Vavylpy] 2 Adyl-pyp] oth Cz) = f cot Cizbinh@z) = arccom(2)= 4/2 In NEO Coe 1)) oe N= errr O) CPE ECON Wa % oe Z oa | ‘Pathfinder for ees) (0 Pre-Regional in a Mathematical Fe Cos [> ol NinaTolr-Ke! on Ten) x vt ALSO USEFULFOR Sec Ciz) “AN Lae [inter satel iliac” fe - ay ~AxL poo Ne ie ere I sone el Coe al ea i ie b Nesey ie BD a a CCU acy i rte hes Ys eye on ay+(n-Dd ee On CS-axn) [60 iro f Lace A LED) RPT attain *: Lael eye) a ad bee leSto)el CD) Roc ry cn Piero meme 68) @ Tr iid Pe” Ae Se Nee eee acAbout Pearson Pearson is the world’s learning company, with presence across 70 countries worldwide. Our unique insights and world-class expertise comes from along history of working closely with renowned teachers, authors and thought leaders, as a result of which, we have emerged as the preferred choice tor millions of teachers and learners across the world. We believe learning opens up opportunities, creates fulfilling careers and hence better lives. 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ISBN 978-93-539-4814-6 eISBN: 978-93-903-2589-4 Head Office: 15th Floor, Tower-B, World Trade ‘Tower, Plot No, 1, Block-C, Sector 16, ‘Noida 201 301, Uttar Pradesh, India Registered Office: The HIVE, 3rd Floor, Pillaiyar Koil Street, Jawaharlal Nehru Road, ‘Anna Nagar, Chennai 600 040, Tamil Nadu, India. Phone: 044-66540100 website: in pearson com, Email: companysectetary india@pearson.comCONTENT: CHAPTER 1 Re ee ee tm tw tie 11 Ratio and Proportion . Seer eet ape cetteree teeter cetera Theses Faluied To Pounamas cette tae eee Algebraic Identities and Expressions 6. 1 6 6 ee eee ee TAD Linear Equations! (e+ itittesrsereiarereeesssieeeee egeee ceeded AG: Practical Mathematios 6 we ee Practice Exercise. 6 6. ee 189 Exercise-T. 5 Berea deere ees ee Seeee eee er ees eee eee a9) Part = [ NSEJS Level Poblens UI naa Part ~ II KVPY Level Problems ELE ates fae oeeee eee eee Part ~ III PRMO Level Problems Ee eee ae aeEeee dee ea Exercise-I ss PEE teed ete Pas iT Betis Neg Bene SS eS TTS Part ~ 11 Previous Years’ KVPY Problems : 1.47 art ~ III Previous Years’ PRMO Problems Beane ees) CHAPTER 2 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS .......-. +--+. 24 Inequations andModulus . 2 2... ee ee ed Quadratic Equation... sees eee reece ee eee O. Relation Botwoon Roots and Goeffcionts . . . sss se eM Nature of Roots 2... oe Maximum and Minimum Value of Quadratic Expression. 5s. ss 222 Miscellaneous Equations 2. 2 2. ee ROE Functional Equations. ©. 288 Practioe Exercise © ee BR Exercise-1.. PEE Eee ae eee EEE HEEL Part I NSEJS Love! Prtiens ce 2H Part — IL KVPY Level Problems Eee gee eee een EEO Part ~ ILI PRMO Level Problems Se BBESETA Conens Exercise- oo... Part ~ I Previous Yoars' NSE} Part ~ I Previous Years’ KVPY Problems. Part ~ II Previous Years’ PRMO Problems. AnswerKeys . . - - . 1 CHAPTER 3 SEQUENCE AND SERIES . . Introduction. © 6. ee ee Arithmetic Progression (AP)... Geometric Progression (G.P) . . HPandAGP. 2... 1. SumofSeres . . . 2... DifferentMeans . 2. 2... Practice Exercise iBieencise = Mette eee Part ~ I NSEJS Level Problems. Part — IU KVPY Level Problems Part — Ill PRMO Level Problems iBceeclse ML Heese etter eter Part ~ 1 Previous Yeas’ NSEJS Problems. Part ~ Il Previous Years’ KVPY Problems Payt — II Previous Years' PRMO Problems AnswerKeys . . . . CHAPTER 4 NUMBER SYSTEM. . . . . Factors and Multiples . . . . . HCFandLCM. 2... Divisibility, Cyclicity, Factorial, "G,NOTATION.. © 2 ee Modulus, GIF,FPF. 2. 2... BaseSystem . . 2. 1 1 1 ee ‘Some Miscellaneous Concepts... Practice Exercise. . 2 2. 1. eS nee Part ~ I NSEJS Level Problems jomial Theorem, and Remainders . 2.38 2.35 2.37 2.39 241 3.41 34 34 34 36 38 3.11 314 3.4 34 3.16 3.19 3.22 5.22 3.24 3.26 3.27 44 4a 46 47 4.10 412 4.20 4.23 4.24 4.29 4.29 4.29Part — IU KVPY Level Problems Part I PRMO Level Problems meeeloe SMM ace eere eldest seers Part ~ I Previous Years’ NSEJS Problems Part It Previous Years’ KVPY Problems. Part ~ Ill Previous Yeas’ PRMO Problems : AnswerKeys 2. 2 6 ee cuapter D COMBINATORICS. ......... pate eel eee a aaa Permutation and Combination. . . . 2... Formation of Groups. 6 6 6 ee ee Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion. . . . . . « Permutations of Alike Objects. 6. 2 6 1. ee Circular Permutation. © 2 2. 2 2. ee Total Number of Combinations. . 2 2... Total Distribution. 2 2 Re-arrangement Miscellaneous Examples... 6. 1 1. wes Praction exorolee e:e.iec)sifeec ee ioedert cre cristata Pmereise ee Meee tered tj eaeeettteerteeee etre reeset Part— NSEJS Level Problems Part ~ 1 KVPY Level Problems Port = I PRMO Level Problems iBorelee OMe eras a ieee eencc Part—1 Previous Yeas' NSEJS Problems Part — II Previous Years’ KVPY Problems Part ~ II Previous Years’ PRMO Problems CHAPTER 6 PLANE GEOMETRY-|. ........- Introduction to Euclid Geometry and Lines and Angles . 431 433 4.40 4.40 442 445 4.48 5.1 5A 56 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.15 5.16 BAR 5.18 5.20 5.27 5.27 5.27 533 536 5.41 sat 5.42 5.43 5.45 6.1 61 67 6.15 6.26SEMA, Coens Area of Parallelograms and Triangles... . | Practice Exercise. . 2. 2 2 ee coccinea ieeerjetteec vegeta edive Heeec Part ~ NSEJS Level Problems Part — IU KVPY Level Problems Part — III PRMO Level Problems Baereloe Meier iets eerste eect Part~ I Previous Years’ NSEJS Problems Part It Previous Years’ KVPY Problems Part — Ill Previous Yeas’ PRMO Problems : Airmen Keys feet c ite eee te teeter) cHapter 7 PLANE GEOMETRY-Il. .. . . 2. - irl eee deere eee ee eee a SecantandTangent . . - . . . ee ee AreaRelatedtoCircles . . . 2... 1 Surface AreaandVolume . . . 1. ee ee Practice Exercise. 2 6 6 1 ee Recercleg NaH sea Sc Part — I NSEJS Level Problems. Part — IU KVPY Level Problems Part — II PRMO Level Problems Berets SMM eee ie tee seer Part ~ I Previous Years’ NSEJS Problems. Part Previous Year’ KVPY Problems Part — Ill Previous Yous’ PRMO Problems : AnswerKeys 2. 2 6 cuapter & TRIGONOMETRY .......... Introduction to Trigonometry and Measurement of Angle TRatios (or Trigonometric Functions)... . . Basic Trigonometric Identities . ©... 1 1 se New Definition of TRatios . 2... ee Signs of Trigonometric Functions in Different Quadrants Trigonometric Functions of Allied Angles... . Values of T-Ratios of Some Standard Angles... Trigonometric Ratios of the Sum and Difference of Two Angles 6.32 6.44 6.44 644 647 651 657 657 6.60 6.64 6.66 7A 7 7.10 7.20 7.27 7.35 7.38 7.35 7.39 7.42 748 748 751 7.55 7.58 8.1 84 a4 82 82 83 83 83 83ine Formulae... . CosineFormulae . . 2... Radius of the Circumeircle ‘A’... Radius of the Incircle‘r’. =... Angle ofElevation. . 2 2... Angle of Depression... . . . Practice Exercise... 2. 1. fEaorcioe Nee eee eee Part ~ I NSEJS Level Problems Part ~ IU KVPY Level Problems Part — IMI PRMO Level Problems Exercise. Part ~ I Previous Years’ NSEJS Problems Part — Il Previous Years’ KVPY Problems. art — II Previous Years’ PRMO Problems AnswerKeys . . - - . 1 0 we cHapTeR 9 COORDINATE GEOMETRY .... . Introduction and Application of Coordinate Geometry ‘Area of Triangle and Quadrilaterals . Equation of Straight Line... . Equation of Circle... 2... Practice Exercise... . . . Exercise -1 Part ~ I NSEJS Level Problems Part ~ IU KVPY Level Problems Exercse-. 2 2 ee ee Part — I Previous Years’ NSEJS Problems Part It Previous Years" KVPY Problems Part ~ Ill Previous Yeas’ PRMO Problems AnswerKeys . . - . 1. cuapter 10 INEQUALITIES ..... . Inequalities Involving Modulus Function . Logarithmic Inequalities. . . . . . Exponential Inequations. . . . . 8.10 8.10 8.10 8.10 8.13 8.13 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.18 8.22 8.23 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 9.4 ot 95 96 9.12 9.12 9.18 9.18 9.18 9.19 9.22 9.22 9.22 9.22 9.23 10.1 10.4 10.1 10.4SEMA Conens Inequalities Based on RMS, AM,GMandHM. . 2 2 2 2) 1 1. 10.2 Cauchy Schwartz Inequality. © 6. TOR Practice Exer eee tt eee eee atta eels ret tere eae eee OL PBamencdg Me eee ere rere tra tiae i er erie ee eereSe eee HO Part - LKVPY Level Protlems. 5. : i Heese ecg Part ~ I PRMO Level Problems 10.9 Pebcecle UU Suet eeee ee seg genc eee EL ECU EESESE EES ee ag A Part ~ I Previous Years’ PRMO Problems. . . oe 10.12 Aavonnen Meet tte te tte tetrad set tected aettetttetd ests ote ot OTSPREFACE In 2017, PreK MO (Pre-Regional Mathematics Olympiad) was introduced as a region-wise examination to select 300+ students in 30+ regions across India to reduce subjective cosy checking work at the stage of RMO. PRMO was held in states such as Maharashtra and West Bengal earlier but in 2017 it became a compulsory exercise across the nation. In this scenario, a need arose to construct good study material for this examination as some of the books were too tough while others were too easy for this examination. To cater to this need, I decided to produce this book with a very simple yet intuitive architecture—the architecture of non-routine mathematics. In this book, I have tried to build the problem level from NSEJS to KVPY to PRMO level so that students can sequen tially develop their thinking for PRMO. Please note that this book can be used as a prerequisite for studying for RMO, ‘which is considered as one of the toughest examinations for mathematics at the school level ‘The theory has been included with solved examples to ensure that students are able to understand the topies properly. For problems, I have included two exercise sets, divided into three sections each, as per the difficulty level: 1. NSLJS Level 2. KVPY Level 3. PRMO Level In exercise 2, previous years’ problems have been included to ensure that the students are always aware of their progress. ‘The success and final outcome of this project required a lor of assistance from many people. I would like to express special gratitude to Ashish Chawla for his