Science and Technology of Advanced Materials: Methods

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Creep properties and analysis of creep rupture

data of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.3V steels

Kota Sawada, Yasushi Taniuchi, Kaoru Sekido, Takehiro Nojima & Kazuhiro
Kimura

To cite this article: Kota Sawada, Yasushi Taniuchi, Kaoru Sekido, Takehiro Nojima & Kazuhiro
Kimura (2022) Creep properties and analysis of creep rupture data of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.3V
steels, Science and Technology of Advanced Materials: Methods, 2:1, 198-212, DOI:
10.1080/27660400.2022.2080484

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/27660400.2022.2080484

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by National

Institute for Materials Science in partnership
with Taylor & Francis Group

Published online: 15 Jun 2022.

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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS: METHODS
2022, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 198–212
https://doi.org/10.1080/27660400.2022.2080484

Creep properties and analysis of creep rupture data of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.3V steels

Kota Sawada, Yasushi Taniuchi, Kaoru Sekido, Takehiro Nojima and Kazuhiro Kimura
Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Tensile properties and creep rupture data were obtained for four heats of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.3 V Received 14 March 2022
steels used for high-temperature and high-pressure hydrotreatment reactor vessels. Tensile Revised
tests at room temperature to 650°C were performed in accordance with JIS G 0567. Creep tests Accepted 18 May 2022
at 450 to 600°C were conducted in accordance with JIS Z 2271. Large heat-to-heat variations of KEYWORDS
tensile and creep rupture data were found with the different heat treatment conditions. Low alloy steel; creep
However, no large difference in creep rupture ductility was observed among the heats. property; 100; 000 h creep
Regression analysis was applied to the tensile test data of each heat because of the large heat- rupture strength; allowable
to-heat variations. The creep rupture data of heats VdA and VdB were separately fitted to the stress
regression equation of logarithmic stress using the time-temperature parameters of Larson–
Miller, Orr–Sherby–Dorn and Manson–Haferd to estimate the 100,000 h creep rupture strength.
The appropriate time-temperature parameter and degree of regression equation were selected
based on the fitting accuracy and simplicity of regression equation. The value of 67% of the
100,000 h creep rupture strength was compared with the current allowable stress specified in
codes and standards.

1. Introduction
Heat-resistant steels are used for high-temperature
components in thermal power plants. In order to
design these components safely, the allowable stress
of the steels needs to be known. To determine the
allowable stress, tensile and creep properties should
be evaluated over the range from room temperature to
high temperature [1,2]. For example, the 100,000
hours (about 11.4 years) creep rupture strength is
needed in the criteria of allowable stress [1,2].
Recently, the allowable stress of high-chromium ferri­
tic steel, ASME Gr.91, has been lowered in Japan
because the newly obtained creep rupture strength
data were lower than previously anticipated [3].
Therefore, long-term creep rupture strength data can
contribute to the safe design of components in power
plants. The National Institute for Materials Science
started a creep data sheet project in 1966, with the
main purpose of obtaining the 100,000 h creep rupture
strength for heat-resistant steels and alloys [4].
Recently, we have performed long-term creep tests of
2.25Cr-1Mo-0.3 V steel (JIS SFVCM F22 V [5]), which
is mainly used for high-temperature and high-
pressure hydrotreatment reactor vessels in the petro­
leum industry [6]. For the safe design of these reactor
vessels, the 100,000 h creep rupture strength should be
accurately estimated based on an analysis of creep
rupture data.

CONTACT Kota Sawada SAWADA.Kota@nims.go.jp Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
© 2022 The Author(s). Published by National Institute for Materials Science in partnership with Taylor & Francis Group
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. Meth. 2 (2022) 199 K. SAWADA et al.

