University of Science & Technology

Faculty of Engineering

Department of Electronic Engineering

A Research submitted as partial Fulfillment for the Degree of

B.Sc.(Hon) in Electronic Engineering

GPS Vehicle Tracking and Shift Detection

Submitted by:
- Basma Adam Mohammed Adam
- Mozamil Jamal Mohammed Ismil
- Yassin Ahmed Mohammed Jameelallah

Supervised by:

Associate Professor. Dr. Awadallah Taifour Ali

Feb - 2022
 ‫ﻗﺎل ﺍﷲ ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﱦ ﱨﱩﱪﱫﱬﱭ‬
‫ﱧ‬ ‫ﱡ ﱡﱢﱣﱤﱥ‬

‫ﱮﱯﱰﱱ ﱲﱳﱴﱵﱶﱷﱸ‬

‫ﱼﱾﱿﲀﲁﲂﲃﲄ ﲅﱠ‬
‫ﱹﱺ ﱻ ﱽ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﺴﻭﺭﺓ ﺍل ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻴﺔ )‪(103‬‬

‫‪I‬‬
 
 












  





II
 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺸﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴﻠﻴﻥ ﻨﺒﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﻭﺼﺤﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺃﺠﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﷲ ﻋﺯ ﻭﺠل ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﻓﺎ ﷲ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻡ <ﻴﺴﺭﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﺠﺯﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺭ ﻟﻭﺍﻟﺩﺍﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﺫﻴﻨﻘﺩﻤﺎ ﻟﻲ ﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﻥ ﻭﺴﻬﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺘﻲ ﻭﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺍﻡ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜﺭ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺘﺫﻩ ﻭﺩﻜﺎﺘﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﺭ ﻤﻭﺼ‪‬ﻭل ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻻﻋﺯﺍﺀ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺒﺫﻟﻭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻠﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻜﺘﹶﻭﺭ ‪/‬ﻋﻭﺽ ﺍﷲ ﻁﻴﻔﻭﺭ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‪ /‬ﻋﻭﺽ ﺍﷲ ﻁﻴﻔﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﷲ ‪ -‬ﻋﺯ ﻭﺠل ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻪ ﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻵﻤﺘﻨﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪III‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ‬

‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـ ‪ GSM‬ﻭ‪ GPS‬ﻭﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻤﻊ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺘﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻭل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﻨﺼﻴﺔ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺍﺒﻁ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﻜل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪IV‬‬
 ABSTRACT

Vehicle tracking system based on GSM and GPS and testing it with a mobile

phone network enables the user to receive text messages that contain a map

link that can determine the location of his vehicle. This is just an illustrative

model but can be implemented on the outside world for protection purposes on

vehicles of all kinds.

V
 List of Content
Content Page
‫اﻵﯾﺔ‬ I
‫اﻷھﺪاء‬ II
‫اﻟﺸﻜﺮ واﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮ‬ III
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬ IV
ABSTRACT V
List of content VI
List of Figure VIII
Abbreviations IX
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1General Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Project Objectives 2
1.4 Methodology 3
1.5 Project Layout 3
Chapter Tow
The Theoretical Background and Literature Review
2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Global Positioning System 4
2.2.1 History Global Positioning System 5
2.2.2 Global Positioning System Section 5
2.2.2.1 Space section 5
2.2.2.2 Control Section 6
2.2.2.3 User section 6
2.2.3 Methods of Observations 7
2.2.3.1 Absolute Positioning 7
2.2.3.2 Relative Positioning 7
2.2.3.3 Differential Global Positioning System 8
2.2.3.4 Kinematic Global Positioning System 9
2.2.4 Application of Global Positioning System 9
2.3 Global System for Mobile Communications Mode 10
2.3.1 History of Global System for Mobile 10
2.3.2 Global System for Mobile Architecture 11
2.3.3 Application of Global System for Mobile 14
2.4 Vehicle Tracking System 14
2.4.1 Tracking System 16
.2.4.2 Tracking Applications 17
2.4.3 Different Types of Tracking System 17

VI
2.5 Microcontroller history 21
2.6 Microcontroller Overview 21
2.7 Microcontroller Architecture 22
2.8 Microcontroller Programming 23
2.9 Advantages and disadvantage of microcontroller 24
2.10 Microcontroller Applications 24
Chapter Three
System Hardware and Software
3.1 System Description 25
3.2 System Hardware 25
3.2.1 Arduino 25
3.2.2 Arduino Uno 25
3.3 Global positioning system Module 26
3.3.1 Pin configurations 27
3.4 Global System for Mobile Communication 27
3.4.1 Pin Configuration 28
3.5 System Flowchart 28
3.6 The Code 29
3.7 Simulation 33
Chapter Four
System Implementation and Testing
4.1 System implementation 34
4.2 System Testing 35
Chapter five
Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusion 37
5.2 Recommendations 38
References 28