insights on the chapters on Geometry and to Himanshu Nagar for his insights on the chapters on Algebra. Their constructive suggestions have contributed immensely in the pursuit of this project. [ must thank Srijon Sarkar, one of my students, for his tireless work checking the relevance of questions. I sincerely convey my thanks to Aditi Vyas for completing the final proof-reading and Iqbal Ansari and Hariom Gautam for their extraordinary efforts in typesetting, Every care has been taken to ensure that the book is error free, but since it is a one-of-a-kind book, there may be some errors, and we are very happy to listen to them so that we may review and remove them in subsequent editions. To better understand this book, you are welcome to attend my lectures on YouTube. All the best for PRMO! Prashant JainABOUT THE AUTHOR Prashant Jain is 2 B.Tech geaduate in Computer Science from IIT Powai. He secured All India Rank 42 in JEE 2008, Prashant Jain is an author, trader, analyst, teacher, educationalist, dancer and also a motivational speaker. He was former Intern at BMC Software, former Trader at Optiver and former academic coordinator, PCCP (Pre-Foundation Career Care Program) Division at Resonance Eduventures. From 2018 to 2019, he was the Program Head of PCCP Division at Nucleus Education. In 2019, he started his own venture Talking Textbooks for Grades VI to X. Prashant Jain isa passionate mathematics teacher of PRMO, and his course based on PRMO on YouTube, with more than 500K views, is very popular among students.Basics of Algebra Learning Outcomes Aer reading this chapter, you wil be able fo understand = Comparison of Ratios and Types of Ratios + Practical Mathematics %, Time and Work, etc Variation Direct, Indirect, Joint + Polynomials Value of a Polynomial, Remainder ‘Theorem, Factor Theorem + Factorization of Polynomials ‘= Algebraic Identities and their Value Forms + Understating Symmetric and Homogeneous Expressions + Solving Linear Equation in Two Variable and Condition of Solvability ‘+ Integer Solutions to Linear Equation Rati Ratio and Proportion ‘A ratio is a comparison of two numbers (quantities) by divi- sion, ‘The ratio of a bis written asa: bor 7. In the ratio a:b aand bare called terms of the ratio. ‘a’ is the anteced- ent and ‘6’ is the consequent. Properties of Ratio (2) In a ratio, two quantities are compared. So, the quantities must be of the same kind i.e., they must ‘be expressed in the same units, (b) The order of the terms in a ratio a : bis very im= portant, since 2 : 3 is not same as 3: 2 (©) The value of a ratio remains unaltered: if the given ratio is multiplied or divided by the same non-zero quantity. If a, # and m are non-zero real numbers, then a: b= ma: mband a: b= a/m: b/m. (@) Ifthe ratio of any two quantities can be expressed exactly by the ratio of two integers, the quantities are said to be commensurable otherwise incom= mensurable. To Divide a Number into Parts in a Given Ratio Let ‘X’be the given number, the given ratio is xy: 33. Xi to be divided into two parts such that the Value of first part: Value of second part = x; 1) Therefore, 4 Jaxx fe t=( ats Second a= [ 2 Jax Compare the ratio 3 : 4 and 3 3 4 4 ae 2 aa 4 3 3>25>= ie 3:4>1:2 474 Comparison of Ratio Let a:b and ¢: dare ewo given ratios, then (0) a:b>¢:difad> be (b) a: bee: difad < be (©) a:b=e:difad= be(@) Ratios can ako be compared by expressing the ra- | 3. In a proportional a:b: ¢: d ie, product of tios s factions and then converting them to deci- extremes = product of means smal numbers 4. In a proportion, fourth term is called fourth (©) They can ako be compared by converting them to proportional of the other three terms their equivalent fraction of common denominator. nica 8. Wa:bue:dthen bias d:cor t Ratio of Greater Inequality or Lesser ‘This is known as Invertendo. ae Inequality ‘ (a) A mito a: bis called a ratio of greater inequality eee ee een oa Ifa> beg. 5 : 2 isa ratio of greater inequality This result is known as Alternendo, A ratio of greater inequality i decreased if a same positive number is added to both the terms of the | 7. Wazbse:d 2415 cad ratio and increased if a same positive number is sub- 6 tracted from both of is terms arbnerdeat Orbe (+ Oid sm (l) (b) A ratio a: bis called ratio of less inequality ifa< b ‘This result is known as Componendo. A ratio of less inequality i decreased if same pos itive number is subtracted from both the terms of | 8, Ifa: bse the ratio and increased ifa same positive quantity is auided to both of is terms. arbnede(a-Bib26-O:d sm Q This results known as Dividendo. More Terms Related to Ratios 9. Dividing equation (1) and @), we get (a) Compounded Ratio: The compounded ratio of a naan band e: dis a3 bi. tl 646) Mabe: (e4d) 2d) oF (b) Duplicate, Ratio: The duplicate ratio.of a:b is, at aoe bod (c) Triplicate Ratio: The triplicate ratio of a: bisa: 6 a:bsscsd€ Thisresltisknown as Componendo (@) Sub-duplicate Ratio: The sub-duplicate ratio of and Dividendo, as 10. a,b, & date sad to be in continued proportion if (©) Sub-triplicate Ratio: The sub-tipliate ratio of arbis Va:¥o (0) Inverse Ratio: The inverse ratio or reciprocal rio | 14. IF , &, ¢ are in continued proportion then hae pee be gee =P =ac=9b=4Vac,b is called mean ab . cates eis teres et proportional of ‘2° and ‘c’ and its value is Jac (> 0) The frst sto the third isthe duplicate ratio Proportion of fist to the second. Equality of pwo ratios is called proportion Wa: b=: d, then a, b, ¢ and d are in proportion, 4: b=e: dis aso represented as a:b ex 1, Bach quantity 4, ¢ and d of 4 proportion a:b dis called a term or proportional. a,b cand dare, | 12. Wa: b=c: dande:f= ph, then ae: i respectively, called first, second, third, and fourth Warb=e:d,bix=d:y, term or proportional of the proportion a:b: ¢ d. then a: x=? y 2. The first and the fourth (ast) terms are called | 13. a: b= c:d (ka + ke + me / (kb + Md + extremes and the second and third terms are called imp. 1c follows ehat if all the ratios are finite and riddle terms or means denominator kb + 1d + nf'= 0, then it implies ka + + me=0em Ifa: b=5:9 and b: c= 4:7, find a: bc (Combining Ratios) Solution esha s:dandbsen47=(2).(r2) 9:48 4 4 4 Sarhien5:9: =20:36:63. 4 Example 2 Find out: (the fourth proportional to 4, 9, 12. ) the third proportional to 16 and 36. ii) the mean proportional between 0.08 and 0.18. Solution (Let the fourth proportional to 4, 9, 12 be x: Then, 4:9: 12:23 4xx=9x 12 9x12 7 4 <. Fourth proportional to 4, 9, 12 is 27. (i) Let the thitd proportional to 16 and 36 is = Then, 16 = 36 ::36:x = 16X x= 36 X36 36X36 _ 5 16 <. Third proportional to 16 and 36 is 81 (ii) Mean proportional between 0.08 and 0.18 818 rz} =Vo08x0.18 = | 18 = | 1 _ 100 * 100 ~ Vi00% 100 2 100 ‘The monthly incomes of two persons are in the ratio 4: 5. ‘The monthly expenditure of them are in the ratio 7 : 9. Ifeach saves £1000 per month find their income. Solution ‘The incomes are in the ratio 4: 5. Their incomes are 4K and 5K (say) ‘Their expenditures are 4K — 1000 and 5K ~ 1000, 4K 1000 7 10009 = 36K — 9000 = 35K — 7000 => K = 2000. ‘Their incomes are 88,000 and €10,000. Basics of Alger: J iH @b+ 27e —3ae? 2h fay if then a= bi, « P+ 20300 f _ Whe +24 pe — ee Oh + 2d? f —30f? 8 +20? f —36f° “ +¢ 7 +e prove that 2 poi ate wea pth xe (ety tz) +(atb+o? xtptetathte soution 4, so that x= ak, y= bk, 2 = ck; (+e k+l See PER Pee Waa Web, kel eet P+ Nat b+) ket ket (atb+0) [Malipty and Divide by (Fy fat bse? +(atb-+ 0? katbtatatbee ha + kb the? +(atb+e? (kat kt key a+bee (vty ta? Hlatbbo xtytetatbhtewe that beena cha-b atb—e he sh yte_s(yts)4 pets) + e604) athe lax + by +c2) Solution Each of the given fractions = U™ofnumerators_ sum of denomimtors _xtyte : athte 0 ‘Agtin, if we muliply both mumerator and denominator of the three given factions by y +2, 2 +, x + , respectively, tech faction ay +2) wets) oxy) (y+2)bte—a) (z+a)(e+a-1) (ey) (at b—0) __sumof numeratons ~ sum of denominators _syta)4 eta)estety) ase Dhy +2cz ; °. from (i) and (i), wtyts_alyta)tylets)+2le+y) Gtbte tart yt Ynzi+Vna1 i If Yeti tert Solve that x3 — 3mx? + 3x —m = 0. Solution We have £2 Mati + Yai 1 Mine t= Yin 1 By componedo and dividendo, we get +1 _ Wnt ntl +1) sol m1 (1m d Again by componendo and dividendo, we get m+ttm=1 G+ +(e" ne 1=(m=1) (ert -(e-P XV43x7 + 3et Lx 3x7 43x10 A 43x? + 3x #1 (x9 — 3x7 +3, 2x3 + 6x eee or +2 sta? $3)_ (+1) 38 +305 32 + m=9 8 ~ Sm +38 m0 "ae From the given, we get, ay PL e+ p+? xy 2p By componendo and dividendo vita =2p9 sy day = oy L*4 (One of the possibilities out of positive P74 and negative) ‘Azan by componendo and dividendo etyexny _ ptatpng Ptq-(p-4) 4-men and 3 women finish a job in 6 days and 5 men and 7 women can do the same job in 4 days, How long will 1 man and | women take to-do the work? a 22(2) as @) 25( 3) s 3{2 faye © (3) days ©) vB) e»Solution Let men complete m part in a day and women complete w part in a day. Then, @ (i) After simplifying, we get xin t5e= 8 20m + 28W= 1 So 130= : wae Gi) + 156" 78 156 Basics Alga 156 2 So, it requtes 2 days = 22° {A person distributes his pens among four friends A, B, C, and Din the rio 1:44", Whaeis the minimam nam 34°36 ber of pens thatthe person should have? ‘Ans. (A) Solution 20:15:12 Let number of pens given to A, B, C, Dare 20x, 15x, 12x, 10x So, minimum number of pens (for x= 1) = 20415 +12 + 10=57 CMake at ee ed 1. Two numbers are, respectively, 20% and 50% more than a third number. Find the ratio of the ewo numbers 2, The ratio ofthe number of boys and gies in a college is, 7:8. Ifthe percentage increase in the number of boys and girls be 20 % and 10 %, respectively, then find the new ratio. 