In this study, we examined the characteristics of
creep properties and estimated the 100,000 h creep
rupture strength of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.3 V steel.
2. Experimental procedures
2.1 Material
The steel studied was 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.3 V steel (JIS
SFVCM F22 V [5]). The details of the steel such as
type of melting, product form, processing and thermal
history are listed in Table 1. The four heats, VdA, VdB,
VdC and VdD, were sampled for creep testing. The
heats VdB and VdD are the same heat as the heats
VdA and VdC, respectively. Additional heat treat­
ments were conducted for VdB and VdD after initial
heat treatment as shown in Table 1. Therefore, for
example, the hardness of VdB is smaller than that of
VdA. Table 2 shows the chemical compositions of the
steels studied. All the compositions of the steels are in
the range of specification of JIS SFVCM F22 V [5].
2.2 Tensile and creep testing
The tensile tests at room temperature and elevated
temperatures were performed in accordance with JIS
G 0567 [7]. The engineering (nominal) strain rate of
the specimen was controlled to 0.3%/min up to about
1.0% proof stress and 7.5%/min beyond that.
The creep tests were carried out in accordance with
JIS Z 2271 [8]. Creep strain–time data were obtained
using single-type creep testing machines. Solid cylind­
rical specimens with gauge mark projections were
used as shown in Figure 1. The specimen with 10
mm in gauge diameter was used for tensile testing.
For creep testing, both types of specimens were used
corresponding to stress level.
2.3 Temperature measurement and control
The degree of temperature used in the testing pro­
gram was based upon the International
Temperature Scale of 1990. For tensile and creep

Table 1. Details of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.3 V steel forgings, VdA, VdB, VdC and VdD1).
NIMS Size of Austenite Rockwell Non-metallic
reference Type of ingot Deoxidation Product Dimensions grain size harndess inclusion 6)
2) 3)
code melting (kg) process form (mm) Processing and thermal history4) number5) (HRC) (%)
VdA BEA 118,000 Si-Al killed Forged 4004 OD Forged 1020°C/7 h WQ 695°C/ 4.8 19 dA = 0.01
264 WT 11 h AC dB = 0.00
3918 L dC = 0.01
VdB Forged 1020°C/7 h WQ 695°C/ 4.2 12
11 h AC 625°C/10 h AC 705°C/
30 h AC
VdC BEA 120,500 VOD Forged 5070 OD Forged 945°C/6.5 h cooling 8.3 30 dA = 0.01
262 WT 665°C/9.9 h AC dB = 0.01
VdD 3535 L Forged 945°C/6.5 h cooling 8.2 11 dC = 0.07
665°C/9.9 h AC PWHT
1) The forgings were sampled in 2004 (VdA, VdB) and 2007 (VdC, VdD). The details other than grain size number, hardness and non-metallic inclusion were
reported by the steel manufacturer.
2) BEA : basic electric arc furnace
3) OD : outside diameter, WT : wall thickness, L : length
4) WQ : water quenching, AC : air cooling, PWHT : post weld heat treatment, cooling : The cooling rate is 20°C / min.
5) JIS G 0551-2020, “Steels-Micrographic determination of the apparent grain size“
6) JIS G 0555-2020, “Microscopic testing method for the non-metallic inclusions in steel“
7) The heat VdB is the same heat as the heat VdA, except for the additional stress relieving heat treatment.
8) The heat VdD is the same as the heat VdC, except for the PWHT.

Table 2. Chemical composition (product analysis) of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.3 V steel forgings.