VII
 List of Figure
Figure Page
Figure 2.1: GSM Interfaces used 13
Figure 2.2: GSM Architecture 13
Figure 2.3: Vehicle Tracking System 20
Figure 2.4: Microcontroller 8051 Chips 22
Figure 2.5: Block Diagram Microcontroller Programming 23
Figure 3.1: System block diagram 25
Figure 3.2: Arduino Uno 26
Figure 3.3: GPS 26
Figure 3.4 GSM 27
Figure 3.5 System Flow Chart 29
Figure 3.6 System Simulation 33
Figure (4.1) Circuit Implementation 34
Figure (4.2) Link of Google Map 35
Figure (4.3) Google Map 36

VIII
 Abbreviations
GPS Global Positioning System
Mcs Master control Station
MSs Monitor stations
ULS UP Load Station
SV Space Vehicle
WGS 84 World Geodetic reference system 1984
3D Position of the antenna ( x, y, Z) and the receiver Clock error can be
determined
DGps Differentialor Global Positioning system
GSM Global system for Mobile communication
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
HSPA High speed packet Access
SMS Stands for short message service
MS Mobile Station
Bss Base Station subsystem
Nss Network switching subsystem
ME Mobile Equipment
SIM Subscriber Identity Module
MT Mobile Termination
MSC Mobile switch Center
HLR Home location Register
VLR Visitor Location Register
AuC Authentication Center
EIR Equipment Identity Register
IWF Inter working function
SCM Supply chain Management
EPC Electronic product Code
WMS workhouse Management System
RTLs real Time locating
AVL Automatic Vehicle location
AGPS Assisted Global Positioning System
System
RFID Radio frequency Identification
GIS Geographic Information system
system
RF Radio frequency
DIP dual in line package

IX
Chapter One
Introduction
 Chapter One

Introduction

1.1General Background

Vehicle tracking system is getting popular and widely used in a lot of

countries worldwide. It has tons of advantages to users even more to the
vehicle users in which it will make it easier for them to track their vehicles.

Nowadays, everyone cannot be separated from their smart phones. A

number of five thousands individuals from USA, UK, South Korea, India,
China, South Africa, Indonesia and Brazil took a survey regarding which was
done by Time magazine. The result proved most of them is inseparable from
their smart phones, eighty four per cent allegedly claimed that survive without
their smart phones.

Another study shows that seventy five per cent of the market share is
Smartphone and a total of one hundred and six million Smartphone were
shipped in the second half of 2012.Smartphone became the top
telecommunication medium in the market in the present time worldwide and it
became the most popular used telecommunication medium known to man.

So, from the above mentioned survey now it’s clear that how smart phones
became important and integral part of our modern day life, that’s the reason to
make this vehicle tracking system text message oriented so that we can take
care of our own vehicle in just one touch of our hand. Through smart phone we
can track real time location of our vehicle with the help of internet connection.
In such a manner, this tracking system designed so that users can have easy
and user friendly interface to fetch their vehicle.

1
1.2 Problem Statement

In the present day vehicle tracking is becoming essential for the purpose of
improving our life condition. Convenience and ease of using vehicle is what
home vehicle tracking is offering. Vehicle tracking offers a futuristic way of
life in which an individual gets to control his vehicle using a smart phone,
from tracking a vehicle /detecting accidental place of a vehicle; it also offers
an efficient use of technology.

But to get or acquire such system installed will cost a lot of money and that
is the major reason of why vehicle tracking has not received much demand and
attention, adding to that also the complexity of installing it and configuring it.
Thus it is essential to make it cost effective and easy to configure, if this is
granted to people then they will be willing to acquire it in their personal
vehicles, school buses and taxes/cabs etc. In other words, a system
modification for the vehicle tracking is required in order to lower the price of
applying it to vehicles. Also this tracking project can be used to purpose of
women safety as well as parents can be used to take care of their child/kid for
the safety or missing purpose or to track their activities for their future.

1.3 Project Objectives

To construct a vehicle tracking system controlled by a Smartphone

specifically an embedded device. To design and implement cost effective
vehicle tracking system yet an efficient one.

To design a user friendly and a safe system to control vehicles especially

aimed to aid the all aged people. As well as it’s designed such a way so that it
can be used for multi-purpose like detecting the accident place of the vehicle
or the accident alert system as well as it’s useful to track soldiers or to track
child/ kid for their safety or missing purpose and also can be useful for women

2
safety purpose. So when this embedded system design take care of every
aspect of its purpose as it mentioned above.

1.4 Methodology

This system monitors the vehicle using a Global system for Mobile
Communications (GSM) and GPS network and can simply programmed to
monitor the vehicle by sending and receiving text messages.

1.5 Project Layout

The project is divided in to 5 chapters

Chapter 1: General background, project objectives, problem statement and

layout

Chapter 2: introduction, global position system, global system for mobile,

tracking system, vehicle tracking system, microcontroller overview.

Chapter 3: system hardware and system software.

Chapter 4: system implementation and testing.

Chapter 5: conclusion and recommendations.

3
 Chapter Two
The Theoretical Background and
Literature Review
 Chapter Two
The Theoretical Background and Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

Vehicle Tracking systems are very commonly used in fleet management and
asset tracking applications. Today these systems can not only track the location
of the vehicle but can also report the speed and even control it remotely. In
general, tracking of vehicles is a process in which we track the vehicle location
in form of Latitude and Longitude (GPS coordinates). GPS Coordinates are the
value of a location. This system is very efficient for outdoor application
purposes. This kind of Vehicle Tracking System Project is widely in tracking
Cabs/Taxis, stolen vehicles, school, college, buses etc.