3. The prices of a scooter and a TV are in the ratio 7 5. If the scooter costs €8000 more than a TV set, then find the price of a TV vec 4, Find the ratio whose terms differ by 40 and the mea~ sure oF whichis 2 7 5. ‘The ages ofa man and his son isin the ratio of 7 : 2 fier 15 years, they would be in the ratio of 2: 1. Find the father age when son was born. 6. What quantity must be added to each term of the du- plicate ratio of a: bto make it equal to a; b2 aya be < é a Ba EO shove that 7 Ie 8. Ifa:b ef show that 27(4 + #) (c+ dye +) . show that (ax + by + cz) is the mean proportional between (¢ +H + 2) and (<2 + 2 + 2). 10. Ify varies as the sum of two quantities, of which one varies directly as x and the other inversely as x; and if y= 6 when x= and y= 34 when x= 3, then find the equation between and y. 11, A diamond falls and breaks into pieces whose weights are in the ratio 2: 3: 5. The value of the diamond is directly proportional to the square of its weights. Find the loss incurred, if the actual cost of the diamond is 6000 (in).Theorems Related To Polynomi: General expression for the polynomial in one variable can be as follows: Fs) = by Hye tn? tat where b, are real numbers (or complex numbers as the case given in problems) and 6, is not equal to 0. by is constant term and wis whole number. Some Definitions Degree of a Polynomial Ina polynomial, degree is the largest power of x having non-zero coefficient. In above expression, itis ‘n’, Degree ofa polynomial is unique and can only be greater or equal t0 0. Thus, Ps) = 6 is also a polynomial with degree 0. It is called a constant polynomial. Degree of a polynomial is a whole number. ‘Number of Terms in a Polynomial As the name suggest, itis the number of distinct terms in polynomial in irreducible form, Irreducible form means that it cannot be reduced farther eg, P(x) =»? #4546498 has 3 terms and not 4 terms in the reduced form i.e. Plx)ax? +1346 Zero Polynomial and Constant Polynomial P(x) =a for some constant value a is called constant poly nomial, When the value of constant is 0, P(x) is called zero polynomial. Degree of zero polynomial is not defined while degree of other constant polynomials is 0. Coefficients They are real numbers which or constant term by €-&. coefficient of x* is by in general representation of polynomials ame in front of a power af Condition of Whole Number Power Al the powers ofthe variable in different terms of any poly= nomial should be whole number, otherwise it will not be called as a polynonial Eg, 2° +x? +3, it will be a polynomial asthe power of variable in the 3 terms are 3, 2, and 0, respectively, but in expression x? + —4 will not be called a polynomial 3 as the power of x are >, 1, and 0 out of which 5 is not a whole number. Different Types of Polynomials Generally, we divide the polynomials in the following categories. Based on Degrees ‘There are four types of polynomials based on degrees. These 1. Zero degree polynomial: Any non-zero number (constant) is regarded as a polynomial of degree zero or zero degree polynomial ic, (x) = 4, where 4 #0 is a zero degree polynomial, since we can write fix) = a as fx) = ax? 2. Linear Polynomial: A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial. The general form of linear polynomial is ax 1b, whore a and b are any real constant and a #0. 3. Quadratic Polynomial: A polynomial of degree ‘hwo is called a quadratic polynomial. The general form of a quadratic polynomial is ax? +he + where « #0. 4. Cubic Polynomial: A polynomial of degree three is called-a cubic polynomial.,The general form of a abit polynomial iva? Ths? rua ta, where #0. 5. Biquadratic (er " quartic) Polynomial: A polynomial of degree four is called a biquadratic (quartic) polynomial, The general form of a biqua- dratic polynomial isax* + lx? + ox? + dy + 6, where 20. Note 1. A polynomial of degree five or more than five does not have any particular name. Such a poly- nomial is usually called polynomial of degree five oF six, ete. 2. If.a=1 in above clasification, the polynomials are said t© be monic polynomials. “a” is also called the leading coefficient ie., coefficient of x” Based on Number of Terms ‘There are three types of polynomials based on number of terms. These ate as follows: 1, Menomial: A polynomial is sid co be a monomi- al if it has only one term. Eg, ,9x7,5x° all are manamials 2. Binomial: A polynomial is said to be a binomial ifit contains two terms, E.g., 207 + 3y,x+5x"\809 +3 all ae binomials3. Trinomial: A polynomial is said tbe a trinomial if it contains three terms, Eg, Stxthattdrelattxt3 are all ‘rinomials, Note ‘A polynomial having four or more than four terms does not have particular name. These are simply called poly- nomials, Zeroes of Polynomials Let’ consider a polynomial P(x) = x + 4 to see what the solution of polynomial means. If we put x = —4 in this polynomial, we get P (4) = 0. The values of x for which Px) = 0 are called zeros of the polynomial or solutions of the polynomial, Remainder Theorem When 30 is divided by 4, you have 2 as remainder. 30 can be written as follows, B024x742 Note that the remaindcr is always ess than. thé divisor(ob= vious). Can such an expresion be written for polynomials? Yes, it can be written for polynomials too. Before doing that, lets discuss multiplication of poly- nomial first. Multiplication of polynomial is done term by term as shown in the example below. Lee’ multiply P(x) =x-+2 and Q( Sok Se aE R(x) = P(x) Q(x) = (x +2) (x? +4) = x(x? +4)+2(x? +4) ax ede 4207 48 ‘This is like algebraic muldiplication that you have done in. your earlier classes (a + #) (¢ + d) = ale +d) +(e +d) Basics Alga Find R (x) and also write degree of R (x) in the follow- ing ca sStoxd 41 * k+l 6x? +6 ° xf tax? 420427 Can you observe any relation between the degrees of R(x), P(x), and Q(x), when R(x) = P()Q(s)_ the relation will be, degree of R(x) = degree of P(x) + degree of Q(x) Having done multiplication, what about if we do some division with polynomials. Ler’ see the following example: Divide x? +4x +4 by x, Solution The dividend palynortial can be writen in the form Dividend = (DivisorX Quotient) + Remainder (The famous division algorithm for polynomials) B(x) = Q(x) Ala) + R(s) As x7 +4x¢4ea(xt4)+4 If you compare this expression with the expres- sion used when 30 was divided by 4, you can see a very interesting comparison. In above expression, x? + 4+ 4 is Bix)(dividend), x is A(x) (divisor), x +-4is (Q(x) (quotient,) and 4 is (R(x)) (remainder). In number case, remainder cannot be greater than divisor. Ia polynomial division, dhere is a small Quist, Here, degree of remain- der cannot be greater than that of divisor. The interesting pare is that we can indeed write polynomi- al division in our very own long division method as shown below with A(x) =x" — 2x? —4,Blx) = 3. Here Q(x) = a7 + w+ 3. RIX)= 5‘At this point, parallels between numeric division and polynomial division ends, In numeric division, you cannot find remainder directly without actually dividing the dividend, In polynomial division, however, there isa method (0 find remainders when the divisor is linear ie., polynomial of degree 1. We will illustrate by using above polynomials Here, A(x} 2x? =4,B(x)=x=3.3 is a ze of B(x). Put this value in A(x). You will get A (3) to be 5, which is the same remainder as found by long division method. This method can be formalized using the very fi ‘mous Remainder Theorem, a Let P(x) to be any polynomial of degree greater than. or equal to 1 and lee érbe any real nuinber 1fP(x) isivided by, linear polynomial x = a, then the remainder isa). Proof Let Q(x) be the quotient and R(x) be the remainder ob- tained when the polynomial M(x) is divided by x ~ a, Then, Plx) = (= a)QGx) + RO) or some constant. ;, where cis some constant, Then. Px) = (xa) Q(x) +e Parting =a, in P(x) = (sa) glx) +6, we get P(a) =(a—a)Q(a)+¢ Pla) =0 x Qa) +e Pla) =e ‘This shows that the remainder is P(a) when P(x) is divided by xa. Cea IF PQ) isa polynomial of d ber, then »~ a isa factor of Pt ¢ #21 and ais any real num- Proof Before starting the proof, lets understand what “i Its fall form is “ifand only if”. This here means chat (a) IF Pla) = 0, x= asa factor of Pox) (b) If = aisa factor of Pix), PCa) = 0 Thus, the statement is true in both directions. This occurs more often in higher classes. We will prove both direc- tions now: By remainder theorem, P{x) can be written as Pls) == 2)(s)+P(2) (a) Pa) =0,P(x)=(x~ a) Q(x), which means x ais factor of Pts), (b) Texas afactor of P(x), P(x) =(x a) Q(x) for some Q{s). Putting x= 4 in this equation we get Pia) =0. If = 2 and x= 0 are zeros of the polynomials flx) = 2x° — 5x? + ax +B, then find the values of a and b. Solution 2) #22) 5@)? +42) += 0 16-20-4204 b=0 20 tha4 = 0) = 200) — 50072 +a(0) + 6=0 Sb=0 Saad 0=2, b=0. Find th am ofl che cocficiens info) = Ge 2x +3) ene ae tO, Sotition aE easy a AY = (1-21 +30 — NUL = 51 +6) = - 336 if so of fa) sobition io Find the remainder, when fs) =°— 6x2 + 2— 4s divided bye(a) = 12s,Sok fs) = 38-632 + 28-4 1-2x20 32x=1 > tenants (4) Find the remainder, when f(x)=2° 3x7 -2x+6 is divided by g(x) = 37-1 Sol Fes) = ahadqes) +) ae + 3x2 28 +6= 02= 1) gle) + (ar +b) ince divisor is quadratic, remainder should be linear or constant) SS $322 +62 IF DGG) + oe HD Potting x= 1 in (i), we gota +9=8 Putting x =—1 in @), we get—a + b= 10 Upon solving, «= =1, b= 9 Hence remainder is (“x +9) Example 18 Show that x + 1 and 2x — 3 are factors of 2x3 ~ 937 + x12. Solution ‘To prove that (x + 1) and (2y 3) are factors of 23° = 9x? + x +12 itis sufficient to show that p (1) and 3 3) podh are equal wo 20 13) bora oa pH =2C1-9 C12 +) +12 =-2-9-14 122-124 12=0. (3) G) Gee aie 0. Hence, ( + 1) and 2x — 3) are the factors 2v3— 9 x? + xt 12. Basics of Algebr Find the values of a and 6 so that the polynomials 3° = ay? — 13x45 has (x1) and (x +3) as factors. Solution Let f(x) = x9 -ax? -130+b Because (x ~ 1) and (x + 3) are the factors of f(x), fl) =0 and f-3) =0 F()=0=> (1) ~a(1)? -13¢1) + Saath 12 @ i(-3)=0 = (3) -al-3 - 13(-3) +6 = 0 327-4394 b=0 = -9a+h = -12 Ai) = 1-a-13+b=0 Subtracting equation (ji) from equation (i) Pur a=3in equation () SepaiD = 5215, Hence, a= 3 and b= 15. Example 20 ‘What must be subtracted from x° — 6x? — 159-480 so that the result is exactly divisible by x? +412. Solution Let ay + bbe subtracted ffom p(x) = 2° — 6x? — 15x +80s0 that itis exactly divisible by x° + —12. se) = 6x2 = 15x +80-(av +b) = = (15+ a)x + (80-6) Dividend = Divisor x quotient + remainder But remainder will be zero, =. Dividend = Divisor x quotient (? 