Chemical composition (mass percent) 1)
NIMS reference code C Si Mn P S Ni Cr Mo Cu V Ti
Requirement2) ≤0.17 ≤0.10 0.30–0.60 ≤0.015 ≤0.010 ≤0.40 2.00–2.50 0.90–1.10 ≤0.40 0.25–0.35 ≤0.035
VdA 0.12 0.1 0.53 0.004 0.001 0.17 2.39 0.97 0.03 0.29 <0.002
VdB
VdC 0.14 0.06* 0.54 0.004 0.0019 0.17 2.47 1.04 0.05 0.29 0.008
VdD
1)
Chemical composition (mass percent)
NIMS reference code Al B N Nb Ca As Sb Sn La Ce
2)
Requirement ≤0.003 ≤0.07 ≤0.015 (La+Ce) ≤ 0.015
VdA 0.017* 0.0001 0.0068* 0.03 0.0026 0.002 0.001 0.001 <0.01* <0.01*
VdB
VdC <0.0005 0.0004 0.0060 0.02* <0.0005 <0.005* <0.005* 0.002* <0.001* 0.001*
VdD
1) The chemical composition given above was reported by the steel manufacturer except for the elements marked with asterisk, for which the analysis was
carried out at NIMS.
2) SFVCM F22 V, JIS G 3206–1993, “High strength chromium-molybdenum alloy steel forgings for pressure vessels under high-temperature service”
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. Meth. 2 (2022) 200
Figure 1. Specimens for tensile and creep tests.
tests, the temperature was maintained to within
±3°C for temperatures equal to or higher than
100°C.
2.4 Microstructure observation
For observations by optical microscope, the creep
ruptured specimens were cut longitudinally parallel
to the stress direction by a water-cooled fine cutter,
embedded in hard resin, then polished with emery
papers and buffing cloths with paste. The etching was
carried out in a solution of 94 cm3 ethanol and 6 cm3
nitric acid.
3. Analysis method
3.1 Short-term tensile data
Short-term tensile data were analyzed and fitted to the
following regression equation:
�
log Sy or ST ¼ a0 þ a1 T þ a2 T 2 þ . . . þ ak T k (1)
where Sy = 0.2% proof stress (MPa),
ST = tensile strength (MPa),
T = temperature (°C),
a0, a1, a2, . . . , ak = regression coefficients estimated
by the method of least squares, and
k = degree of regression equation.
3.2 Creep rupture data
The creep rupture data were analyzed and fitted to
a regression equation of logarithmic stress using the
time-temperature parameters (P) of Larson–Miller
(LM) [9], Orr–Sherby–Dorn (OSD) [10] and
Manson–Haferd (MH) [11].
LM P ¼ ðT þ 273:15ÞðC þ log tR Þ
K. SAWADA et al.
OSD P ¼ log tR Q=½2:3RðT þ 273:15Þ� (3)
MH P ¼ ðlog tR log ta Þ=ðT þ 273:15 Ta Þ (4)
where tR = time to rupture (h),
T = temperature (°C),
C, Q, ta and Ta = optimized constants, and
R = gas constant.
The master rupture curve equations for the fit were
of the form:
P ¼ b0 þ b1 logS þ b2 ðlogSÞ2 þ . . . þ bk ðlogSÞk (5)
P ¼ b þ b0 S þ b1 logS þ b2 ðlogSÞ2 þ . . . þ bk ðlogSÞk
(6)
where S = stress (MPa),
b, b0, b1, b2, b3, . . . , bk = regression coefficients
estimated by the method of least squares,
and k = degree of regression equation.
4. Experimental results
4.1 Initial microstructure and tensile properties
Figure 2 shows optical micrographs of as received
samples. The microstructure is bainite for all heats.
Prior austenite grain size of VdA and VdB is larger
than those of VdC and VdD. Figure 3 shows the short-
term tensile properties of the four heats listed in
Table 1. The tensile strength and 0.2% proof stress
decreased with increasing temperature for all heats.
However, the difference in tensile strength and 0.2%
proof stress was quite large among the heats. This may
be due to the difference in heat treatment. There is no
large change in elongation and reduction of area at
room temperature to 400°C The elongation and
reduction of area increased with increasing tempera­
(2)
ture above 400°C.
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. Meth. 2 (2022) 201 K. SAWADA et al.

Figure 2. Optical micrographs of as received samples.

Figure 3. Short-Time tensile properties of four heats (a) 0.2% proof stress, (b) Tensile strength, (c) Elongation, (d) Reduction of area.
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. Meth. 2 (2022) 202 K. SAWADA et al.

4.2 Creep properties
Figure 4 shows stress versus time to rupture at 450, 475,
500, 525, 550 and 600°C There is a large difference in
creep strength among the four heats. This may be due to
the difference in heat treatment. Therefore, the
regression analysis should be performed for each heat,
even though the chemical composition is roughly the
same for all heats. The creep strength tends to decrease
in the long term at 550°C and 600°C for all heats. The
creep strength of heat VdA is much higher than that of

Figure 4. Creep rupture strength of all heats. (a) Heat VdA, (b) Heat VdB, (c) Heat VdC, (d) Heat VdD.

Figure 5. Elongation of creep ruptured samples. (a) 450℃, (b) 475℃, (c) 500℃, (d) 525℃, (e) 550℃, (f) 600℃.
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. Meth. 2 (2022) 203 K. SAWADA et al.