In this project, we are going one step ahead with GPS building a GSM and
GPS based vehicle tracking system using Arduino.

This Vehicle Tracking System can also be used to track a vehicle using
GPS and GSM and can also be used as Accident Detection Alert System,
Soldier Tracking System and many more, by just making few changes in
hardware and software.

2.2 Global Positioning System

Global positioning system is a system composed of a network of 24

satellites of the US. The satellites periodically emit radio signal to GPS
receivers. The GPS receiver receives the signal from at least three satellites
using triangular technique to compute two-dimensions, or four satellites to
compute three dimensions (latitude, longitude and altitude) .[1]

4
2.2.1 History Global Positioning System

The GPS project was launched in the United States in 1973 to overcome the
limitations of previous navigation systems integrating ideas from several
predecessors, including classified engineering design studies from the 1960s.
The U.S. Department of Defense developed the system, which originally used
24 satellites. It was initially developed for use by the United States military
and became fully operational in 1995. Civilian use was allowed from the
1980s. Roger L. Easton of the Naval Research Laboratory, Ivan A. Getting of
The Aerospace Corporation, and Bradford Parkinson of the Applied Physics
Laboratory are credited with inventing it.

The work of Gladys West is credited as instrumental in the development of

computational techniques for detecting satellite positions with the precision
needed for GPS [1].

2.2.2 Global Positioning System Section

The Global Positioning System basically consists of three section: the Space
section, The Control section and the User section.

2.2.2.1 Space section

The Space section contains 24 satellites, in 12-hour near-circular orbits at

altitude of about20000 km, with inclination of orbit 55. The constellation
ensures at least 4 satellites in view from any point on the earth at any time for
3-D positioning and navigation on world-wide basis .The three axis controlled,
earth-pointing satellites continuously transmit navigation and system data
comprising predicted satellite ephemeris, clock error etc., on dual frequency
L1 and L2bands.

5
2.2.2.2 Control Section

This has a Master Control Station (MCS), few Monitor Stations (MSs) and
an Up Load Station (ULS). The MSs are transportable shelters with receivers
and computers; all located in U.S.A., which passively track satellites,
accumulating ranging data from navigation signals. This is transferred to MCS
for processing by computer, to provide best estimates of satellite position,
velocity and clock drift relative to system time. The data thus processed
generates refined information of gravity field influencing the satellite motion,
solar pressure parameters, position, clock bias and electronic delay
characteristics of ground stations and other observable system influences.
Future navigation messages are generated from this and loaded into satellite
memory once a day via ULS which has a parabolic antenna, a transmitter and a
computer. Thus, role of Control section is:

- To estimate satellite [space vehicle (SV)] ephemerides and atomic clock

behavior.

- To predict SV positions and clock drifts.

- To upload this data to SVs.

2.2.2.3 User section

The user equipment consists of an antenna, a receiver, a data-processor with

software and a control /display unit. The GPS receiver measures the pseudo
range, phase and other data using navigation signals from minimum 4 satellites
and computes the 3-D position, velocity and system time. The position is in
geocentric coordinates in the basic reference coordinate system: World
Geodetic reference System 1984 (WGS 84), which are converted and
displayed as geographic, UTM, grid, or any other type of coordinates.
Corrections like delay due to ionospheres and troposphere refraction, clock
errors, etc. are also computed and applied by the user equipment / processing
software.

6
2.2.3 Methods of Observations

The different methods of observations with GPS include, absolute

positioning, relative positioning in translocation mode, relative positioning
using differential GPS technique, and kinematic GPS surveying technique.

2.2.3.1 Absolute Positioning

In the absolute positioning mode, the absolute coordinates of the antenna

position (centered over the survey station) are determined using single GPS
receiver, by a method similar to the resection method used in plane tabling.
The pseudo ranges (the satellite-antenna range, contaminated by the receiver
clock bias) from minimum four satellites are observed at the given epoch, from
which the four unknown parameters - the 3-D position of the antenna (x, y, z)
and the receiver clock error can be determined. The accuracy of the position
obtained from this method depends upon the accuracy of the time and position
messages received from this satellite. With the selective availability
operational, the accuracy of absolute positioning in real-time was limited to
about 100 meters which has now improved to a about 10 to 20 meters since the
SA is switched-off. This can be further improved to few centimeter level by
using post-processed satellite orbit information in the post-processing mode.
The accuracy of absolute positioning with GPS is limited mainly due to the
high orbit of the satellites. However, very few applications require absolute
position in real time.

2.2.3.2 Relative Positioning

In the translocation mode, with two or more GPS receivers observing the
same satellites simultaneously, many common errors, including the major
effect of SA get cancelled out, yielding the relative positions of the two or
more observing stations to a very high level of accuracy. The length of the

7
baseline between two stations, and also the absolute position of one of the
stations, if accurate position of the other station is known, can be obtained to
cmlevel accuracy, using carrier phase observations. In differencing mode of
observations, using single difference (difference of carrier phase observations
from two receivers to the same satellite), double difference (between
observations from two receivers to two satellites) and triple difference
(difference of double differences over two time epochs), effect of many errors
such as receiver and satellite clock errors etc., can be minimised. Use of dual
frequency observations (both L1 and L2 frequencies) eliminates the major part
of ionospheres effect on the signal, thus improving the accuracy of positioning.
With accurate satellite orbit information, and use of such refined data-
processing and modeling techniques, few mm to cm level accuracy is possible
even in regional or global scale surveys.

