
  s  2   1
2
  
 

2 t s
1 
e L
  s 2  12 
 
    
 t L1  s
ds   -----(1)
 s  s 2  12  
L  F  s   t L  F (s) ds 

2 t
e 1 1
  s 
  
 
 s  du  du
Now, L 
1
ds   t L1   2  take u  s 2  1, du  2sds  sds 
  s 2  1 2
  2u  2
 
t
 L1   u 2 du 
2  
t  1 
 L1  
2 u 
t 1  1 
 L  
2  s2  1 
  
 s   t 1  1  t  1  t
L  1
ds   L  2    L1  2   sin t........(2)
 s  s  1
2 2
  2  s  1  s 2  s  1  2
 
 
s2   e2t . t sin t  1 te2t sin t.
Using (2) in (1) we get, L1 
  s 2  4s  5  
2
2 2
 
9. Solve y''  3 y'  2 y  e 3 t , given y  0   0, y'  0   0 by Laplace transform method.

Solution: L y''  3 y'  2 y  L e3t   
 s 2 L  y  t   sy  0  y'  0  3  sL  y t   y  0  2L  y t   1
          s 3
 
s 2  3s  2 L  y  t   s  3 
1
s 3
 
s 2  3s  2 L  y  t  
1
s 3
 (s  3)

s 2  6s  10
L  y  t   

( s  3) s 2  3s  2 
s 2  6s  10
L  y  t   
( s  1)  s  2  s  3
1  s 2  6s  10 
y  t   L  
 (s  1)  s  2  s  3 
Now
s 2  6s  10 A B C
  
( s  1)  s  2  s  3 s  1 s  2 s  3
s 2  6s  10  A  s  2  s  3  B  s  1 s  3  C ( s  1)  s  2 
5
Put s  1  5  A  2  A 
2
Put s  2  2  B 1 1  B  2
1
s  3  1  C  2  C 
2
s  6s  10
2
5/ 2 2 1/ 2
  
( s  1)  s  2  s  3 s  1 s  2 s  3
 s 2  6s  10  1  5 / 2 2 1/ 2 
L1  L   
 ( s  1)  s  2  s  3   s  1 s  2 s  3 
 5 / 2  1  2  1  1/ 2 
 L1  L  L 
 s  1   s  2   s  3 
5 1
y (t )  et  2e 2t  e3t .
2 2
 
10. Solve the equation y+ 9y = cos2t with y(0) =1, y   = –1.
 2

Solution: Given D 2  9 y  cos 2t 
Taking Laplace transforms on both sides
L  y ''  t    9 L  y  t    L  cos 2t 
s
s2 L  y  t   sy  0  y '  0  9L  y t  
s2  4
Using the initial conditions
y  0   1, and taking y '  0   k
We have

s
s 2 L  y  t    s 1  k  9L  y  t  
s2  4
s sk
 L  y  t   
s 2

 4 s2  9  s2  9
s s s k
   

5 s2  4  5 s 2
9  s 9
2
s 9
2
1 1  s  1 1  s  1  s  1  s 
 y t   L  2   L  s2  9   L  s2  9   k L  s2  9 
5  s  4 5      
1 1 k
 cos 2t  cos3t  cos3t  sin 3t
5 5 3
   1 1 k 1 k
Put t  we get y     1   0  0   1   
2 2 5 5 3 5 3
 
But given y    1
2
1 k
 1   
5 3
12
k
5
1 1 4
 y t   cos 2t  cos3t  cos3t  sin 3t
5 5 5
4 1
y t   cos3t  sin 3t   cos 2t .
5 5

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MA1202 Engineering Mathematics- II Department: Mathematics Year: 2021-2022

I-YEAR B.E./B.TECH. (COMMON TO ALL BRANCHES)

3. Solve the equation  D 5  D  y  0

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Page No. 1

4. Find the particular integral of  D 2  a 2  y  b cos ax  c sin ax .

Find the Particular Integral of  D  a  y  e ax sin x

Replace D by D  a in (1), we have

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Page No. 2

P.I  eax sin x

7. Solve the initial value problem y  y  0, y(0)  2, y(0)  3

The given equation can be written as  D2  1 y  0

C.F .  e x (c1 cos  x  c2 sin  x)

y( x)  c1 sin x  c2 cos x

8. Solve the equation  D 2  4 D  13  y  e 2 x

The Auxiliary equation is m 2  4m  13  0

C.F y  e 2 x  c1 cos 3 x  c2 sin 3 x 

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Page No. 3

The Auxiliary equation is m2  6m  9  0   m  3  0 m  3, 3

10. Solve (D – 1) 2 y = sinh2x.

Solution: y  e x  (c1x  c2 ) cos 2 x  (c3 x  c4 ) sin 2 x 

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Page No. 4

where R is the right hand side function in the differential equation.

C.F. y   c1z  c2  e z   c1 log x  c2  x  x  c1 log x  c2 

Solution: Pre multiply (x–2) on both sides ( x  2)2 D2  6( x  2) D  8 y  0

Transform the differential equation  2 x  3  D 2   2 x  3  D  12  y  6 x into linear

 2x  32 D2  22 ( 1)  4  2   

19. Solve for x from the equations x   y  t and x  y  1 .

Adding (1) & (2), we get

Thus x  x  2 (or)  D 2  1 x  2

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Page No. 6

 The general solution is x  c1 cos t  c2 sin t  2.

C.F .  c1et  c2e t Since R.H .S .  0  P..I .  0

x(t )  C.F .  P.I .  x  t   c1et  c2e t

Solve  D 2  2 D  1 y   x  e x   cos 2 x cosh x

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Page No. 7

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Page No. 8

e x  4sin 2 x  cos 2 x  e x cos 2 x

e x  cos 2 x  4sin 2 x  e x cos 2 x

The General Solution is

C.F.: A cos 2 x  B sin 2 x

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Page No. 9

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Page No. 10

C.F = c1 cos ax  c2 sin ax

f1  a sin ax ; f 2  a cos ax

=  1  sin ax tan axdx

1 sin 2 ax 1 (1  cos 2 ax)

= 1  cos ax tan axdx

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Page No. 11

C.F = c1 cos x  c2 sin x

=   sin x.x cos xdx

=  cos x.x cos xdx

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Page No. 12

 x cos 2 x sin 2 x   x 2  x sin 2 x cos 2 x  

x cos 2 x cos x sin 2 x cos x x2 sin x x sin 2 x sin x cos 2 x sin x

6. Solve x 2 y+xy+y =x ln( x ). (NOV/DEC 2020)

Sub (2) & (3) in (1) we get

C.F.: c1 cos z  c2 cos z

C.F c1 cos(log x)  c2 cos(log x)

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Page No. 13

General Solution y  C.F  P.I

Sub (2) & (3) in (1) we get

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Page No. 14

3D  sin z   sin z

 The solution of (4) is