heat VdB at 450 to 525°C However, the difference in
creep strength between them becomes small in the long
term at 550°C and 600°C The 0.2% proof stress and
tensile strength of heat VdA are also higher than those
of heat VdB, leading to the difference of creep strength at
450 to 525°C However, the effect of the difference of
tensile properties on creep strength is small in the long
term at 550°C and 600°C. Creep rupture ductility is
shown in Figures 5 and 6. At 450°C there is no large
difference in ductility among the steels. The ductility of
VdA and VdC is relatively smaller than those of VdB and
VdD at 475 to 550°C At 600°C the ductility of VdA and
VdC becomes the same as those of VdB and VdD in the
long term. The time to reach the specified total strain and
the time to tertiary creep were estimated from the strain
and time relation for all heats, as shown in Figure 7. The
time to tertiary creep means the time to 0.2% offset strain
of the tertiary creep.
Figure 8 shows the relationship between minimum
creep rate and stress for all heats. Monkman–Grant
relations [12] are shown in Figure 9. The data show
heat-to-heat variations, so the relation was evaluated for
each heat as shown in Figure 10. The linear relationship
between creep rupture time and minimum creep rate
(Monkman–Grant relation) was computed from the
simple regression equation as listed in Table 3.

Figure 6. Reduction of creep ruptured samples. (a) 450℃, (b) 475℃, (c) 500℃, (d) 525℃, (e) 550℃, (f) 600℃.

Figure 7. Time to reach specified total strain, time to tertiary creep and time to rupture. (a) 450℃, (b) 475℃, (c) 500℃, (d) 525℃,
(e) 550℃, (f) 600℃.
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. Meth. 2 (2022) 204 K. SAWADA et al.

Figure 8. Stress versus minimum creep rate for all heats. (a) Heat VdA, (b) Heat VdB, (c) Heat VdC, (d) Heat VdD.

4.3 Microstructure of creep ruptured samples

Figure 11 shows microstructures of creep ruptured

Figure 9. Monkman-Grant relation for all heats.
samples for each heat. The microstructure of the
gauge portion of creep ruptured samples was
observed. No creep voids were observed for all heats.
As shown in Figures 5 and 6, the creep rupture ducti­
lity of all heats is basically high, indicating that there
was no change in fracture mode. In the case of auste­
nitic stainless steels, the fracture mode changes from
transgranular to intergranular with increasing creep
rupture time [13,14]. For intergranular fracture, creep
rupture ductility is normally low compared with

Figure 10. Monkman-Grant relation for each heats. (a) Heat VdA, (b) Heat VdB, (c) Heat VdC, (d) Heat VdD.
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. Meth. 2 (2022) 205
Table 3. Regression coefficient of the linear relationship
between time to rupture and minimum creep rate for
2.25Cr-1Mo-0.3 V steel.
log tR ¼ A þ B logðminimum creep rateÞ
NIMS
reference
code n*1 A B SEE*2
VdA 50 2. 728,382 x 10−1 −9. 968,288 x 10−1 0.125
VdB 59 4. 130,861 x 10−1 −1.0053466 0.210
VdC 39 2. 794,308 x 10−1 −9. 527,603 x 10−1 0.059
VdD 41 7. 267,190 x 10−1 −9. 447,161 x 10−1 0.146
*1 n : number of data points.
*2 SEE : standard error of estimate.
*3 COD : coefficient of determination.
Minimum creep rate : %/h.
tR : time to rupture (h.
transgranular fracture; in this case, one should con­
sider the change of fracture mode for analysis of creep
rupture data [15]. However, no fracture mode change
was observed in the steel studied because creep rup­
ture ductility was high under all testing conditions.
5. Analysis of experimental data
5.1 Analysis of short-term tensile data
Figure 12 shows the results of regression analysis for
the short-term tensile data shown in Figure 3. The
regression coefficient in Equation (1) for each heat is
listed in Table 4. The degree of regression equation
of tensile strength and 0.2% proof stress was third
and fourth, respectively. We tried several degrees of
regression equation. Figure 13 shows an example of
the trial for 0.2% proof stress of heat VdD. The
fitting was appropriate when the degree of regres­
sion equation was fourth and fifth as compared with
the third degree. The difference of the fitting curve
Figure 11. Microstructure of gauge portion of creep ruptured samples.
K. SAWADA et al.
of the fourth and fifth degrees is very small. To
facilitate using the equation for designing compo­
nents, the equation should be as simple as possible.
Therefore, the fourth degree was selected for the
fitting curve of 0.2% proof stress of heat VdD. In
COD*3 the same way as heat VdD, the degree of regression
0.9777 equation was selected for each heat as listed in
0.9486
0.9922 Table 4.
0.9636
5.2 Analysis of creep rupture data
As shown in Figure 4, there are not enough long-term
creep data for estimating the 100,000 h creep rupture
strength in the case of heats VdC and VdD, so the
creep rupture data were analyzed for heats VdA and
VdB. The creep rupture data of heats VdA and VdB
were separately analyzed because the difference of
creep strength between them was very large due to
the difference of heat treatment as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 14 shows the results of analyzing the creep
rupture data of heat VdA by the LM parameter. (2)
and (5) were used for the analysis. In the case of
the second degree of regression equation, the fitting
is not appropriate at 550°C and 600°C in the long
term. The fitting curve is an S-shape in the long term
when the degree of regression equation is fourth.
However, the fourth degree should not be used
because no trend such as an S-shape was observed in
the experimental data. The fitting curve of the third
and fifth degrees successfully expresses the experimen­
tal data. In this case, the third degree is suitable
because the fitting curve should be as simple as possi­
ble. Figure 15 demonstrates the fitting curve for heat
VdA by using Equation (2) and (6). The fitting
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. Meth. 2 (2022) 206 K. SAWADA et al.