2.2.3.3 Differential Global Positioning System

A modification of the relative positioning method is the differential GPS

(DGPS) technique, where one of the two receivers observing simultaneously is
equipped with a transmitter and other receiver (s) can receive the messages
given by this transmitter. The transmitting receiver is kept fixed on a point
whose location is known to high degree of accuracy. Based upon this position,
the receiver computes corrections to the range/phase observations from a GPS
satellite, and transmits them to the other receiver, which can apply these
corrections to improve the accuracy of its own position computed from GPS
observations. Such a system is suited for applications such as vehicle guidance
system, locating fishing boats close to the seashore, etc. The limited range of
the transmitter restricts the use of such system to few km. However, satellite-
based DGPS services, now commercially available, remove these restrictions
on the DGPS technique, making possible Wide Area DGPS.

8
2.2.3.4 Kinematic Global Positioning System

In the Kinematic GPS technique, one of the receivers is in relative motion

with respect to the other receiver, having been mounted either on a vehicle,
ship or aircraft. Even with the difficulties encountered in obtaining the
constantly changing position of the moving receiver, the method also offers
some advantages over static surveying, including the ease with which the
ambiguity resolution (estimating the whole number of wavelengths in the
phase observable) can be done. This technique has a number of important
applications, including ship and aircraft navigation, photogrammetric survey
control, etc.

2.2.4 Application of Global Positioning System

Due to the high accuracy, versatility, ease and economy of operation, and
all-weather operation offered by GPS, it has found numerous applications in
many fields, ranging from the mm-level high precision geodesy to the several-
meter level navigational positioning. Some of these applications are:

 Establishment of high precision zero order Geodetic National Survey

Control Network of GPS stations.
 Strengthening, densification and readjustment of existing Primary Control
Networks using GPS stations.
 Connecting remote islands to mainland Geodetic Control Networks.
 Determination of a precise geoid using GPS data.
 Earth rotation and Polar Motion Studies from GPS data.
 Estimating gravity anomalies using GPS.
 Marine Geodesy: positioning of oceanic stations, buoys etc.
 Earthquake monitoring: Crustal movements of the order of few cm/year
can be monitored using GPS method, thus making GPS most suitable for
monitoring continental drifts, neotectonic / seism tectonic movement, etc.
9
 Vertical Control Network : High accuracy of few mm in heights achievable
with GPS at much less cost and time compared to leveling to make GPS
method most suitable for establishing lower accuracy vertical control
networks.
 Geophysical positioning, mineral exploration and mining.
 Survey control for topographical and cadastral surveys.
 Ground control for photogrammetric control surveys and mapping.
 Offshore positioning: Shipping, offshore platforms, fishing boats. [2]

2.3 Global System for Mobile Communications Mode

• It is a digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data
services-hence it is a circuit switched system.

• By being a circuit switched it divides each 200Khz channel into eight 25Khz
time slots.

• GSM operates on the mobile communication bands of 900Mhz-1800Mhz in

most parts of the world.

• It makes use of narrow band Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

technique for transmitting signals.

• GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down through a channel
with two other streams of user data each in its own time slot.

2.3.1 History of Global System for Mobile

BY 2005 GSM networks accounted for more than 75% of the worldwide
cellular network market, serving 1.5 billion subscribers. In 2005, the first
HSDPA-capable network also became operational. The first HSUPA network
launch in 2007. (High-speed packet Access (HSPA) and its uplink and

10
downlink versions are 3G technologies, not part of GSM.) Worldwide GSM
subscribers exceeded three billion in 2008.The GSM Association estimated in
2010 that technologies defined in the GSM standard served 80% of the mobile
market, encompassing more than 5 billion people across more than 212
countries and territories, making GSM the most ubiquitous of the many
standards for cellular network. [3]

2.3.2 Global System for Mobile Architecture

GSM network has three major subsystems which comprises of many functional
units.

1. Mobile Station (MS).

2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS),

3. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS).

Mobile Station

The mobile station (MS) consists of the physical equipment used by a

PLMN subscriber to connect to the network. It comprises of the Mobile
Equipment (ME) and Subscriber Identity Module. (SIM)

• Mobile Equipment can be dispositive portable, mounted on a vehicle, or

held in hand. ME forms part of the Mobile Termination (MT) which

depending on the application and services.

• Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) stores permanent and temporary data

about the mobile, the subscriber and the network. It permits the user A

to send a call to a user B under subscribed service.

11
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

• Consists of a Base Station Controller (BSC) and one or more Base

Transceiver Stations (BTS).

• Base Station Controller allocates a channel for the duration of a call,

maintains the call, monitors quality, controls the power transmitted by
BTS or MS and generates a handover to another cell when required.

Base Transceiver Station provide access to the mobile station and manage
radio access aspects of the system. It contains Radio Transmitter / receiver
(TRX), Signal processing and control equipment and feeder cables and
antennas.

