8

8
Factoring Polynomials
Part 1
Learner’s Module in Mathematics 8
Quarter 1 Week 1

Cecile T. Duran
Developer
Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

NAME: _____________________________ GRADE & SECTION: ______________

TEACHER: __________________________ SCORE: ________________________
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Cordillera Administrative Region
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BAGUIO CITY
Military Cut off, Baguio City

Published by:
DepEd Schools Division of Baguio City
Curriculum Implementation Division

COPYRIGHT NOTICE
2020

Section 9 of Presidential Decree No. 49 provides:

“No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines.
However, prior approval of the government agency of office wherein the work is
created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.”

This material has been developed for the implementation of the K-12 Curriculum
through the DepEd Schools Division of Baguio City – Curriculum Implementation
Division (CID). It can be reproduced for educational purposes and the source must be
acknowledged. Derivatives of the work including creating an edited version, an
enhancement or a supplementary work are permitted provided all original work is
acknowledged and the copyright is attributed. No work may be derived from this
material for commercial purposes and profit.

ii
 Learning Objectives
Hello learner! This module was designed and written with you in mind. Primarily,
its scope is to develop your understanding on factoring different types of polynomials:
polynomials with common monomial factor, difference of two squares, sum and
difference of two cubes.

While going through this module, you are expected to:

1. determine the types of factoring used in the given; and
2. factor the given polynomials completely using common monomial,
difference of two squares, and sum and difference of two cubes.

Note
This module will serve as your personal copy. You will write your FINAL
ANSWERS on the ANSWER SHEET attached with this module. You will only
submit the answer sheet. However, I suggest that you still write your answers on
the spaces provided for your answers, so you can check your answers once you
receive the answer key. You may also use the margins for your solutions /
computations.

Pre-assessment
This test will determine how much you already know about the lessons. I
suggest that you just answer what you know and don’t worry about your score. It
is very important that you answer the test before you proceed to the next part of this
module. DO NOT attempt to answer any unanswered items nor change your answers
in this test after you have learned about the lessons in this module. Please be honest.

DIRECTION: Read and understand each item, then choose the letter of the correct
answer and write it on your answer sheet.

1. Which property states that 8𝑥 (2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑧) is equal to 16𝑥 2 − 32𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑥𝑧?

A. Associative Property of Multiplication
B. Commutative Property of Multiplication
C. Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition or Subtraction
D. Identity Property of Multiplication

2. Which of the polynomial expression is a difference of two squares?

A. 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 C. (𝑎 − 𝑏)2
B. 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 D. −(𝑎𝑏)2

3. What will you multiply to 5𝑥 + 1 to come up with the product 25𝑥 2 − 1?

A. 5𝑥 + 1 C. 25𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1
B. 5𝑥 − 1 D. 25𝑥 2 + 10𝑥

1
4. Which pair of numbers when multiplied together yields a product of
15𝑎2 + 6𝑎𝑏?
A. 3𝑎 and (5𝑎 − 2𝑏) C. 3𝑎2 and (5𝑎 + 2𝑏)
B. 3𝑎2 and (5𝑎 − 2𝑏) D. 3𝑎 and (5𝑎 + 2𝑏)

5. Which of the polynomial expression is a sum of two cubes?

A. 𝑚3 + 9 C. 𝑚5 + 64
B. 𝑚3 − 27 D. 𝑚3 + 8

6. What is the greatest common factor in the expression 28𝑎8 𝑏4 𝑐 6 + 16𝑎3 𝑏4 𝑐 5?

A. 8𝑎3 𝑏4 𝑐 5 C. 4𝑎3 𝑏4 𝑐 5
3 5 6
B. 4𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 D. 8𝑎5 𝑏0 𝑐 6

7. From what factors can we get the product 𝑠 3 − 1?

A. (𝑠 + 1) and (𝑠 2 + 𝑠 + 1) C. (𝑠 + 1) and (𝑠 2 − 𝑠 + 1)
2
B. (𝑠 − 1) and (𝑠 − 𝑠 + 1) D. (𝑠 − 1) and (𝑠 2 + 𝑠 + 1)

8. Which expression will result to 𝑚3 + 𝑛3 ?

A. (𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚2 + 𝑚𝑛 + 𝑛2 ) C. (𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑛 + 𝑛2 )
B. (𝑚 − 𝑛)(𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑛 + 𝑛2 ) D. (𝑚 − 𝑛)(𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑛 − 𝑛2 )