Figure 12. Results of regression analysis for short-time tensile data. (a) tensile strength, (b) 0.2% proof stress.

Table 4. Summary of polynominal regression for short term tensile properties of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.3 V steel.
logðSy or ST Þ ¼ a0 þ a1 T þ a2 T 2 þ a3 T 3 þ a4 T 4
NIMS reference code Dependent variable a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 SEE*1 COD*2
VdA log Sy*3 2. 80,647 −7. 86,084 x 10−5 −1. 51,022 x 10−6 6. 23,788 x 10−9 −7. 56,677 x 10−12 0.005 0.9994
log ST*4 2. 88,042 −5. 94,360 x 10−4 2. 11,330 x 10−6 −3.01249 x 10−9 - 0.005 0.9993
VdB log Sy 2. 70,504 1. 45,555 x 10−4 −3. 40,384 x 10−6 1. 13,820 x 10−8 −1. 17,879 x 10−11 0.006 0.9989
log ST 2. 81,019 −6. 99,515 x 10−4 2. 64,434 x 10−6 −3. 65,801 x 10−9 - 0.005 0.9991
VdC log Sy 2. 92,983 −1.07722 x 10−4 −1. 41,295 x 10−6 5. 65,799 x 10−9 −6. 76,843 x 10−12 0.004 0.9995
log ST 2. 98,372 −5. 30,894 x 10−4 1. 89,144 x 10−6 −2. 72,166 x 10−9 - 0.005 0.9988
VdD log Sy 2. 68,736 1.08669 x 10−4 −3. 68,899 x 10−6 1. 28,716 x 10−8 −1. 34,427 x 10−11 0.006 0.9991
log ST 2. 80,514 −8. 13,995 x 10−4 2. 89,642 x 10−6 −3. 81,359 x 10−9 - 0.004 0.9995
*1 SEE : standard error of estimate.
*2 COD : coefficient of determination.
*3 Sy : 0.2% proof stress (Mpa.
*4 ST : tensile strength (MPa.

rupture data of heat VdA by the OSD parameter are

Figure 13. Results of regression of third, fourth and fifth
degree for 0.2% proof stress of heat VdD.
by second degree of regression equation is not appro­
priate at 550°C in the long term. The third degree
cannot be used because the S-shape was observed in
the long-term. There was no large difference in fourth
and fifth degrees. Therefore, the fourth degree of
regression equation was selected considering simpli­
city of equation. The results of analyzing the creep
shown in Figure 16. Equation (3) and (5) were applied
to the experimental data. The fitting curve with second
degree cannot express the data in the long term. The
curve with fourth degree was not selected because the
curve was an S-shape. The third degree was selected in
terms of simplicity due to the small difference of the
third and fifth degrees. In the case of using Equation
(3) and (6), we checked the fitting curves by second to
fifth degrees. The fitting curve by second degree over­
estimated rupture time at 550°C in the long-term. The
fitting curve by third degree showed the S-shape. In
the case of fifth degree, the fitting curve turned back in
the long-term. Therefore, the fourth degree was
selected for the fitting curve. Figure 17 shows the
results of analyzing the creep rupture data of heat
VdA by the MH parameter and Equation (5). The
fitting curve by second degree cannot express the
experimental data. The fitting curve by fifth degree
underestimates rupture time at 550°C in the long-
term. The fitting curves by third and fourth degrees
are not suitable because of S-shape. However, the
fitting curve by fourth degree was selected for com­
parison of MH parameter and others. The second
degree was appropriate when Equation (4)and (6)
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. Meth. 2 (2022) 207 K. SAWADA et al.