Network Switching Subsystem

The NSS is responsible for the network operation. It provides the link
between the cellular networks and the public switched telecommunication
network (PSTN, ISDN, or Data Networks). The NSS controls the handoffs
between cells in different BSS, authenticates user and validates their accounts
and includes functions for enabling worldwide roaming of mobile suscribers.

The Switch System consists of:

• Mobile Switch Centre (MSC)

• Home Location Register (HLR)

• Visitor Location Register (VLR)

• Authentication Center (AuC)

• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

• Interworking Functions (IWF)

12
 GSM Conceptual Block Diagram

BTS BSC MSC Other

UE Network

Um Abis A SS7 Interfaces used for

Figure 2.1: GSM Interfaces used

Um HLR VLR
BSC

PSTN, ISDN,
SIM BTS MSC
PSPDN, CSPDN

BTS BSC
Abis
EIR AvC

Mobile Station Base Sub-System A Network sub-system

Figure 2.2: GSM Architecture

13
2.3.3 Application of Global System for Mobile

• Access control devices: Now access control devices can communicate

with servers and security staff through SMS messaging. Complete log of
transaction is available at the head-office Server instantly without any
wiring involved sand device can instantly alert security personnel on their
mobile phone in case of any problem. You can achieve high security any
reliability.

• Transaction terminals: EDC machines, POS terminals can use SMS

messaging to confirm transactions from central servers. The main benefit
is that central server can be anywhere in the world. Today you need local
servers in every city with multiple telephone lines. You save huge
infrastructure costs as well as per transaction cost.
Supply Chain Management: Today SCM require huge IT infrastructure
with leased lines, networking devices, data centre, workstations and still
you have large downtimes and high costs. You can do all this at a fraction
of the cost with GSM M2M technology. A central server in your head
office with GSM capability is the answer, you can receive instant
transaction data from all your branch offices, warehouses and business
associates with nil downtime and low cost. [4]

2.4 Vehicle Tracking System

Tracking of vehicle is a process in which we track the vehicle location in

form of Latitude and Longitude (GPS coordinates). GPS Coordinates are the
value of a location. This system is very efficient for outdoor application
purpose. This kind of Vehicle Tracking System Project is widely in tracking
Cabs/Taxis, stolen vehicles, school/colleges buses etc.

14
 This circuit is designed for tracking the location of vehicles. Most of
tracking systems are made by using GPS. This is very simple and cheap.
Tracking systems are mostly used by fleet operators for tracking a vehicle
location, routing and others. This is a very good method for preventing our
vehicles from stolen. This tracking system sends us the geographical
coordinates and by using these coordinates we can track our vehicle position
on electronic maps using internet. By using these. Tacking systems we can
share real time information about transportations. And also can be share real
time information or position bus/taxi/cab with passengers. Means passengers
can see the real time of arriving bus/taxi/cab on Mobiles. in. A tracking system
comprises of mainly three parts- vehicle unit, fixed based station and database
with software system. [5]

The tracking system is installed on the vehicle (car, bus, truck).The device
is controlled by mobile phone that makes it possible for the user to
communicate with the system wirelessly. The vehicle tracking system has a
SIM slot that uses a GSM SIM to receive and transmit SMS. The user can send
a SMS from a mobile phone and locate the vehicle that is to be tracked. We
have also created a flat file database that is stored on a host computer system
that contains a „flat file. A flat file can be either a text file or a binary file, for
our system we have used text file as our flat file. We have also used the
software XAMPP which make it possible to access the text file and view the
position of the vehicle on the Google map from anywhere on earth. The system
also provides the facility to prevent theft of the vehicle. So we can divide the
whole operation of the vehicle tracking system into two parts:-

1. Tracking the location of vehicle

2. Providing protection of vehicle

15
 The system consists of GPS receiver which provides real time location of
vehicle. This real time data is stored in the database which is use to send and
receive the SMS and send the data to the database. GSM module takes the data
and sends this data to the users mobile phone that has sent the request for the
coordinates of the position. This data consist of longitude, latitude and a link
and when we click on the link we are able to see the location on Google map.

This system also has another special feature which provides not only the
location of vehicle but also protection. If the vehicle is stolen, after knowing
the location of the vehicle, the owner can follow the car and give the
information of location to the police for faster recovery of the stolen car

2.4.1 Tracking System

The vehicle tracking system is a total security and fleet management

solution. It is the technology used to determine the location of a vehicle using
different methods like GPS and other navigation system operating via satellite
and ground based stations. Modern vehicle tracking system use GPS
technology to monitor and locate our vehicle anywhere on earth, but
sometimes different types of automatic vehicle location technology are also
used. The vehicle tracking system is fitted inside the car that provides effective
real time location and the data can even be stored and downloaded to a
computer which can be used for analysis in future. This system is an essential
device for tracking car any time the owner wants to monitor it and today it is
extremely popular among people having expensive cars, used as theft
prevention and recovery of the stolen car. The data collected can be viewed on
electronic maps via internet and software. [6]

16
.2.4.2 Tracking Applications

There are myriads of tracking system. Some are „lag time indicators that is,
the data is collected after an item has passed a point for example a bar code or
choke point or gate. Others are „real-time or„ near rear-time like global
positioning systems (GPS) depending on how often the data is refreshed. There
are bar-code systems which require to scan items and automatic identification
(RFID auto-id). For the most part, the tracking worlds are composed of
discrete hardware and software systems for different applications. That is, bar-
code system are separate from Electronic product code (EPC) systems, GPS
systems are separate from active real time locating or RTLS for example, a
passive RFID system would be used in a warehouse to scan the boxes as they
are loaded into work in progress models (WIP) or Warehouse Management
Systems (WMS) or ERP software. The readers required per choke point are
meshed auto-ID or hand-held ID applications.