4.512) x quotient 6x7 =(13+ a)x + (80D)x-7 x +x-12] 2 (15 +a)+ 80-6 Fide Tx? +126 = (15 4a)x 480-6 3 + 0(-3-a)+80-b Fix? F 7x +84 xa-a)+(4-) Hence, x(4—4)+ (4) +0 S45 =&(4-W)=0 = a=4andb=-4 Hence, if in, p(x) we subtract 4-4 then it is exactly di- visible by x? +3—12, lex? | then find the value of x° =2x-+1 Solution Det Leas? ya? ==) +2 2 Putting x? =x -1=0, we get x? = 20+ Find all the | eros) ot | the_ « polyiidmial f(x) = 2s = 20 =F. 43x46, iF tw OF its zeros are ~fow E Solution rind («+ or 2x? —3 is a factor of (x) ah? £6 0 2xt 20 79? + 3x46 = (2x? —3) (x? x2) = (2x? -3) (v-2) +1) (Bh Boaee So, the zeros are -£ ec Example 23, Tes? 44-1 is a ctor of x4 + px? + qx? —1, then find the values of p and g Solution at tps? + qx? 12 (0? +41) (9? thw +0) moat + px egy? —tast 44s? + Geter? +(e- bec Upon compating coefficients, we get beta pybte— bp=2 senb Upon solving, ¢ Emr Thy to find the zeros of plx) =x +6x7 + 11x46 by hit and trial meihod (choose:the value and then put that value Of x in the polynomial to check). Solution Choose 2 or 3, will get P(x)=0. This mean that {-1,—2,~3} is the set of all values of x, which are zeios of the given polynomials. Hit and trial method is of- ten used to find the solutions of polynomials when these solutions are simple. “Try tofind the solution of P(x) = x?+208+91 using hit and trial method. You will see that this polynomial can- not be solved easily by hit and eial method. Example 25, Find the value of a? + 6° +0 ~3abe Ia=500 b=502 = 504 Solution [lo HO-gt (eof [A 2 eter) 2 2% 1506 = 18072Find remainder when P(x) =x? +3n7 + 3x-+1 is divided beet Solution Here, P(x) 38 43x? 43x41 Putting » = —I for remainder, we get P(-1) = (-1)' +3(-1)° #3(-1) +1 PEI) =0 Factorize x? +193? +71y—91 into linear fctors Solution By the look of this polynomial, i is not very easy to solve directly. However, we can see that 1 is a solution of this polynomial and hence x ~ 1 is a fictor of this polynomial By long division method, the given polynomial can be written as 419s? +719=9= (esis? F20e491) In earlier example, we solved x7 + 20x +91, Thus, writing, in linear factors, 241997 + Thx 91 = (= 1)(x+7) (0413) Given a cubic polynomial, its not very easy to find its factors. Below mentioned table summarizes some cases t0 find simple factors ofa cubic polynomial ax® + hx” + 0° +d. Bais of Aiea atbtced= anbtend x72 Bath 20+ x42 Ab + 2e— Factorize 6x — 19x? — 237 + 108 +8. Solution Let f(x) = 6x! ~ 19x97 — 23x? +10x +8. on hit and trial basis, we find that f(-1)=Oand /(4)= 0 (+1) aswellas (w= 4) isa factor f(x). on dividing Flo) = 6x4 ~19x9 = 23x? + 10x-+8 by (x? = 3x=4), we get (6x7 -2-2) 6xt — 19x° - 23x? +10 +8 = (8° —3x 4) (6x7 == 2) = (x1) (4) (6x? 4x + 38-2) = (w+ Ife =A) [2638 ~2) + 13x 2)] =(x+1)(s—4)(3x- 2)(28+1) (Munnar ee 1. Using remainder theorem, find the remainder when fl) s divided by g(a) and verify the result by actual division. Given 6x? +2e—4 and (x) =1-28. 2. (1) If the polynomials ax? + 3x7-13 and 2x! — Sx-+4, when divided by (x2) leave the same remainder, find the value of 3. Determine whether x — 3 is a factor of polynomial Wa) = 9° 3x? +d 12, 4. Using factor theorem, prove that p(x)is divisible by ols) if P(x) = dat +5e° — 128? — a +5, g(x) =A +5, = nox $2 4is Find the remainder, when f(s) divided by g(x) = 1 + 2x. 6. The polynomials ax3 + 3:2 — 3 and 2x3 ~ Sx +a when divided by (— 4) leaves remainder R, and Ry, respec- tively then find the value of "if 2R, — R, = 0. 7. Wasd + bx? + x —6 has x +2 asa factor and leaves a remainder 4 when divided by (x — 2), find the values of aand b? 8. ‘The remainder when x5 + kx? is divided by (w ~ 1) (2) (v~3) contains no terms in x2, Find ‘K'without performing division, _—— eeeAlgebraic Identities and Expressions In previous sections, we discussed about polynomials in one variable @.c., 3). Polynomials of 2 variables are just extension, of earlier learnt concepts and we will use these concepts «0 discuss them and their algebraic properties. Examples of polynomials in two variables are 1. P(xy)=s? 420y4 7? 2. Psy)ex! +3x2y 4 2a? 3. P(s,y) =x (Coefficient of powers of y is 0) 4. P(s,p) =6 (Coefficients of powers of sand y is 0) Factorization of Polynomials in Two Variables. In our discussions here, we will discuss polynomials in which sum of powers of x and y in a particular term is constant for all the terms. For example, each term in. x? + 2xy + y* has his suum 2, Hkewise, x) 3x2y-+2xy? as this sum to be 3 in each of its torm, These polynomials are called homogeneous polynomials or uniform polynomials as this sum is same for each term, Such a choice is necessary to apply concepis learnt in previous sections here. For example, (a) x2 + 2xy-+y? = (v4 y)(a+y) (By spliting middle term) (b) 29 +3x7y + 2ay? = x(x + y)(x-+2y) (By splitting middle term) Algebraic Identities Following identities are handy to solve common guestions in polynomial algebra, Proofs of these identities by simple mathematics, (a) (a6)? (b) (a-b) =a? —2ab +P (©) @-# =(a+b)(a-b) (A) (at b+ cf =a? +b? 2 + 2ab-+ 2be+ 2oa (e) a +0) = (446) (a? ab +0") aH = (ab) (a? +ab+6) () (a+b) =a +b +3ab (a+6) @ (a-b) =a -# ~30b (a—5) ty (# © ~ab~be~ ae) = alee #0) +(--«)| bbe done P+ Dab OF Special ome: if (0248 42 ab bear tf ye 2 ale + (6-0 +(e-a (P4040 —3abe=(a+b+0)(a? +6? +2 —ab—be—ac) 1 2 [(e-tf (0-0) +(-a)"| Special case Lif @ +B +0 = Babe, Special case Th: if a? +6° +e —3ale=0, then cither a+h+¢=0 ora=b=¢ P+ +8 —abe=L@ th +9 atb+e=0, then Value Form (a) P+ = (a+b) —2ab, ifa + band ab are given. (b) a? +6? =(a— By? + 2ab, if ~ band ab are given. (eo) a +b = Yla—b) + ab, if — band ab are given. (a) a b= Yla+bP —4ab , fa + band ab ate given. (rt}nahas fs gven, -(tfe2 ita Hien (g) @+ P= (a+ WP ~3ab (a+b), if (a+ 8) and ab are = (a= 6) + 3ab (a~ b), if (a 8) and ab are (044) -3 (242) tree sien (2-2) +3(0-t) ita Sag (k) af <= (P+) =) =[(a + HP ~2ab](a +) (eb ah 4 4b = (a? +2ah + 26?)(a? —2ab-+ 28") (Sophie Germain identity) (an) (x" — p") is always divisible by (x-y) (nm) (x" + y")is divisible by (x + y) when ‘n’ is odd, (0) (x"—p")is divisible by (x+y) when ‘n’is even. (0) 46! a2 (a2 4 ab 482 — ab 48) Da Pampa dora ptat@np? @) Py tay toby toyAlgebraic Expressions Homogeneous Expressions [An expression is sid to be homogeneous when all is terms are of the same degree. For example, ax | by is homoge- neous expression of the frst degree in x and y, ax? + by + @P is a homogencous expression of the second degree in x and y, and ax? + by? + cz! — xyz is homogeneous expression of the third degree Ifa homogeneous expression of the first degree, say x + y + 5, is muliplied by a homogeneous expression of the second degree, say ax? + by? +c, then the product ax* + bp + ca + any + ants + bya + bps + cat + ey isa homogencous expression of the thitd degree (., 1 + 2=3) Hence, we have the following law: ‘The product of two homogeneous expressions of degrees m and n, respectively, is a homogeneous expression of degrees m+ 1. ‘Symmetric Expressions ‘An integral function is said to be symmetric with respect to a pair of variables if the expression remains unaltered when the variables are inferchangeds i.e an) expression fing) is said co be symmetric if fs,/) = Ay.) Thus, 32 + xy + ys symmetric With: ospeet xand y, since when x and y are interchanged, the resulting function, y? + 2yx + 24, isthe same asthe original fonction. Further, xy + pz + 24 isa symmetric expression, since by interchanging x and y, it becomes yx + az + zy, which is the same as ay + yz + zx. Similarly, xy + px + ev is syme metric with respect to the pair (y, 2) and (3, x), and hence ay + yz + avis symmetric in x, y, and 2. Similarly, x + y + 3,2 +P + Fay M+ p+ 2 Bayz.a¢ythand s+ P—x—yare sym metric expressions. Note that x — y + 1 is not symmetric in x and y and ab + be~ eais not symmetric in a, b, and c. A symmetric expression is not necessarily a homoge- nous, nor a homogeneous necessarily symmetrical For example, x + y— 1 isa symmetric function but not a homogenous function. Again, x2 + xy is a homogeneous function but not a symmetric function, Properties of Symmetrical Expressions 1. Ina symmetric fiction, all terms of the same type must occur and their coefficients must be equal. ‘Terms which can be obtained from one another by successively interchanging the variables are known as same type terms. Bais of leh ‘Thus, if x, y, and > are the variables, then y2z and xy are terms of the same type, since the former is changed to the latter by interchanging the pair yy &. Similarly, 2x, x22, yPx, and x2y are all terms belonging to the same type as y? and 22y, but «3, ‘and = are not terms of the same yr ype, since the interchanging of the leters x, y, and = will not transform ys into 3°, oF = 2. The sum, difference, product, or quotient of two symmetric expressions is a symmetric expression. If we consider two letters x and y, then, in general, the symmetric homogeneous expressions of the first and second degrees, respectively are the following: (@) key) (b) Ko? + 7?) + my, where k and m are conseants If we consider three letters x, y, and =, then, in general, the symmetric homogenous expressions of the