Figure 14. Results of regression analysis by LM parameter and Equation (5) for heat VdA. (a) 2nd degree, (b) 3rd degree, (c) 4th
degree, (d) 5th degree. SEE: standard error of estimate, COD: coefficient of determination

Figure 15. Results of regression analysis by LM parameter and Equation (6) for heat VdA. (a) 2nd degree, (b) 3rd degree, (c) 4th
degree, (d) 5th degree. SEE: standard error of estimate, COD: coefficient of determination
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. Meth. 2 (2022) 208 K. SAWADA et al.

Figure 16. Results of regression analysis by OSD parameter and Equation (5) for heat VdA. (a) 2nd degree, (b) 3rd degree, (c) 4th
degree, (d) 5th degree. SEE: standard error of estimate, COD: coefficient of determination

Figure 17. Results of regression analysis by MH parameter and Equation (5) for heat VdA. (a) 2nd degree, (b) 3rd degree, (c) 4th
degree, (d) 5th degree. SEE: standard error of estimate, COD: coefficient of determination
 h
Table 5. Selected regression coefficient of Laron-Miller, Orr-Sherby-Dorn and Manson-Haferd iparameters fitted to creep rupture data of heat VdA and VdB.
LM_1 log tR ¼ ðT þ 273:15Þ 1 b0 þ b1 logS þ b2 ðlogSÞ2 þ b3 ðlogSÞ3 þ b4 ðlogSÞ4 þ b5 ðlogSÞ5 C
�
LM_2 log tR ¼ ðT þ 273:15Þ 1 ½b þ b0 S þ b1 log S þ b2 ðlog SÞ2 þ b3 ðlog SÞ3 þ b4 ðlog SÞ4 þ b5 log SÞ5 C
OSD_1 log tR ¼ Q½2:3RðT þ 273:15Þ� 1 þ b0 þ b1 log S þ b2 ðlog SÞ2 þ b3 ðlog SÞ3 þ b4 ðlog SÞ4 þ b5 ðlog SÞ5
OSD_2 log tR ¼ Q½2:3RðT þ 273:15Þ� h1 þ b þ b0 S þ b1 log S þ b2 ðlog SÞ2 þ b3 ðlog SÞ3 þ b4 ðlog SÞ4 þ b5 ðlog SÞ5 i
MH_1 log gttR gt ¼ gtðT þ 273:15 Ta Þ gtb0 gt þ gtb1 log Sgt þ gtb2 ðlog SÞ2 gt þ gtb3 ðlog SÞ3 gt þ gtb4 ðlog SÞ4 gt þ gtb5 ðlog SÞ5 gt þ gt log ta
h i
MH_2 log gttR gt ¼ gtðT þ 273:15 Ta Þ gtbgt þ gtb0 Sgt þ gtb1 log Sgt þ gtb2 ðlog SÞ2 gt þ gtb3 ðlog SÞ3 gt þ gtb4 ðlog SÞ4 gt þ gtb5 ðlog SÞ5 gt þ gt log ta
n*1 C Q Ta logta b b0 b1
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. Meth. 2 (2022) 209