However tracking could also be capable of providing monitoring data without

binding to a fixed location by using a cooperative capability, e.g. an RTLS .on
a truck – then the truck it self is tracked on a different system using GPS with
its own features and software. The major technology siloin the supply chain
are Distribution/Warehousing/Manufacturing .Indoors assets are tracked
repetitively reading e.g. a barcode, any passive and active RFID and feeding
read data.[5]

2.4.3 Different Types of Tracking System

There are three main types of GPS vehicle tracking that are widely used. They
all use active devices. They are:

1- Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) system

AVL system is an advanced method to track and monitor any remote vehicle
with the device that receives and sends signals through GPS satellites. AVL
17
comprises of Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information
System (GIS) in order to provide the real geographic location of the vehicle.
AVL system consists of PC-based tracking software to dispatch, a radio
system, GPS receiver on the vehicle and GPS satellites. Among the two types
of AVL, GPS-based and Signpost-based, GPS-based system is widely used.
The tracking method uses GPS satellite to locate the vehicle equipped with
GPS modem by sending satellite signals. The accuracy of the tracking method
depends on the AVL system which provides the vehicle location with the
accuracy of about 5m to 10m. The information transmitted by the tracking
system to the base station is location, speed, direction, mileage, start and stop
information and status of vehicle. The information of the vehicle is often
transmitted to the central control system (base station) from the vehicle after
every 60 seconds. If the base station receives the data, it displays it on a
computerized map. GPS receiver on the vehicle receives the signals of its
geographic location. Then the receiver sends that data plus speed, direction,
etc. to the base station via a radio system. If AVL system is used to track a
vehicle the average cost of per vehicle is $1 to $2 per day. The system can
provide additional services like: vehicle route replay facility, external sensor
data, speed alerts. The system also has some limitation; using the AVL system
we cannot get accurate, complete and sufficient satellite data in dense urban
areas or indoors and when transmission is blocked by natural obstructions
(heavy tree cover) or many buildings. It can also occur in RF-shadowed
environments and under unfriendly Radio Frequency (RF) conditions.
Sometimes, a position fix can be impossible.

2- Assisted GPS (AGPS) system-

In AGPS system, a terrestrial RF network is used to improve the

performance of GPS receivers as it provides information about the satellite
constellation directly to the GPS receivers. AGPS uses both mobiles and

18
cellular networks to locate the accurate positioning information. AGPS is used
to overcome some limitations of GPS. With unassisted GPS, locating the
tracking method of AGPS uses GPS satellites to track the vehicles. A GPS
receiver in vehicle is always in contact with 4 satellites (3 satellites determine
latitude, longitude and elevation and the fourth provides element of time)
hence it never fails to detect the location of a vehicle. Location of the vehicle is
provided with accuracy of between 3m and 8m, and speed of 1km using this
method. Information like Vehicle location, average speed, direction, path
traversed in a selected period and alerts (Engaged/Unengaged, speed limit,
vehicle breakdown and traffic jam) are delivered by the tracking system to the
base station. The system provides continuous updates after every 10 seconds
while the vehicle is in motion. It also provides data storage for up to 1 year.
The location is retrieved from the GPS device and relayed as a SMS using the
cell phone by the Client Node to the Base station. This system is more
expensive than the AVL system as it gives continuous update of the vehicle
location. If the user needs update after every 10 seconds then the subscription
for this system is $1.33 per day per vehicle and if the user needs update after
every 5 seconds it is $1.67 per day per vehicle. The system can provide further
services like atomic time (Accurate Time Assistance). There is a "panic"
button. When pressed, you can contact an operator and he or she will help you
out or keep you safe from accidents or hijacks. The system has also some
limitations as GSM network is used to transmit data from the vehicle to the
base station, the cost of sending SMS is a major concern to be considered.

3- Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) System

RFID is an automatic identification method using devices called tags to

store and remotely retrieves data. RFID uses radio waves to capture data from
tags. The tracking method of RFID is comprised of three components: tag
(passive, semi passive and active), reader (antenna or integrator) and software

19
(middleware). RFID tag which contains microelectronic circuits sends the
vehicle information to a remote RFID reader which is then read via the
software. This system provides the location of the vehicle with the accuracy of
4m to 6m. Information such as location of the vehicle, mileage and speed are
delivered by the tracking system to the centre. The information is updated
every one minute. The information is sent to and received from RFID tags by a
reader using radio waves. RFID reader, basically a radio frequency (RF)
transmitter and receiver, is controlled by a microprocessor or digital signal
processor (DSP). RFID reader with an attached antenna reads data from RFID
tags. [7]

Figure 2.3: Vehicle Tracking System

20
2.5 Microcontroller history

It was during 1970 and 1971 when Intel was working on inventing the
world’s first microprocessor, that Gary Boone of Texas Instruments was
working on quite a similar concept and invented the microcontroller. Boone
designed a single integrated circuit chip that could hold nearly all the essential
circuits to form a calculator; only the display and the keypad were not
incorporated. Surprisingly, this exceptional breakthrough in the field of
electronics and communication was rather given a mundane name of
TMS1802NC; however, the device wasn’t ordinary.