9. What are the factors of 9𝑎3 𝑏2 + 12𝑎2 𝑏?

A. 3𝑎𝑏(3𝑎𝑏 + 4𝑏) C. 3𝑎3 𝑏(3𝑏 + 4)
B. 3𝑎2 𝑏(3𝑎𝑏 + 4𝑎) D. 3𝑎2 𝑏(3𝑎𝑏 + 4)

10. What is the factored form of 27𝑧 3 − 64?

A. (3𝑧 − 4)(9𝑧 2 − 12𝑧 + 16) C. (3𝑧 − 4)(9𝑧 2 + 24𝑧 + 16)
B. (3𝑧 − 4)(9𝑧 2 + 12𝑧 + 16) D. (3𝑧 − 4)(9𝑧 2 − 24𝑧 + 16)

11. Which factors yield to 𝑘 2 − 16?

A. (𝑘 − 4) and (𝑘 + 4) C. (𝑘 − 4) and (𝑘 − 4)
B. (𝑘 − 4)2 D. (𝑘 + 4) and (𝑘 + 4)

12. One of the factors of 16𝑝2 − 25 is 4𝑝 − 5. What is the other factor?

A. 4𝑝 − 5 C. 4𝑝2 + 5
B. 4𝑝 + 5 D. 4𝑝2 − 5

13. Which from the choices are factors of ℎ3 − 𝑡 3 ?

A. (ℎ − 𝑡) and (ℎ2 + ℎ𝑡 + 𝑡 2 ) C. (ℎ − 𝑡) and (ℎ2 − ℎ𝑡 − 𝑡 2 )
B. (ℎ − 𝑡) and (ℎ2 + ℎ𝑡 − 𝑡 2 ) D. (ℎ − 𝑡) and (ℎ2 − ℎ𝑡 + 𝑡 2 )

14. What is the factored form of 25𝑗 3 𝑘 − 20𝑘 2 ?

A. 5𝑗𝑘 (5𝑗 2 − 4𝑘 ) C. 𝑘 (25𝑗 3 − 4𝑘 )
B. 5𝑘 (5𝑗 3 − 4𝑘 ) D. 5𝑘𝑗(5𝑗 2 − 4𝑘 )

15. What is the area of a square rice field if the side is (3m+5) meters?
A. (9𝑚2 − 30𝑚 + 25) sq. meters C. (9𝑚2 + 30𝑚 + 25) sq. meters
B. (9𝑚2 + 30𝑚 − 25) sq. meters D. (9𝑚2 + 25) sq. meters

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 Introduction
Consider the picture below. You can see number 𝟒. In what ways can you
express the number 𝟒?
4 = 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 You can spell out 4 as 𝑓, 𝑜, 𝑢, 𝑟.
4 = 𝐼𝑉 You can write 4 in Roman Numeral form.
4=4 You can write 4 in Hindu Arabic form.
4 =1+3 You can write 4 as the sum of 1 and 3.
4 =7−3 You can write 4 as the difference of 7 and 3.
16 You can write 4 as the quotient of 16 and 4.
4=
4
𝟒 = (𝟐)(𝟐) You can write 𝟒 as the product of
𝟐 and 𝟐.
𝟒 = (−𝟐)(−𝟐) You can write 𝟒 as the product of
−𝟐 and − 𝟐.

For this module, we will be focusing on writing 4 as the product of 2 and 2. This
method is called FACTORING.

Factoring is the process of writing an expression as the product of its

factors.
Examples:
10 = 5•2 or 10 • 1
12 = 12 • 1 or 6•2 or 4•3 or 2•2•3

In this module, you will be learning how to factor completely polynomial

expressions. There are different types or methods of factoring that we can use
depending on the given polynomial expression. For this week, you will tackle the first
three methods.

Lesson
1 Common Monomial Factoring

Let us try to analyze the given polynomial: 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛 .

What is the common The common factor in the trinomial is 𝒂. Thus, 𝒂 is the
factor in each term in the common monomial factor in the given trinomial. The Greatest
given trinomial? Common Monomial Factor (𝐺𝐶𝑀𝐹) is the Greatest Common
Factor (𝐺𝐶𝐹) of all the terms of a polynomial.
To get the other factor, 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
= 𝑥, = 𝑦, =𝑧
divide each term by 𝒂 . 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

3
 Factoring a polynomial with common monomial factor is represented by
RULE
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛 = 𝒂(𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)

Example 1. Factor 2𝑥 + 14.

Solution: Step 1: Find the GCMF of 2𝑥 and 14.

2𝑥 = 2 • 𝑥 Find the prime factors of each term, then
14 = 2 •7 multiply all common factors.
𝐺𝐶𝑀𝐹 = 2 Since 2 is the only common factor, the GCMF is 2 .
= 2(_____ + _____) 2 is the Greatest Common Monomial Factor.

Step 2: Find the other factor.

2𝑥 14
= 2(2 + ) Divide each term by the GCMF.
2

= 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟕) Simplify.

Checking: 2(𝑥 + 7) =? Multiply the obtained factors.

= 2(𝑥) + 2(7) Multiply the factors using the Distributive
= 2𝑥 + 14 Property of Multiplication over Addition or
Subtraction (DPMAS).

Conclusion: Since the obtained product in the checking is equal to the original
polynomial expression, therefore, 2𝑥 + 14 = 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟕).

Example 2. Factor 12𝑦 2 + 6𝑦

Solution: Step 1: Find the GCMF of 12𝑦 2 and 6𝑦

12𝑦 2 = 3 • 2 • 2 • 𝑦 • 𝑦 Find the prime factors of each term, then

6𝑦 = 3 • 2 •𝑦 multiply all common factors.

𝐺𝐶𝑀𝐹 = 3 • 2 • 𝑦 = 6𝑦 Multiply the common factors.

= 6𝑦(_____ + _____) 6𝑦 is the Greatest Common Monomial
Factor.
Step 2: Find the other factor.

12𝑦2 6𝑦
= 6𝑦 ( + 6𝑦) Divide each term by the GCMF
6𝑦

= 𝟔𝒚(𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏) Simplify

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Checking: 6𝑦(2𝑦 + 1) =? Multiply the obtained factors.
= 6𝑦(2𝑦) + 6𝑦(1) Multiply the factors using the Distributive
Property of Multiplication over Addition
= 12𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 or Subtraction (DPMAS).

Conclusion: Since the obtained product in the checking is equal to the original
polynomial expression, therefore, 12𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 = 𝟔𝒚(𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏).

Example 3. Factor 5𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 25𝑥.

Solution: Step 1: Find the GCMF of 5𝑥 3 , 15𝑥 2 , and 25𝑥.

5𝑥 3 = 5 • 𝑥 • 𝑥 • 𝑥 Find the prime factors of each term, then
15𝑥 2 = 5 • 𝑥 • 𝑥 •3 multiply all common factors.
25𝑥 = 5 • 𝑥 •5
𝐺𝐶𝑀𝐹 = 5 • 𝑥 = 5𝑥 Multiply the common factors.
= 5𝑥(_____ + _____) 5𝑥 is the greatest common monomial
factor.
Step 2: Find the other factor.
5𝑥 3 15𝑥 2 25
= 5𝑥 ( 5𝑥 − + 5𝑥) Divide each term by the GCMF
5𝑥

= 𝟓𝒙(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓) Simplify

Checking: 5𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5) =? Multiply the obtained factors.

= 5𝑥(𝑥2 ) − 5𝑥(3𝑥) + 5𝑥(5) Multiply the factors using the Distributive
Property of Multiplication over Addition
= 5𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 25𝑥 or Subtraction (DPMAS).

Conclusion: Since the obtained product in the checking is equal to the original
polynomial expression, therefore, 5𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 25𝑥 = 𝟓𝒙(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓).

Exercise 1: Factor the given polynomials.

1) 4𝑥 + 8

2) 5𝑚𝑛 + 10𝑚

3) 5𝑎 + 20𝑏 − 10𝑐

4) 2𝑎2 − 7𝑎

5) 𝑚3 𝑛 − 3𝑚2 𝑛

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 Lesson Factoring Difference
2 of Two Squares

A polynomial is a difference of two squares if it satisfies these conditions:

1. the polynomial is a binomial (two terms);
2. there is a minus sign between the two terms; and
3. both terms are perfect squares.