VdA 50 LM_1 1. 9,772,343 x 10 - - - - 7.0045508 x 104 −7. 5,328,705 x 104

LM_2 1. 9,839,873 x 10 - - - −1. 3,527,281 x 106 4. 2,640,941 x 102 2. 7,658,445 x 106
OSD_1 - 3. 5,678,177 x 105 - - - 1. 2,085,663 x 102 −1. 9,837,506 x 102
OSD_2 - 3. 5,815,729 x 105 - - −3. 3,512,235 x 103 9. 1,262,360 x 10−1 6. 6,082,921 x 103
MH_1 - - 500.0 1. 2,425,323 x 10 - 5. 2,874,806 x 10−1 −5. 5,502,739 x 10−1
MH_2 - - 500.0 1. 2,397,528 x 10 2. 4,050,275 x 10−1 −2. 4,237,577 x 10−4 −2. 8,361,981 x 10−1
b2 b3 b4 b5 SEE*2 COD*3
LM_1 3. 9,486,211 x 104 −7.0532585 x 103 - - 0.097 0.9874
6
LM_2 −2. 1,195,065 x 10 7. 3,584,581 x 105 −1.0058333 x 105 - 0.093 0.9888
OSD_1 9. 6,282,844 x 10 −1. 5,802,903 x 10 - - 0.088 0.9897
OSD_2 −4. 9,858,740 x 103 1. 7,040,999 x 103 −2. 2,894,760 x 102 - 0.080 0.9917
MH_1 6. 7,309,910 x 10−2 7. 7,184,114 x 10−2 −2.0455466 x 10−2 - 0.083 0.9910
MH_2 8. 2,261,435 x 10−2 - - - 0.084 0.9904
n*1 C Q Ta logta b b0 b1
VdB 59 LM_1 2. 1,030,430 x 10 - - - - 1. 3,769,027 x 107 −3.0709862 x 107
LM_2 2. 1,027,308 x 10 - - - 6. 1,166,864 x 106 −2.0291540 x 103 −1. 2,321,929 x 107
OSD_1 - 3. 7,191,140 x 105 - - - 1. 9,502,562 x 104 −4. 3,260,168 x 104
OSD_2 - 3. 7,042,543 x 105 - - −1.0768289 x 102 3. 6,221,694 x 10−2 9. 7,617,839 x 10
MH_1 - - 500.0 1. 2,455,374 x 10 - −1. 9,961,179 x 10−1 1. 8,390,501 x 10−1
MH_2 - - 500.0 1. 2,463,462 x 10 −2. 4,699,714 x 10−1 2. 3,179,392 x 10−5 2. 3,220,460 x 10−1
b2 b3 b4 b5 SEE*2 COD*3
LM_1 2. 7,337,396 x 107 −1. 2,119,100 x 107 2. 6,754,488 x 106 −2. 3,535,382 x 105 0.087 0.9920
6 6 5
LM_2 9. 4,852,052 x 10 −3. 3,057,340 x 10 4. 5,356,735 x 10 - 0.087 0.9920
OSD_1 3. 8,218,558 x 104 −1. 6,823,224 x 104 3. 6,897,537 x 103 −3. 2,265,299 x 102 0.071 0.9947
OSD_2 −2. 7,294,617 x 10 - - - 0.089 0.9912
MH_1 −4. 7,613,571 x 10−2 - - - 0.087 0.9916
MH_2 −6.0533895 x 10−2 - - - 0.087 0.9917
*1 n : number of data points.
*2 SEE : standard error of estimate.
*3 COD : coefficient of determination.
*4 R : gas constant.
K. SAWADA et al.
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. Meth. 2 (2022) 210 K. SAWADA et al.

Figure 18. Comparison of fitting curves by LM, OSD and MH parameters. (a) Heat VdA, (b) Heat VdB.

Table 6. Regression coefficient of Orr-Sherby-Dorn parameter fitted to creep rupture data of heat VdA and VdB.
log tR ¼ Q½2:3RðT þ 273:15Þ� 1 þ b0 þ b1 log S þ b2 ðlog SÞ2 þ b3 ðlog SÞ3 þ b4 ðlog SÞ4 þ b5 ðlog SÞ5
n*1 Q b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 SEE*2 COD*3
VdA 50 3. 5,678,177 1. 2,085,663 −1. 9,837,506 9. 6,282,844 −1. 5,802,903 - - 0.088 0.9897
x 105 x 102 x 102 x 10 x 10
VdB 59 3. 7,191,140 1. 9,502,562 −4. 3,260,168 3. 8,218,558 −1. 6,823,224 3. 6,897,537 −3. 2,265,299 0.071 0.9947
x 105 x 104 x 104 x 104 x 104 x 103 x 102
**
*1 n : number of data points.
**
*2 SEE : standard error of estimate.
**
*3 COD : coefficient of determination.
**
*4 R : gas constant.