first and second degrees, respectively; are the following: @ Mery te) (b) Kod + yP + 23 + (xy + ys + 2x), where kand ‘mare any constants “The values of these constanits can be found out by: comparing the coefficients. Cyclic Symmetric Expressions ‘An expression jx .y, 2) is said to be a cyclic expression if fs ¥.2) = flys 2 8) =fl2s%: For the sake of brevity, we use the symbols Zand TT to ‘write the cyclic expressio is used for sum of terms and [Tis used for product of terms. ‘The addition, multiplication, and/or division of two cyclic polynomials always results in a cyclic polynomial Here are some common factors and their cyclic repre- sentatives for a cyclic polynomial with 3 variables: subtraction, Expression ya x Lo e4P ae b+ bebe b+ (eta) + 2(a+b) 1Qe (Continued)Exp! +H b+Qe+a) HCF and LOM of Polynomials A polynomial Ds) isa divisor of the polynomial Pfs) if ie is a factor of P(a), Where Qi) is another polynomial such that P(x) = Dis) x Qs) 1, HGF/GCD_ Greatest Common Divisor): [A polynomial f(s) is called the HCF or GCD of {wo oF more given polynomials iF is) i a polyno amial of highest degree dividing each of one of the given polynomials, 2 LCM, (Least. Common Multiple): A polynomial P(x) is called the LCM of two or more given polynomials, if i€ i a polynomial of smallest degree which is divided by each one of the given polynomial. For any two polynomials P(x) and Qs), we have PQs) X Qs) = [HCF of Pls) and Qj] x [LCM of P(x) and QUI Expand: © Cu) Gi) (3x? + y)? (ii) (2 x3) (V2 x + 3y) oy (2e-does) Solution, en “ zy) Os -209 Gray Gi) (Bx? + Sy? = BP + 2GAGN) + GY? ‘Ox4 + 30x2y + 25)? Gay (Fs~3y)( Vs +39) =(VEs)~ Gy) mleedesf eT “(eea(a)o-mli ‘Simpl Gi) Qx+ YQx=) A+?) Solution “ (= -t (s+ : ( Gi) Ges Rx- Ne + A) = 100)? OPI + 2) = Us? = Pa? + 9) = se? GP = Find the value:of x= ywhen x-+y=9and xy = 14: Solution xty=9 ‘On squaring both sides x? + y? + 2xy=81 Putting value of xy = 14 s+ P+ 28281 et ~@) (- pPest + p29 Putting xy = 14 and (i) (w— yh =53-2 (14) = 53-28 S@-yt=2 ae-y tea? + $= 23, find che values of(s+4), (s- i) Solution ~@) ae442=35 [Adding 2 on both sides of ()]Find the value, «if arab a = 6ah+ 56> Soluti Sab & —60b+50 Estab (e-byla-3b) alah) X7.98-2.02 x2 Find the value of 728% 7-98=2.00%2.02 5.96 Solution 7.98% 7,98 —2.,02%2.02 _ 596 Simplify: () Bx+4>-Bx-4) of) (i) (Bx + 4) - Gx - 4° = [Gx + 4) + 3 Bx) @) Gx +9] 1G9)°- ) 3 Bs) @) Ge 4] = [27° + 64 + 36x Gx + 4)) — [27x — 64 - 36x Ge-4] Sok Basics of Algebra [2733 + 64 + 1082 + L4dy] ~ [2739 — 64 — 10832 + 144] 733 + 64 + 108s? + 144 — 2799 + 64 + 108%? THe = 128 + 21602 ay + ( ) + 340) «iy («+2) +(s-2) ae (2e+3}+°- ey =x (2)(s-2) 12 8 12 eae ye rirgan appa) 2x 4 24 Evaluate: 1005) ) 97) Solution G-005)°= (TOO #5)" = (E000)? + (5) + 311000) &) (1000 +5) 100000000 + 125 £45000 (L000 + 5) (000000000 + 128 + 15000000 + 75000, = 1015075125. Gi) 978 = (1000 ~ 3)8 = (1000)? ~ (3)8 — 3 x 1000 x 3% (1000-3) }0000000010 27 = 9000 x (1000 ~ 3) 27 — 9000000 + 27000 tex ~ 125, find the value of x Solution We have, x- + @ [Cubing both sides of @))= 155125 = (125 + 15) = 140, Find the products of the following expression: (4x + 3)) (16x? = 12xy + 994) Gi) (Gx — 2p) 25x? + 10y + 4) Solution (i) (Ax + 3y) (1632 — 12 ay + 9) = (A + 39) [N72 = (4s) x Gy) + BrP =(@t)(@—ab+H) [Where a= 4s, b= 37] @+ B= Ga)? + Gy)? = 640 +2793, Gi) (Sx — 2y) 5x2 + 1Osy + 4) = Ge 29) [692 + 6) x 2”) + 2” =(a-H (2+ ab+0?) [Where a= 2yl =0-b = Ga)? — 2) = 125s — 8y°, Ifa + b+ c=9 and ab + be + ac= 26, find the value of P+ P+ O—Sabe Solution We have a+ b+c=9 i) (at b+ 42=81 — [On squaring both sides of ()] SP +R +2 + 2Aab+ be + a) =81 Se+R He + 2x 26=81 at P+ 2= (81-52) Now, we have B+ B+ O—Sale=(at b+ (+P +2 ab— bea) = (at bd [la + P+) (ab + be + ad] = 9 [29 — 26)) = (9x 3) =27. ah + be + ac = 26) Seth +e=29 If (x + a)? + (y + BP =4 (ax + by), where x, a, y, b are real, then inl eh ave of yah Solution (et oP + Qt 0P= (ax + by) (w+ a)? day + (y+ b= Aby =O. = (w-aP+ y—bR=0 Since, sum of perfect squares can be zero only when indi- vidual perfect squares are zero. Hence,(x ~ a) =0, (7-1) =0 axe (ee) ofae) ale (a-b) +b-0)' + (- ay y= b= xy=ab— xy ab=0 Simplify Solution Here, (@ = &*) + (= A)+ (2 (1+ Pep + (A= a) = 3-H) PA) C-#) Also, (0= (+ (6-9 + (c=) =0 2. (a=W + = 93 + (c= a) = 3(a—B) (6-9) (=a) ©. Given expresion, Sale StH +9 e+e) Find che value of (28)° = (78)° + (60)°. Solution Let a= 28, b= 78, Then, a+ b+ 0, 8-78 + 50=0 +B + B= Babe So, (28)? + (78) + G0} =3 x 28 x (-78) x 50=— 327600, Factorization by Taking out the Common Factor Factorize: 6x° + 82 = 10 Solution 6x3 + 8x2 — 10x = 2y Ga? + 4-5)(EAMNED Faceoricaton by Grouping Factorize: ax + by + ay + by Solution ay + by + ay + bw sax t ay + by + bya (yt yt Wet )=@+) Gath EXMTTLED Factorization by Making a Perfect Square Factorize: 4s? + 12x +9 Solution 4x2 + 12x +9 = 2a)? +2 2x) @) + F=Qxt 3% EXMTIELD Factorization the Ditference of Two Squares Factorize: 42? ~ 25. Solution 432-25 = 2s)? — 6)? = Qv—5) Qe +5) EXMMELD Factorization of a Quadratic Polynomial by Splitting the Middle Term Factorize: 32 + 4 V2.¥4 6 Solution Pe H4VRas6 3V2x+ Bx +6 = xv 3.02) + V2 w+ 32) = @ + 3D + VB) Factorization ofa Algebraic Expression asthe Sum or Difference of Two Cubes Factorize: 16a°b — 2506", Solution 162% — 25064 = 2b(8a — 1256) = 26{(2a)? -(56)>} 2b{ (2a — 5h)(4a? + 2567 + 10ab)} EAMIELD Factorization of» Algebraic Expression of the Form a+ B+ Sabo Factorize: (i) 2N2 0 + 80-278 + 18. V2 abe Gi) (x-yP + AP + HP Basics of Algebra ARTI Solution () 20248 + 885278 + 18.V3 abe= (Va) +2093 + 39 3/2 J Q(-39 =(9/2 a + 2-39 Leva + Quy + 39? 2a 4 QH)- 392 0) = (W2a+ 26-30 (2a? + 4b? + 92 — 22 ab + Gr + 3y2 ad Gi) P+ 2+ Let sy bay So, («= 9)? + (= Now, a+ b+c=x-ypty-z+2-x20 So, a? + + P= 3abe @&- y+ Q- 2) + @-3P =3@-/) (Y-2) x) Tassie tee aaiel secre (a+b+e+d)* c= dab and d= abc, then find the value of - (ab-+be+ t+ da) Solution fda, ¢ = dab ind d= abe (a0? (on muhiplication) = abcd = 1 (ince u, bed are positive integers) If p(x) = (x + 2)(2 — 4x = 21), Ax) = 7) 22 + v6) find the HCF and LCM of P(x) and Q(x). Solution Pls) = (© + 2) (2 = Ay 21) = (w+ 2) (2 — Tx + 3y= 21) = (+2) @-7 (+3) v7) Qu? + x= 6)= (w= Qe? + Ay 3x6) (7) [2x (e+ 2)—3 (x +2)] —7) Qx—3) +2) HF = ( + 2)(e-7) LOM = (x + 3)(¢-7) 2-3) (w+ 2). Qe)emm IFHCF and LCM of Pix) and Q(x) are (x + 2) and (x + 3) (2 + 9x + 14), respectively if Poa) = 12 + 5x +6, find Qs) Solution Po) = (2 + 5+ 6) =O +2) (+3) LOM = (+3) @2 + 98+ 14) = (e+ 3+ Mle + 2) We know that HF x LM = Pls) x Ql) Qe = EHDA N#2) =F WH. esos ant + Ox + 14, Factorize 8p° —1-m? —6m Solution 8p’ -1=m> -6m Here, a is 2p, b is <1, and cis — pb ~ 27pq = 729. (ii) Factorize: 30p? + 85 pq + 352 (iv) Find the quotient when x** soy. is divided by 3. Evaluate: @ Gxt 4)? oH 1 £119, chen find the value of a = 18, find the value of 8+ 7 ) (x5)? 4. That 8. Ife y=3 and xy= 6. Prove that CFR HO Bie = Serb +9 [la = 86 ~ ee a] 7. Wat b+e=15,@ + + 2=83, then find the value of e+ i +O — Sate, 8. Ifa 6+ e=0 where abe are non-zero real numbers, that the value of (@2— be) — (6? — ea) (2 — a is 9. Way =6 and s2y + ay? ++ y= 63 then x? + P=? Oo BH O88 65 10. Expand the following: @ Le fw TM-—9 ase one i) Dabo & 11. Simplify the following: @® Yorn (i) Yo4e-a) oe a (i Doro" x 12. Expres the followingusinig Y notation: @ Pee Par eab (8) (P+ (rf #(e-4)P° 13. Fuctorize the following: @ Ze(x*-y') Gi) oP (b+ 0) + (ca) +e (a+) + Date tii) Dalb—-g Ge) ebro e868 x SSSsSSSSsSSSSSSsSsssses Linear Equations A statement of equality of two algebraic expresions, which involve one or more unknown quantities is known as an equation. If there are two unknown quantities then equa fion is called Tineat equation in two variables A linear equation is an equation that involves linear polynomials ‘A value of the variable that makes the two sides of the ‘equation equal is called the solution of the equation. Same quantity can be added/subtracted to/from both the sides of an equation without changing the equality. Both the sides of an equation can be multiplied/divided by the sane non-zew number without changing the equalityTo find value of variables in any equation, we require number of equation equal to number of variables in equation, General Form of Pair of Linear Equations axthy +4 i ax + bay +e =O bby Gare constants, where ayy by G and ay In the above plot, it can be seen clearly that line inter sects at (x,y) = (2, 3), which gives our required solution. This method does not include any computation. A simple plocting gives you the solution. The graph technique also gives physical significance to the solution of pair of linear equations. If you think carefully, itis not surprising at al Methods of solving linear equations and condition of solvability in two variables: Graphical Method Linear equations in two variables representa line on a graph. ‘Two equations represent two lines, We claim that the inter- section point of these two lines give the solution that we ‘want. For illustration, we take these two equations, (@) x+y () 2v+5y=19 2.9) 2 3 “4 6 7 z unique soiution 6 7 3 a ty ‘The solution satisfies both the equations and hence lies on both the ines. As qwo non-parallel and non-coincidene lines ‘meet at a single point in a coordinate plane, this single point should be the solution of this simultaneous set of equations Now we should consider other possibilities through graph as shown below.Bais of leh No soutien baie + 7 = & init station seAfter seeing the 3 possibilities of the graphical representa tion for the set of equations, we can write the working rule to find the solution using graphical method Following steps summarises this method as follows: Step 1: Graph the first equation. Step 2: Graph the second equation on the same coordinate system as the fist Step 3: Find the solution. (a) If