Is 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 a difference of two squares? Let’s find out by answering the following

questions:
• Is the polynomial a binomial? YES
• Are the terms connected by the minus sign? YES
• Is each term a perfect square? YES
Therefore, 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 is a difference of two squares.

Before you will learn how to factor difference of two squares, let’s have a recall
on perfect squares.

36 is a perfect square since it can be expressed as

36 = 6 ∙ 6
Perfect 64 is a perfect square since it can be expressed as
Square 64 = 8 ∙ 8
2
is a number 𝑥 is a perfect square since it can be expressed as
that can be 𝑥2 = 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥
2
expressed 𝑦 is a perfect square since it can be expressed as
as the 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒚 ∙ 𝒚
product of 25𝑦 4 is a perfect square since it can be expressed as
two equal
25𝑦 4 = 5𝑦 2 ∙ 5𝑦 2
numbers.
*An expression whose variables are raised to even
exponents is a perfect square.

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 To help you familiarize (if not to memorize) some of the commonly used perfect
squares, please study the table below.

Perfect Square Numbers to the Perfect Square Numbers to the

Squares Roots Power of 2 Squares Roots Power of 2
1 √1 = 1 1 = 1 • 1 = 12 36 √36 = 6 36 = 6 • 6 = 62

4 √4 = 2 4 = 2 • 2 = 22 49 √49 = 7 49 = 7 • 7 = 72

9 √9 = 3 9 = 3 • 3 = 32 64 √64 = 8 64 = 8 • 8 = 82

16 √16 = 4 16 = 4 • 4 = 42 81 √81 = 9 81 = 9 • 9 = 92

25 √25 = 5 25 = 5 • 5 = 52 100 √100 = 10 100 = 10 • 10 = 102

To factor a difference of two squares, write the product of the sum

RULE and the difference of the two quantities being squared.
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 = (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙 − 𝒚)

Example 1. Factor 𝑥 2 − 25.

Solution: Step 1. Determine if the polynomial is a difference of two squares.

• Yes, it is because the polynomial is a binomial, it is separated

by the minus sign, and 𝑥 2 and 25 are both perfect squares.

Step 2. Find the square root of each term.

𝑥 2 − 25
√𝑥 2 = 𝑥 since 𝑥 • 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
√25 = 5 since 5 • 5 = 25
𝑥 5
Step 3. Substitute in the pattern: 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦).
𝑥 2 − 25 = (𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝒙 − 𝟓)

Checking: (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 5) Multiply the obtained factors.

= (𝑥 • 𝑥) − (𝑥 • 5) + (𝑥 • 5) − (5 • 5) Apply the FOIL method.
= 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 25 Combine the middle terms.
= 𝑥 2 − 25 −5𝑥 + 5𝑥 is equal to zero.

Conclusion: Since the obtained product in the checking is equal to the original
polynomial expression, therefore,

𝑥 2 − 25 = (𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝒙 − 𝟓)

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Example 2. Factor 16𝑑 2 − 9𝑡 2 .

Solution: Step 1. Determine if the polynomial is a difference of two squares.

• Yes, it is because the polynomial is a binomial, the terms are
separated by the minus sign, and 16𝑑 2 and 9𝑡 2 are both
perfect squares.

Step 2. Find the square root of each term.

16𝑑 2 − 9𝑡 2 √16𝑑 2 = 4𝑑 since 4𝑑 • 4𝑑 = 16𝑑 2

√9𝑡 2 = 3𝑡 since 3𝑡 • 3𝑡 = 9𝑡 2
4𝑑 3𝑡

Step 3. Substitute in the pattern: 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦).

16𝑑 2 − 9𝑡 2 = (𝟒𝒅 + 𝟑𝒕)(𝟒𝒅 − 𝟑𝒕)

Checking: (4𝑑 + 3𝑡)(4𝑑 − 3𝑡) =? Multiply the obtained factors.

= ( 4𝑑 • 4𝑑) − ( 4𝑑 • 3𝑡) + (3𝑡 • 4𝑑) − (3𝑡 • 3𝑡) Apply FOIL method.

= 16𝑑 2 − 12𝑑𝑡 + 12𝑑𝑡 − 9𝑡 2 Combine the middle terms.