Figure 19. Selected fitting curves using the regression coefficient listed in Table 6. (a) Heat VdA, (b) Heat VdB.

were applied to the data. In the same way as heat VdA,
the creep rupture data were analyzed for heat VdB by
the LM, OSD and MH parameters. The appropriate
degree of regression equation was selected considering
extrapolation accuracy and simplicity of fitting curve.
The selected degrees of regression equation for heats
VdA and VdB are summarized in Table 5. Figure 18
shows the fitting curves based on the results of Table 5
and experimental data. There is no large difference in
fitting curve up to around 100,000 h at 450, 475 and
500°C. On the other hand, at 525°C and 550°C the
extrapolated 100,000 h creep rupture strength is
different among the fitting curves. The fitting curve
by the MH parameter shows a faster drop of creep
rupture strength at 100,000 h or more as compared
with other parameters. For heats VdA and VdB, the
fitting curve by the MH parameter underestimates
rupture time at 500°C and 525°C in the long-term
around 100,000 h. The fitting curve by the MH para­
meter is appropriate at 550°C for heat VdA. However,
it is difficult to recommend MH parameter because the
steel studied is normally used at around 500°C [6]. The
fitting curves by the LM parameter overestimates the
creep rupture strength at 500°C to 550°C in the long
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. Meth. 2 (2022) 211 K. SAWADA et al.

Figure 20. Temperature dependence of 0.2% proof stress, tensile strength and creep rupture strength at 100, 1000, 10000 and
100000 h (a) Heat VdA, (b) Heat VdB.

Table 7. Summary of creep rupture strength in MPa evaluated from curvilinear regression using Orr-Sherby-Dorn parameter
method for 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.3 V steels.
450℃ 475℃ 500℃
NIMS reference number Number of data points 102h 103h 104h 105h 102h 103h 104h 105h 102h 103h 104h 105h
VdA 50 496 448 398 347 455 405 354 300 415 364 311 252
VdB 59 - 384 321 262 390 327 268 221 338 276 228 189
525°C 550°C 600°C
NIMS reference number Number of data points 102h 103h 104h 105h 102h 103h 104h 105h 102h 103h 104h
VdA 50 377 324 267 202 340 284 222 144 267 201 116
VdB 59 288 237 197 160 249 207 170 127 193 156 106

term around 100,000 h. Therefore, the fitting curve by
the OSD parameter is appropriate for heats VdA and
VdB. In the case of the OSD parameter, there is no
large difference in fitting curve by using Equation (5)
and (6) for heat VdA. The fitting curve by Equation (5)
should be selected because of the simplicity of regres­
sion equation. For heat VdB, the fitting accuracy by
Equation (5) is appropriate at 600°C in the long term
as compared with the fitting accuracy by Equation (6).
Consequently, the fitting curve by using the OSD
parameter and Equation (5) was selected for creep
rupture data analysis for heats VdA and VdB. The
regression coefficients are listed in Table 6. The
fitting curves using these coefficients are shown in
Figure 19. The maximum creep rupture time extra­
polated from the fitting curve is 300,000 h because
normally extrapolation should be less than three
times the experimental data. The temperature
dependence of 0.2% proof stress, tensile strength
and creep rupture strength at 100, 1,000, 10,000
and 100,000 h as calculated from regression equa­
tions listed in Table 6 are shown in Figure 20. The
creep rupture strength estimated using the regres­
sion equations listed in Table 6 is shown in
Table 7. For determining allowable stress, a value
of 67% of the 100,000 h creep rupture strength is
used [1,2]. For example, this value at 475°C
obtained from Table 7 is about 201 MPa and 148
MPa for heats VdA and VdB, respectively. The
allowable stress of JIS SFVCM F22 V is 141 MPa
at 475°C [16]. According to ASME SA-336 F22 V
[1], the allowable stress at 475°C is the same as that
of JIS SFVCM F22 V and is determined by taking
a safety factor on tensile property. The estimated
value of 67% of the 100,000 h creep rupture
strength from Table 7 is higher than the allowable
stress determined by short-term tensile properties,
indicating that the current allowable stress does not
need to be modified.
The tables of data used in this study will be pub­
lished in the database of https://smds.nims.go.jp/
creep/en/as a NIMS Creep Data Sheet. Now, the
National Institute for Materials Science is reviewing
publication policy of the NIMS Creep Data Sheet.
After the review, the NIMS Creep Data Sheet for JIS
SFVCM F22 V steel will be published.
6. Conclusions
Short-term tensile and creep rupture data were
obtained for JIS SFVCM F22 V steels. The regres­
sion equation for short-term tensile data was deter­
mined for heats VdA, VdB, VdC and VdD. The
regression equation using the Orr–Sherby–Dorn
parameter can reasonably express the creep rupture
data of heats VdA and VdB, and was used to
Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. Meth. 2 (2022) 212
evaluate the 100,000 h creep rupture strength for
heats VdA and VdB.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
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