It had five thousand transistors providing 3000 bits of program memory and
128 bits of access memory!! So, it was possible to program it to perform a
range of functions. upload the compiled version of your program to your
microcontroller Arduino programming is a bit easier if you want to start really
simple.

2.6 Microcontroller Overview

A microcontroller is a small computer on a single metal-oxide-

semiconductor integrated circuit chip. In modern terminology, it is similar to,
but less sophisticated than, a system on a chip; a SoC may include a
microcontroller as one of its components.

A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a

specific operation in an embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a
processor, memory and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip.

21
 Figure 2.4: Microcontroller 8051 Chips

2.7 Microcontroller Architecture

Microcontroller is designed by Intel in 1981. It is an 8-bit microcontroller.

It is built with 40 pins DIP (dual inline package), 4kb of ROM storage and 128
bytes of RAM storage, 2 16-bit timers. It consists of are four parallel 8-bit
ports, which are programmable as well as addressable as per the requirement.
An on-chip crystal oscillator is integrated in the microcontroller having crystal
frequency of 12 MHz. Let us now discuss the architecture of 8051
Microcontroller. In the following diagram, the system bus connects all the
support devices to the CPU. The system bus consists of an 8-bit data bus, a 16-
bit address bus and bus control signals.

All other devices like program memory, ports, data memory, serial interface,
interrupt control, timers, and the CPU are all interfaced together through the
system bus.

22
External interrupts

Interrupt 4K 128 bytes TIMER 1

Control ROM RAM
TIMER 1

CPU

Bas control 4I∕O Ports

OSC Serial

P0 P2 P1 P3 TXD RXD

Add data

Figure 2.5: Block Diagram Microcontroller Programming

2.8 Microcontroller Programming

Microcontrollers were originally programmed only in assembly language, but

various high-level programming languages, such as C, Python and JavaScript,
are now also in common use to target microcontrollers and embedded systems.

A microcontroller does not know what to do by itself. It’s your job to tell it
what you want it to do.

So, you need to:

 write program code on your computer

 compile the code with a compiler for the microcontroller you are using

23
2.9 Advantages and disadvantage of microcontroller

Some of the major advantages of microcontrollers are that they are reusable,
dependable, cost-effective, and energy efficient. The typical microcontroller is
programmable, which means it is reusable. This is especially advantageous for
prototyping control circuitry.

2.10 Microcontroller Applications

Microcontrollers are employed in automatically managed inventions and

appliances like- power tools, implantable medical devices, automobile engine
control systems, office machines, remote controls appliances, toys and many
more embedded systems.

24
 Chapter Three
System Hardware and Software
 Chapter Three

System Hardware and Software

3.1 System Description

The system shown in Figure 3.1 is a simple vehicle tracking system using the
GSM and GPS Arduino to determine the location of the vehicle at the moment
and is controlled via a smart phone.

Figure 3.1: System block diagram

3.2 System Hardware

3.2.1 Arduino

Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects.

Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred
to as a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE that runs on your
computer, used to write and upload computer code to the physical board.

3.2.2 Arduino Uno

The Uno shown in Figure 3.2 is a great choice for your first Arduino. It's got
everything you need to get started, and nothing you don't. It has 14 digital

25
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
USB connection, a power jack, a reset button and more. It contains everything
needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a
USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started .

Figure 3.2: Arduino Uno

3.3 Global positioning system Module

The GPS shown in Figure 3.3: the system for calculating positions from the
signal sent by a network of the satellites. Continuously monitoring the bus by
reading parameters like the speed, the route and the geographic location in real
time which is uploaded to the server by the microcontroller and viewed
through a mobile application.

Figure 3.3: GPS

26
3.3.1 Pin configurations

GND is the Ground Pin and needs to be connected to GND pin on the
Arduino.

TxD pin is used for serial communication.

RxD pin is used for serial communication.

VCC supplies power for the module. You can directly connect it to the 5V
pin on the Arduino.

3.4 Global System for Mobile Communication

The GSM shown in figure 3.4 :is a globally accepted standard for digital
cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group
establiehed in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard
that would formulate specifications for a pan European mobile cellular radio
System operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many countries outside of
Europe will join the GSM partnership the GSM SIM900A.

Figure 3.4 GSM

27
3.4.1 Pin Configuration

TX connected to pin 11

RX connected to pin 10

5V from the module to 5V of Arduino two Grounds from the module to the
Ground to Arduino

3.5 System Flowchart

The flowshown figure 3.5: to explain the operation of a real time vehicle
traking system.

This system includes a microcontroller board as well as a GSM module and a

GPS module .the mobile phone is connected to the system via text massage
(Google map link).