the two lines intersect at one place, then the point of intersection is the solution to the system. (b) Ifthe two lines are parallel, then they never inter sect, s0 there is no solution (©) Ifthe two lines lie on top of each other (coin- cident lines), then they are the same line and you have an infinite number of solutions. In this ease, you can write down either equation as the solution to indicate they are the same line. Step 4: Check the proposed ordered pair solution in BOTH equations. The observations about graphical representation for the sot of equations can be summarised in the table below: Graph No. 1 xt y=52e+5y19— Iniersecting Exactly one Lines solution 2 xt ye7;2eb2y=14 Coincident Infinitely many Lines solutions 3 Parallel No Solutions Lines You are encouraged to plot these lines to see for yourself, We will formalize this result in algebraic form in the next method of solving the simultaneous equations. Elimination Method We changed this word problem into two mathematical equations as follows, xt « 2x45) @ Muliplying equation (1) by 2 we get, Qty =14 o) Subtracting equation (3) fiom equation 2), we get (2x ~2x)+ (Sy ~2y) =23 14 On y=3 Substituting y= 3 in equation(I), we getx = 4 Thus, we eliminated x from equations by making its co-efficient equal in both equations and doing relevant mathematical operation (here we subtracted equation (3) from equation (1)). Now we formalize this method using general equations in ewo variables. These are, axthy ) Q ‘Multiplying equation (1) with a, and equation (2) with a, we get, 4x + by aya, ay hy B) a) aayx ay by Subtracting equation (4) from equation (3) we get, (aga =) + (gb y —HbaY) = yey = MYC ‘This gives, 1 (aye, — 8462) / (yb, ~ 4b) Substicating value ofy in equation (1) we get, i)” ita iaeb) ‘Observations based On these values of wend y xe the (@) Here if the denominator ie., ob ~ ay, = 0 and numerators are not equal to 0, then solution will not exist. This is what we saw in graphical method also as ajb, ~ a,b, = 0 is a necessary condition for equations (1) and (2) to represent pair of parallel lines that does not have any intersecting point and thus does not have any solution (b) Ifayb, ~ a,b, # 0, then there is no problem and we will have a unique solution, (6) However if a, ~ ayhy = 0 and numerators are also equal to 0, then the fractions ean assume infinite- ly many values and a particular value cannot be ascertained, To understand this point more clearly, ‘graphical approach is beneficial, This ease represents pair of co-incident lines. This means when plotted fon graph paper, these two equations will represent same lines, Thus, they will have infinitely many solutions, Table for above observations for system of two lin ‘ear equations: For this purpose, our equations are as under, axthy a Q xt byBais of leh Sa Pai of parallel lines No solution tyes Tet y=9 % ata Incersecting lines Unique solution ety =52v45y19 a by ah Covincdent lines Infinite solution why =7.2n42y 214 hia Cross Multiplication Method xtys7 w Let us solve the following system of equations 2x5 y= 23 @ ayt byt o=0 eCvH Bett saTny @ ay t byt GeO 2) Muliplying equation (1) by b, and equation Q) by by, we get aby + bybay + bag +) ERR ‘Subtracting equation (4) from equation (3), we get (aby — aby) % + (b264 — bye ay ails ash #0 fgh ab Similaly, y= 272% MP by aah, ‘These values of x and y can also be written as ee heamber ae aah ‘Substitution Method ‘This is very similar method co elimination method and can be illustrated with the following example. Consider two equations as Substituting this value of » from equation 3) in equation (2) 2(7-y)+5y=23, Or, 3y=9 Or, y=3 Substituting vale of y in eqbation (1), we get x= 4. “Thus, we saw that, in.this, method, we found value of ‘one variable in terms of another variable using one of the equations and substitute this value in another equation. ‘When such a thing is convenient, this method should be used otherwise substitution can be a tedious task as in the following example, 23+ 41y = 64 a 37+ 53y=90 2) Conditions for Solvability and Finding Integral Solutions Let the two equations be: ax t by tg ax + by + G ii) Unique Solution Ifthe Denominator a,b, ~ ay b, #0, then the given system of equations have unique solution (i.e., only one solution) oh 1h by ayhy #0 heFor two lines: lines are said to be consistent (ie. they meet at one point) when the given system of equation has unique solution. ‘No Solution Ifthe denominator 4,by ~ a, b= 0, then the given system of equations have no solution. woh a by For owvo lines: lines are said to be inconsistent (ie., they does not meet) when the given the system of equation has no solution. ‘Many Solutions (Infinite Solutions) to a bh @ . then system of equations has many solu~ tions and lines are said to be consistent. For two lines: two lines are coincident when they have ‘many solutions. Finding Integral Solution for Indeterminate Equations If the number of unknown quansities is greater than che number of independent equations, there will be an nlim= ited number of solutions, and the equations are stid to be indeterminate, If we confine our attention to postive inte gral values of the unknown quantities, we can express the solutions in a very simple form, Solve using substitution method: x + 4y=14 and 7x 3y=5, Solution xtayai4 xel—dy “ Ie 3y=5 ( Substivute the value of x in equation (ji) = 98 — 28) —3y 37 (14—4y)—3y= = 98-31 93 SR=sy Sys sys3. yoreyey Now substitute value of y in equation (ii) S7s-3G)=5 4 Ix-3) “4 Ssh sx So, solution is x= 2 and y=3, Emin Solve using elimination by equating the coefficients meth~ od: 9x = 4y =8 and 13x + 7y = 101 Solution @ 13x + Ty= 101 ai) ‘Multiply equation (i) by 7 and equation (i) by 4, we get 63x 28) =56 Add 52x +287 = 404 11x =x 460 15, Suibsticute x= 4 in equation (i) OM)—4y=8 =336- dy 3284p >y 4 So, solution is = 4 and y=7. Solve using ef6s multiplication method: 34 + 2y + 25 = 0 and x+y +L Solution Here, 4 2x1 aye 320 So, solution is =5 and y = 20 Solve the following by reducing in system of linear equa~ tions in two variables: sere 7 -Y67 1 1 Aety Hx-y) where x + y#0andx-y#0. x+y -y Solution (i) Another equation is = 5 (ii on (is) at (iv) in Gi 6 oy T43b a 5 ) Put () in Gv) From our assumptions, aaxty b= -y [Adding the two equations given above, Em escent E alt 2e+ 2)” HGe= 2p) 2 Herz) 2) 60 where 2 + 2y #0 aund 3a = 2y £0. Then what will be dhe values of x and y? Bais of Alesha Solution 1 1 Uv 3 Let vu, voa 20.3 x2 3x-2y aaa dia = 3U+ 1017 of eUieievaitok +5 0 = 75U-3617=61 w Equation (i is multiplied by 25 75U + 250 V=-225 BU = 36 =61 Subtracting, 2861°= 286 Subtracting, 4 =2 1 Sess 5 Example 63 Solve: 342 x—5V3y +¥5 =0 2N5 x +702 y-2s5 =o. Solution 3y2 x-5VB y +5 =0 i) 2N3 x+7V2 y-2V5 =0. Gi) ‘Multiplying (i) by 2.V3 and (iii) by 3. ¥2 6V6 x-10x3; vis, 66 xt 21x 2y= 60Subtracting, - 72y=- (6Vi0 +2Vi5) on, 72y=6Vi0 +2Vi5 Vio + 2vi5 2 _ 10vi8 -7vi0 axe Be Example 64 Avewo digit number is such that product of is digits is 18 When 63 is subtracted from the number, the digits inter change their place. Find the number Solution aya 18 i) Let the given number be 10x + y Asper the question, (10x + y) ~ 63 = 10y +. =9 10x - Wye + p= 63, 3 9e-9y= 63 Sx-y57 i Pars =" in gi) y ayo? = 18-fsty 2 +7y-18=0 =P + 9y—2y-18 2+ G-2=0 = y=2,9 > y+ 9-249) 9 is not valid So, the number = 10x + The sum of ewo numbers is 2490. 1f6.5 % of one nun equal to 8.5 % of the other, find the numbers. =10()+2= Solution Let, the numbers be and y Then, x + y= 2490 “ 2X65 _ 85 = S35 100 100°” Pat (ii) in @) = My = 13x 2490 7 y+ y=2490 aie 13% 2490 =) = 1079 41 So, the numbers are and B cach has a certain number of mangoes. A says to B, “ifyou give 30 of your mangoes I will have twice as many as left with you! B replies ‘ifyou give me 10, I will have thrice as left with you Find how many mangoes docs each have 411 and y= 1079. Solution Say, A has x mangoes and B has y mangoes initially. ‘As per the statement of A to B, x+30=2(G-30) on a) and as per statement of B to A, B(e-1)=y+10 0, v= y=40 4) Now, We have x=2y 2-90 3x-y=40 3-6) 3y-y=40 270 ae =5y=-310 > y=62 34. So, A have 34 mangoes and B have 62 mangoes, FFind the value of SM for which the given system of equation has only one solution. (ie. unique solution). My ~ 2y = 9 and 4x~ y=7, Solution Canon orsign son fhMi #2 8 oUF aueloues aH 1 + M can have all real values except 8, ‘What is the value of a, for which the system of linear equa tions ax + 3y = a3; 12x + ay = ahas no solution. Solution Condition for no solution is + 8 ah asta 23,63 ae" a P= 36 01, a=46 6:is 04 ponsible because it gives » b © 6 is the answer. Emm Find the values of crand fi for which the following system. i 28 af linear equating has =Tand 2ax + (a+ B) Bath Paden aco Bye Solution For infinite solution: 1 a asp 4 sa=4 [From ee first and ehied term) aid oat sat pene apa 6 =B=8 Example 70 Solve 7x + 12y = 220 in postive integers Solution Divide throughout by the smaller coefficient 7, we got xtyp+ Beate Pansy Basics of Algebra ARTE] xtyt Since « and y are to be integers, we must have 5: integer ‘Maleptying by 3 in order to make the coefficient of y differ by unity from a multiple of 7, we get = imeger = p _ rae? 28-12p Now; for p> 2, is negative which gives yas negative. Thus, a2) 28, 16,4 J ii ts ned sn 916. Find the number of positive integral solution of 14x ~ 11y 29. Solution Divide throughout by the smaller coefficient 1, we get teger ‘Maleptying by 4 in order to make the coefficient of y differ by unity from a multiple of 11, = = tegen = iW satlaned x=llp+6 Thus, we havep=0,1,2.3, 856,17, 28, 39, Y= 5.19, 33,47, woe Hence, the number of positive integral solutions is infinite, In how many ways can &5 be paid in denomination of 25, paise and 10 paise? Solution Let x be the number of 25 pase coins and y be the number of 10 paise coins 2. 