= 16𝑑 2 − 9𝑡 2 −12𝑑𝑡 + 12𝑑𝑡 is equal to zero.

Conclusion: Since the obtained product in the checking is equal to the original
polynomial expression, therefore,
16𝑑 2 − 9𝑡 2 = (𝟒𝒅 + 𝟑𝒕)(𝟒𝒅 − 𝟑𝒕)

Example 3. Factor 49𝑛4 − 81𝑝2 .

Solution: Step 1. Determine if the polynomial is a difference of two squares.

• Yes, it is because the polynomial is a binomial, the terms are
separated by the minus sign, and 49𝑛4 and 81𝑝2 are both
perfect squares.

Step 2. Find the square root of each term.

49𝑛4 − 81𝑝2 √49𝑛4 = 7𝑛2 since 7𝑛2 • 7𝑛2 = 49𝑛4

2 √81𝑝2 = 9𝑝 since 9𝑝 • 9𝑝 = 81𝑝2

7𝑛 9𝑝

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 Step 3. Substitute in the pattern: 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦).
49𝑛4 − 81𝑝2 = (𝟕𝒏𝟐 + 𝟗𝒑)(𝟕𝒏𝟐 − 𝟗𝒑)

Checking: (7𝑛2 + 9𝑝)(7𝑛2 − 9𝑝) =? Multiply the obtained factors.

= (7𝑛2 • 7𝑛2 ) − (7𝑛2 • 9𝑝) + (9𝑝 • 7𝑛2 ) − (9𝑝 • 9𝑝) Apply FOIL method.

= 49𝑛4 − 63𝑛2 𝑝 + 63𝑛2 𝑝 − 81𝑝2 Combine the middle terms.

= 49𝑛4 − 81𝑝2 −63𝑛2 𝑝 + 63𝑛2 𝑝 is equal to zero.

Conclusion: Since the obtained product in the checking is equal to the original
polynomial expression, therefore,
49𝑛4 − 81𝑝2 = (𝟕𝒏𝟐 + 𝟗𝒑)(𝟕𝒏𝟐 − 𝟗𝒑)

Exercise 2: Factor the given polynomials.

1. 𝑟 2 − 81

2. 144 − 𝑏2

3. 169−𝑥 2 𝑦 2

4. 36𝑓 4 − 49𝑔2
1
5. 𝑐 2 − 4

Lesson Factoring Sum or Difference

3 of Two Cubes

A polynomial is a sum or difference of two cubes if it satisfies these conditions:

1. the polynomial is a binomial;
2. the terms are separated by either the plus or the minus sign; and
3. both terms are perfect cubes.

𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 is a sum of two cubes, while 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 is a difference of two cubes.

• 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 and 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 are binomials.
• 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 is separated by plus sign, while 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 is separated by minus sign.
• 𝑥 3 and 𝑦 3 are perfect cubes.

9
 Before you will learn how to factor sum or difference of two cubes, let’s have a
recall on perfect cubes.

27 is a perfect cube since it can be expressed as

27 = 3 ∙ 3 ∙ 3
Perfect 64 is a perfect cube since it can be expressed as
Cube 64 = 4 ∙ 4 ∙ 4
is a number 3
𝑥 is a perfect cube since it can be expressed as
that can be 𝑥3 = 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥
expressed 𝑦 3 is a perfect cube since it can be expressed as
as the 𝒚𝟑 = 𝒚 ∙ 𝒚 ∙ 𝒚
product of
three equal 125𝑦 6 is a perfect square since it can be expressed as
numbers. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟔 = 𝟓𝒚𝟐 ∙ 𝟓𝒚𝟐 ∙ 𝟓𝒚𝟐
*An expression whose variables are raised to
exponents divisible by 3 is a perfect cube.

To help you familiarize (if not to memorize) some of the commonly used perfect
cubes, please study the table below.

Perfect Cube Numbers to Perfect Cube Numbers to

Cubes Roots the Power of 3 Cubes Roots the Power of 3
1 3
√1 = 1 13 = 1 216 3
√216 = 6 63 = 216
8 3
√8 = 2 23 = 8 343 3
√343 = 7 73 = 343
27 3
√27 = 3 33 = 27 512 3
√512 = 8 83 = 512
64 3
√64 = 4 43 = 64 729 3
√729 = 9 93 = 729
125 3
√125 = 5 53 = 125 1000 3
√1000 = 10 103 = 1000

To factor a sum or difference of two cubes, follow the following patterns:

𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 = (𝒙 + 𝒚) (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )
RULE
𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑 = (𝒙 − 𝒚) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )
binomial factor trinomial factor

Example 1: Factor 𝑚3 + 64.

