Covariance and Correlation

 Covariance

Covariance is a way to compare the variance between two numerical variables.

The following formula is used to calculate it.

Here, x and y represent two variables. N is the number of the population.

 Correlation (Pearson Correlation)

It finds the linear relationship between two numerical variables.

The correlation value fluctuates between -1 to +1. -1 indicates an entirely

negative relationship, whereas +1 indicates a completely positive relationship
between the variables. And 0 means no relationship.

Normalization

Normalization is the process of converting the data into similar scale and it is
one of the key parts of data pre-processing. The following article integrates all
the techniques for data normalization.

Probability

Probability is a mathematical technique by which we can predict the probable

outcome of an event. Read the following articles if you have any confusion
about probability.
Probability Distribution

The probability distribution is the distribution of all the probabilities of an

event. There are two types of the probability distribution.

 Discrete Probability Distribution

The discrete probability distribution is the probability distribution of discrete

values. For example, the probability of rolling a die. We find a specific outcome
for each role, and it’s obvious a discrete value.

Uniform distribution, Binominal distribution, Poisson

distribution, etc., are some of the main discrete probability distributions.

 Continuous Probability Distribution

The continuous probability distribution is the probability distribution of

continuous value. For example, the probability of being age 24 of a sample
group. As age 24 is a continuous value, we need to use continuous probability
distribution.

Normal distribution, Student’s t distribution, etc., are some of the

continuous probability distributions.
 Discrete Uniform Distribution

In uniform distribution, all the values of specific outcomes are equal. For
example, rolling dice has 6 individual outcomes = {1,2,3,4,5,6}. If it is
uniformly distributed, each probability value is 0.16667.