25x + 10y = 500 2 a xt2y =205 6 =20- 37 iene ‘Thus, number of ways = I ‘The expenses of a party having 43 quests were €229; if each ‘man paid Z10, each woman paid &5. and each child 2, how. many were there of each? Solution Let x, y 2 denote the number of men, women, and chil- en, respectively, thus xtyte=d3 “ and 10x + 5y + 22 = 229 Gi) ‘Maleptying (i) by 2 and then subtracting it from (i), we get 8x4 3y= 143 The general solution of this equation is x= 3p +1, y= 45 = 8p 7=5p-3 2 pEW 23S 84,7, 10,13, 16 y=37,29,21, 13,5 7,12, 17,22 Cal Know Your Progress - 4 1. A person covers a distance of 500 km in his ear, trai and bus. He goes 50 km in his car followed by 300 km in train and remaining by bus in total of 7 houss. For the same journey, he observed that ifhe covers 150 km by car, 260 km by train and remaining by bus, it takes 8 hours to complete the journey. Lastly, he observed that time taken to complete a particular distance in car and bus are equal. Find the speed of car, bus, and train? 2. Two pipes can fills Large tank in 10 hours. Ione pipe is used for 5 hours and other for 20 hours then also they can fill the tank. How long would each pipe take to fill the tank alone? 3. Solve for x and (a) pet qy=rand qe = py () @-Hx+@+Oy @tyaetR 1th (a? — 2ab +) (a + 6) 4. Solve: (a) 37x+43y 43x + 37y (&) 119x~381y 381x— 119y 5. Solve for x and y [x-2e0] 5 6. Ifa certain number is divided by the sum of its two digits, the quotient is 6 and remainder is 3. Ifthe digits are interchanged and the resulting number is divided by the sum of the digits, then the quotient is 4 and the remainder is 9. Find the number. 7. 2 mem and 3 boys together can do a piece of work in 8 days. The same work is done in 6 days by 3 men and 2 boys together, How long would 1 boy alone or 1 man alone take to complete the work. 8. A man sold a chair and a table together for 81520, thereby making, profit of 25% on chair and 10% on table, By selling them together for %1535, he wouldhave made a profit of 10% on the chair and 25% on the table. Find cost price of each. 9. Abdul travelled 300 kan by train and 200 kan by taxi taking 5 hours 30 minutes. But, ifhe travels 260 km by train and 240 km by tax, he takes 6 minutes longer: Find the speed of the train and that of the kasi 10, A train covered a certain distance at a uniform speed. If the train would have been 6 km/h faster, it would hhave taken 4 hours less than the scheduled time. And, ifthe train were slower by 6 km/h, it would have taken 6 hours more than the scheduled time. Find the length of the journey. 11, Find the number of solutions of the following pair of linear equations x+2y-8=0 2x + 4y= 16, 12, Find the value of k for which the given system of equa- tions has a unique solution. 3x4 5y=12;dv-7y =k 13. Find the value of k for which the following system of linear equation becomes infinitely many solution or represent the coineident ler. 6x} y= k= 3 2kx FOy=k. Basics of Algebra 14, Find the value of k or which the following systems of equations be Inconsistent De + ky + k+2=0; kx + 8y + 3k=0. 15. For what value of « and 6, the following system of equations have an infinite number of solutions. 2x + 3y=7; (0-H) x + (a+b) y= 34+ 6-2. 16. A person spends 7461 in buying horses and cows, If cach horse costs 223 and each cow costs 216, how many of each does he buy? 17. Find the positive integral solutions of 3 + 8y = 103. 18. Find the number of positive integral solutions of 13x + Hy=414. 19. Divide 81 into two parts so that one may be a multiple of 8 and the other of . 20. Divide 136 into ewo parts so that one of which when divided by 5 leaves remainder 2, and the other divided by 8 leaves remainder 3 —————— eee Practical Mathematics Profit and Loss In our daily routine, we have to buy some articles from various shops. The shopkeepers purchase these articles ei= ther from wholesalers or directly from the manufacturers by paying a certain price, Generally, the shopkeeper sells his articles at a different price, These prices and difference in these prices are given special names such as cost price, selling price, profit, loss etc, Cost Price ‘The price for which an article is purchased is called the cost price and abbreviated as CP. Selling Price The price for which an article is sold is called the selling price and abbreviated as SP Profit If selling price is more than cost price, then the difference between selling price and the cost price is called the profit. Profit = Selling Price ~ Cost Price Loss If selling price is less than cost price, then the difference between the selling price and cost price is called loss + Los= Jost Price ~ Selling Price Overheads ‘Usually, a merchant has to spend some money on freight or transport, labour, or maintenance of the purchased articles These extra expendieures are called overheads. The over- heads are an essential part of cost price. +. Cost Price Payment made while purchasing the arti- cles) + overhead chargesSome useful formulae regarding Discount, Marked Price, Selling Price, ete. 1. Net Selling Price = Marked Price ~ Discount 2. Discount = Marked Price ~ Net Selling Price 3. Marked Price = Net Selling Price + Discount Discount 4. Discount % ={ —PBEOUNE_ 5 tog (as Price ) 5 spomp. ( 100=Discount 100 10082. (100= Discount %) Successive Discounts When a series of discounts are given, we call them succes- sive discounts . Note (8) When an article is sold after two successive dis- counts of p% and q% , then the final selling price is given by MAP. (100 p)(t00~ 9) {00} (100) (ii) When an article is sold after successive discount of p%, 4%, and 1% then its final selling price is given by, Selling price = Selling price = (100)(100)(100) ‘Simple Interest (Simple Interest Principal x Rate of interest Time 100) ‘pal + Simple Incerest Gi) Amount = Computation of Compound Interest by Using Formulae Formula 1 Let P be the principal and the rate of interest be R4% per annum, If che interest is compounded annually, then the amount A and the compound interest C.1. at the end of 1 years are given by As (15) i0 Formula 2 Let P be the principal and the rate of interest be R% per annum, If the interest is compounded annually, then the amount A and the compound incerest C1 at the end of years are given by er (+a) " R =Pi[1+_} -1), respectivel { e) | Pee Here, interest is payable k times in a year. A= and, C. =A- Particular Cases Case “As When the-interest-is-compound half-yearly or semicannaly ze y 100 | Tn this case, ane(r ca) walla Case 3: When the rate of interest for successive years are different, Ifthe rate of interest of different for every years say ry, Fy 1 for the first, second , third year, then the amount after 3 years is given by asp(iet)(rg) Wo U0 Jt 00 and cWork and Time ‘Work is defined as the amount of job assigned or the amount ofjob actually done, Work is always considered as a whole of 1 Units of work ‘Work is measured by many units i.e., men-days, men-hours, wates, machine-hours, or in general person-time, If A and B can do a piece of work in x and y days, re- spectively, while working alone, then they will take ( wy ) x+y days to complete the work if both are working together. Proof: AS one day work — Xl BS one day work = + i and (A + B)S one day work (A+ Bone day work = 22 xy +. Time taken by book and B (working together) © com= y xty IFA, B, C can do a piece of work in x, y, = days re- spectively while working alone, then they will together take plete the work days to complete the work. If 40% of the numbers exceeds the 25% of it by 54, find Solution Any value Iss rate % of number Here, 54 stands for the difference of (40% and 25% of number) jumber (i.e., base number) 34 = 4 = number (10=25)% X100 = 300 o Ans. 1095 Bais of len Emap P,% of mumber N, is equal to P3% of number N;, Find what percent of Ny is Nz? Solution «Ragin pce = 2104 wn, = Poe, {Nek 700 ND Potting the value of h ( hi wo) P Ppceeer (haa ee : r : ‘The ratio of salary of a worker in July to that in June was 1 Icis given that 100 ‘we find the required percent- Ans, By what was the sary of aly more than Salary 2 of June? Also find by what % salary of June was less than of july Solution Let Salary of Jul 2s 9 and Salary of June = =x ry of June = Here the basis of comparison is either of salary of June or the Salary of July. Salary of July more than that of June by percent, = Difference ent 109 Salary of June 100 = 114% Pee 9 7 Salary of June less than that of July by percent: (3) —Dilferenee e499 = 24 sc100= 10 % . Ans. Salary of June 3,Example 77 The side of a square increases by p%, then find by what % ddoes its area increase? Solution Suppose, side of a square = b Original area of the square = J, ie, result = Ax B Here, both sides are increased by p% Net % change in area =x + y+ “2, where, « a 100 p ¥ = Net % change in area =p + p+ 2. = 2+ 2 eo jee 100 Sted 100 Hence, area increase by | 2p +P | 100. A—SHm ISS This formula is ako applicable when the radius of circle is increased by p% then its area increased by [-(ta) | “Ans. Example 78 The daily wage is increased by 154%, and a person now gets 223 per day. What was his daly wage before dhe increase? Solution Increased daily wage Original daily wa * vee 100+ % increase x 100 2 x 100=20 15 Note In case of decrease, use C)ve sign before % value. A student X passes his examination with 515 marks, having scored 34% above the minimum. If Yhad obtained 710 marks, what % would he have been above the minimum? Solution Marks of Y _ 100+% above minimum of ¥ Marks of X 100% above minimum of X 70 100+ 10043 + 42% Hence Y gets 42% above minimum, Note Similarly, if the % marks is below minimum, formula ‘would have been. Marks of Y 00 é above minimum of Y Marks of X 100-% above minimum of X Remember, Marks of Y _ 100: % above/below