28
 Start

GPS,GSM On

GPS,GSM Waiting

n No
Valid

Yes
GPS receives
send to GSM

User send the

later (a) to GSM

User receives the

data link of
Google map

Figure 3.5 System Flow Chart

3.6 The Code

#include "Tiny GPS++.h"

#include "Soft wareserial.h"

Tiny GPSPlus gps;

Soft wareserial serial connection (11,10);

int i=0;

int led=13;

29
char str [15];

void setup()

Serial. begin(9600);

Serial_connection.begin(9600);

Pin Mode(13,OUTPUT);

digital Write (13,LOW);

serial. printLn ("AT+CNMI 2,2,0,0,0");

delay(1000);

serial. printLn ("AT+CMGF=1");

delay (1000);

Void loop()

While (serial_cnnection. available())

gps. encode (serial_connection. read());

If (serial. Avalaple ()>0);

30
{

char inchar=serial.read();

str [i++]=inchar;

if (inchar=='a');

Digital write(13,HIGH);

If (gps. location. Is Updated())

Serial. begin (9600);

Serial. print("r");

delay(1000);

serial. print("AT+CMGF=1\r");

delay (1000);

serial. print("AT+CMGS=\"+249960132507\"\r);

delay(1000);

serial. print ("I'm lost! Pleas help me im hear");

serial. print (www.goole.com.ph/maps/place/);

serial. print (gps. location.lat(),6);

serial. print(",");

31
serial. print (gps. location. lng(),6);

serial. print ("\r");

delay(1000);

serial. print ((char)26);

delay (1000);

serial. write (0x1A);

serial. write (0x0D);

serial. write (0x0A);

delay(1000);

If (inchar=='b');

digital write(13,LOW);

32
3.7 Simulation

Figure 3.6 System Simulation

33
 Chapter Four
System Implementation and
Testing
 Chapter Four

System Implementation and Testing

4.1 System implementation

The circuit implementation shown in figure 4.1: This system was created by
arduino uno which contains inside the chip code commands to perform a
specific purpose.

It also contains a GSM module connected to the Arduino board via ports
(11,10,GND) as well as the GPS unit through (0,1,GND) and all this to notify
the owner of the location of his vehicle by sending a text message containing a
link to Google maps, then the owner will click on it to go to the Google map
application.

Figure (4.1) Circuit Implementation

34
4.2 System Testing

The system starts working when we send a lower case letter (a) from any
number to the chip inside the GSM unit.

The sent character is checked if it matches the character inside the code a
text message is sent to the owner containing a Google map link the chip
number inside the code. However, if the sent character does not match a
character in the code, it does not send any message to the owner.

Figure (4.2) Link of Google Map

35
Figure (4.3) Google Map

36
 Chapter Five
Conclusion and Recommendations
 Chapter Five

Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusion

The vehicle tracking system based on GSM has been designed and tested with
a mobile phone network enabling the user to receive text messages co0ntaining
a map link that can determine the location of his vehicle.

This is just an illustrative model but can be implemented on the outside world
for protection purposes on vehicles.

37
5.2 Recommendations

 The end of this study it recommended that the future applicants of this
project is to use camera to monitor the vehicles.
 It is possible to add maps showing the possible routes to be taken from
the current point where the car is.
 We can reduce the size of the kit by using GPS+GSM on the same
module.

38
References

1- Ambade Shruti Dinkar S.A Shaikh,"Design and Implemenatation Of

Vehicle Tracking System Using GPS", University Of Pune,India,2011.

2- prof madhav n. kulkarni lt. col.(r), the global positioning systemand its
applications, department of civil engineering indian institute of technology,
bombay. powai, mumbai – 400076

3-Asaad M. J. Al-Hindawi, Ibraheem Talib, “Experimentally Evaluation of

GPS/GSM Based System Design”, Journal of Electronic Systems Volume 2
Number 2 June 2012

4- Chen Peijiang, Jiang Xuehua, “Design and Implementation of Remote

monitoring system based on GSM,” vol.42, pp.167-175. 2008.

5- prof. Baburaokodavati (Asst.pof In Ece D ept);G sm And Gps Based Vehicle

Location And Tracking System'.

6- T. S. Kumar, S. Prabakaran, A. Sharma, and D. Vaidya, “Smart blood

management and tracking system,” Int. J. Recent Technol. Eng., vol. 8, no. 1,
pp. 352–357, 2019.

7- Prof. (Dr.) Bharati Wukkadada, Allan Fernandes

(Assistant professor, k.j Somaiya Institute of Management Studies and

Research, India) [2015-18].

8- Deng J. (2013), “Architecture Design of the Vehicle Tracking System

Hased on RFID", International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science,, vol. 11, no. 6, PP. 2097-3004.

39
9- Garude M,. and Hadikar, N. Q014). “Real Time Position Tracking System
Using Google Maps”, international journal of Scientific and Research
Publications pp. 357.

10- Lee, S., G., and Keun, J. (2014). “Design nd implementation of Vehicle
Tracking System using GPSYGSM/GIRS Technology and Smartphone
Application”, in 2014 IEZE World Forum on internet of Things, pp. 353-358

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