minimum of ¥ Marks of X 1004 % above/below minimum of X The ratio of number of boys and girls in a school is 3 : 2, if 20% of the girls are holding scholarship, find the % of school students who (a) hold scholarship (b)_do not hold scholarship Solution Percentage of scholarship holders = (Boys X % boys who are scholarship holders) + (Girls x % Girls who are scholarship holders) (=5%20)+(s3528) = 243 342 Similarly, percentage of non-scholarship holders (=5>*)+(35>73) =18 243 243 (Since 100 — 20 = 80, 100 - 25 A reduction of 82 per kg enables a man to purchase 4 kg ‘more sugar for 816, Find the original price of Sugar. Solution Here expenditure is fixed @16), but as rate reduces (by 2/kg), so the quantity of sugar available increases (by 4 kg.) Let original price be 2x/kg, Expenditure _ Expenditure New rate + change in quantity availableConsidering the +ve value original price = 4 per kg. If 10% of an clectricity bill is deducted. %45 is still to be paid, How much was the bill? Solution Here 245 refers to (100 — 10)% of the bill since 90% of bill =45= 100 orvt= Son =50 ence the bill won 50 IF weight of a sand bag is 40 kg. In a hurry, it was weighed as 40.8 kg, Find the error percentage. Solution ee Error = Fuse weight Actual weight 199 ‘Actual weight 40.8- 40 xa oa 2. The error is 2% Tein orene: a seise steetas Ge se a a ane a aes ce eteea Solution 43248029 3480 Example 85) The ratio between two numbers is 3: 5. Ifeach number is increased by 4, the ratio becomes 2 : 3. Find the number, = 360 gi Solution Let the numbers be 3x and 5x, +4 et. etd 3 Sxel ¢ Numbers are 12 and 20, Bais of len emp The ratio of number of ladies to gents at a party was 1 : 2, but when 2 ladies and 2 gents left, the ratio becomes 1 : 3. How many people were originally present atthe party? Solution Let the numbers of ladies the number of gent x then As per question, 2x Total number of people originally present = x + 2x = 3x4=12, Pet ea eng oe eae a ea 25 paise coins, respectively. If the total value is 235, how many coins of each type are there? Solution Here number of each type of coin is same, Hence, we may write, ‘Number of each type of coin e Total amount © Sain of Walbe off each ebin 35 1¥05+0.25 = 20 coins of each type. © Number of each type of coin = Example 88) ‘The sum of the present age of A, B, and C is 90 years, Six years ago, their ages were in the ratio 1:2: 3, What is the present age of C? Solution (A+ B+ Cs age 6 years ago = 90 6 X3= 72 3 14243 Ci present age = 36 + 6 = 42 years The sum of the squares of three numbers is 532 and the ratio of the first to the second as also of the second to the third is 3: 2. What is the second number? 2. Cage 6 years ago X72=36 Solution First number Second number[Make the second number same in both the ratio, ie., 6) ang Second number ‘Third number 22 4 2 First: Second : Third = 9: 6 24 (9x)? + (6x)? + (4x)? = 532 (given) 133) Second number is 63° = ‘A bag contains | rupee, fifty paise, nwenty five paise, and ten poesia popes ia ene celiac is 722.25, find the number of coins of each kind. Solution Let the number of coins be x, 3x, 5x, 7x, respectively, a8 1 rupee, fifty paise, twenty five paise, and ten paise. Since Number of coin x Value of coin in rupee = Amount in rupees L Now, value of 50 pase coin in rupee = — value of 50 p pee = > 25 pe conn EET RS Number of rupee Number of 50 paise coin = 34 = 15, Number of 25 paise coin = 53 = 25, Number of 10 paise coin = 7x= 35. Emr {A person distributes his pens among four friends A, B, C. and Din the mtio bs! :4:!. what is the minimam 34'5'6 number of pens that the person should have? Solution Let number of pens given to A, B, C, D are 20x, 15x, 12x, 10x So, minimum number of pens (for x= 1) = 20+ 15+ 12+ 10=57 Poreepgr me ererrer rr ers Ree geen ene cmereteren cent oa (A) 20 days (B) 40 days (©) days (D) 30 days Solution Let A can complete the work in x days, then B requires 2x days to finish the same work, According to given condition ‘ATinish the tsk 20 day euler dhan Dive, 2x = 4—2~20 days So, A can finish dhe tsk in 20 days and can finish the same task in 40 days. Ans. (B) ‘Avis three times as efficient as B and finish the task 32 days ahead of B. Find the number of days required to finish the S¥elsasers (A) FH days (B) 12 days (©) 1B days (D) 14 days Solution Let A requires x days, then B requites 3x days 3x-x=32 3 2x=32 = x= 16 days So, 38 = 48 days + Together, they can finish att ted puree part 1648 4g Pg ‘Thus, 12 days are required by them to finish the task ‘Ans. (B) Wisi aialeee Gen eee cea ae ca Cena eee, ia oan see ioieeee ieSolution 1 - 25% part or parc in 5 days Ahem 1 part in > = 20 days < days required to complete ten time work = 20 10 = 200 days Ans. (C) 6 men can do piece of work in 12 days. How many men are ceded tn do the workin day (A) 3 men (C) 4men B) 6 men @) 2 men Ans. (©) EME 4men and 3 women finish a job in 6 days, and 5 men and 7 ‘women can do the same jobind days. How long will man sand 1 wouten take (6 0 lie york? (22) o (') Solution 9 ={2)es 0) of 2) aon Let man completes m part in a day and women completes wr part in a day, then 1 4m + Sw 7 =) 1 Sm ea i + Iw= 5 ) Afier simplifying, we get So 13w 1 we (iii) 5 From @) and Gi) we get, m= 52> Bais of Alesha So, it requires Ans. (A) TD IFS boys and 12 women can do a piece of work in 25 days, in how many days ean the work be done by 6 boys and 11 ‘women working together? Ex (A) 1B days (B) 10 days (©) 12 days (D) cannot be determined Solution now to calculate 6B+ Iw Because we have 1 equation in two variables. ‘A.can do a piece of work in 10 days and B can do the same work inv 20 days, With the help of C;they finish the work in ays. How long will uke or GQ alone to finise Uke work? Ans. (D) (A) 20:days 1/510 days (©) 35 days (D) 15 days Solution Work done by Cin 1 di nS veeey* 510 20° 20 ‘This is Cs one day work so 20 days are requited for C alone to finish task Ans. (A) A-can do a piece of work in 20 days. He works at it for 5 days and then B finishes i¢ in 10 more days. In how many ays will A and B together finish the work? (A) 8 days (B) 10 days (©) 12 days (D) 6 days Solution 1 A’ one day work = — y 7 In 5 days, A can complete remaining work = > pare . Bfinishes 3 part in 10 days: 10 _ 40 2. Bfinish 1 part in 2° = ® days Pecne7acest tn ‘Together they can finish it in =8 days Ans. (A) 1 T 8 Perarseee ee eae eeu in 20 days. They work for 5 days and then Pravi goes away. Ino ny mee dys wl I hte nok? (A) 10 days (B) 12 days (© 1 days (D) None of these Solution Pras day work = 3 Rishi day work 2» a gaat ea 2 Work in dare x 3 poe & pat is Temaining-~Risht—ca— Anite We (is) (5) Saroj takes twice as much time as Ajay and thrice as much as Vijay to finish a place of work. Together, they finish the work in T day, What as the time taken by Sarey to finish the work? = 11 days Ans. (D) (A) 6 days (B) 3 days (©) 2days (D) None of these Solution Let Saroj takes 62 days, Ajay takes 3x days and Vijay takes fee 2x days, then Ley 4 21 Pe nerieetiaett ae af: 1 tty axle 3 Sox=1 Saroj will take 6 days Ina fort, there was sufficient food for 200 soldiers for 31 day. ‘Aficr 27 days, 120 soldiers lef the fort. For how many extra days will the rest of the food last for the remaining soldiers? Ans. (A) (A) 12 days (B) 10 days (©) 8 days (D) 6 days Solution Man x Day = Man x Day 200 x 31 = 6200 ‘After 27 days 200% 27 = 5400 Man. Day is remaining = 800 Man Day = 800. su) 80x Da D: 10 Ans. (B) Suppose there are a total of 2011 participants in a mathe ‘matics competition, and at least 1000 of them are female. Morcover, given any 1011 participants, at Teast 11 of them are male. Ifthe number of male participants in this compe- tition is x, then find the value of “~— to the nearest integer? Solution Ieis given that there are at least 1000 female participanes Suppose there are more than 1000 female participants. Then ‘we take a group of 1001 female participants, and add any 10 participants to this group of female participants. This will result in a group of 1011 participants with at most 10 male participants, which contradicts the assumption, Therefore, there are exactly 1000 female participants, Hence, the num= ber of male participants is 2011 — 1000 = 1011 ‘Therefore the final answer is 10. igit integer. When both the first digit (lef- ‘most) and the third digit are increased by n, and the secondBasics of Algebra ARIE digit and the fourth digit are decreased by n, the new mum= ber is m times A. Find the sum of digits of 4. Solution Let the 4-digit number be A= abed . Then 1000(a + n) + 100(6— x) + 10(¢-+ n) + (dn) = nA It gives A + 909n = nA; oF equivalently, (1 — 1) = 909, Note that (n ~ 1) and » are relatively prime and 101 is a prime mumber, We must have (1 ~ 1) is a factor of 9. So n=2orn=4 If a=4, then A = 1212, which is impossible since b 5 6 OG o> 9. 10. 11, 2. 1. 14, 15. 16. 17. tw = y2402 then xt + * is: (a) 26- V2) (B) 6v3 -2 (©) 6-2 @) 12 ffs) = x4 ~ 23° + 3x2 — ay + bs a polynomial such that when it is divided by (x — 1) and (x + 1), the re= mainders are 5 and 19 respectively. If fs) is divided by (— 2), then remainder is a) o ©) 10 B) 5 @) 2 ‘The cubic polynomial P(x) satisfies the condition that (w— 1 isa factor of Pfs) | 2, and ( | 1)? isa factor of P(x) = 2. Then PQ) equals. (a) 27 (B) 18 © 2 @) 6 Ie (= 1) + (9-2 + 39 =366- 1) = E-3) andx-1#y-2#2-3, thenx + y+ zis equal to (a)_2 (B)_=— (C)\6 (D) i 1259. 532 + x P2 = 72} (2 be - 1), then aand bare, respectively: 21 © 1.2 (B) 2-1 (py =1.172 ‘The number of real roots of the equation (x = 1)? + (r= 2P += 3) =0is (a) 0 1 (©) 2 ) 3 Ifa, 6, care real, then a(a~ B) + (b= 9 + de~ a) =0, only if (A) atb+e=0 @) © (D) o=b= Is8 622 + Hx 6= (9) (w=) (v0), then 2a b+ cis equal to, where a< b<< (a) 6 @) 8 (7 ) 7 u (ee) 2 ten esata) B) 4 (D) None of these (ay 2 © 8