Solution: Step 1. Determine if the polynomial is a sum or difference of two cubes.

• 𝑚3 + 64 is a sum of two cubes because both terms are perfect

cubes, it is a binomial, and it is separated by a plus sign.

10
 • Thus, use the pattern: 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 = (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ).

Step 2. Find the binomial factor (find the cube root of each term).

𝑚3 + 64 = (𝑚 + 4)(𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)
cube root of 𝑚3
copy the operation
cube root of 64

Step 3. Find the trinomial factor (use the binomial factor as a reference).

𝑚3 + 64 = (𝒎 + 𝟒)(𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 16)
square of 𝑚
product of 𝑚 and 4
square of 4

Thus, 𝑚3 + 64 = (𝑚 + 4)(𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 16).

Checking: (𝑚 + 4)(𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 16) =? Apply DPMAS.

𝑚3 − 4𝑚2 + 16𝑚 Multiply: 𝒎(𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 16).

4𝑚2 − 16𝑚 + 64 Multiply: 𝟒(𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 16).
3
𝑚 + 64 Combine similar terms.

Conclusion: Since the obtained product in the checking is equal to the original
polynomial expression, therefore,
𝑚3 + 64 = (𝒎 + 𝟒)(𝒎𝟐 − 𝟒𝒎 + 𝟏𝟔).

Example 2: Factor 27𝑑 3 − 8.

Solution: Step 1. Determine if the polynomial is a sum or difference of two cubes.

• 27𝑑 3 − 8 is a difference of two cubes, thus use the pattern:

𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑 = (𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ).

Step 2. Find the binomial factor (find the cube root of each term).

27𝑑 3 − 8 = (3𝑑 − 2)(𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)

cube root of 27𝑑 3
copy the operation
cube root of 8

11
 Step 3. Find the trinomial factor (use the binomial factor as a reference).

27𝑑 3 − 8 = (𝟑𝒅 − 𝟐)(9𝑑 2 + 6𝑑 + 4)

square of 3𝑑
product of 3𝑑 and 2
square of 2
Thus, 27𝑑 3 − 8 = (3𝑑 − 2)(9𝑑 2 + 6𝑑 + 4).

Checking: (3𝑑 − 2)(9𝑑 2 + 6𝑑 + 4) =? Apply DPMAS.

27𝑑 3 + 18𝑑 2 + 12𝑑 Multiply: 𝟑𝒅(9𝑑2 + 6𝑑 + 4).

−18𝑑 2 − 12𝑑 − 8 Multiply: −𝟐(9𝑑 2 + 6𝑑 + 4).
27𝑑 3 −8 Combine similar terms.

Conclusion: Since the obtained product in the checking is equal to the original
polynomial expression, therefore,
27𝑑 3 − 8 = (𝟑𝒅 − 𝟐)(𝟗𝒅𝟐 + 𝟔𝒅 + 𝟒).

Example 3: Factor 125𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3.

Solution: Step 1. Determine if the polynomial is a sum or difference of two cubes.

• 125𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 is a sum of two cubes, thus use the pattern:

𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 = (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ).

Step 2. Find the binomial factor (find the cube root of each term).

125𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = (5𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)

cube root of 125𝑥 3
copy the operation
cube root of 𝑦 3

Step 3. Find the trinomial factor (use the binomial factor as a reference).
2
125𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = (𝟓𝒙 + 𝒚)(25𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 )
square of 5𝑥
product of 5𝑥 and 𝑦
square of y

Thus, 125𝑥3 + 𝑦3 = (5𝑥 + 𝑦)(25𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ).

12
Checking: (5𝑥 + 𝑦)(25𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ). =? Apply DPMAS.

125𝑥 3 − 25𝑥 2 𝑦 + 5𝑥𝑦 2 Multiply: 5𝑥 (25𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ).

25𝑥 2 𝑦 − 5𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 Multiply: 𝑦(25𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )

125𝑥 3 + 𝑦3 Combine similar terms.

Conclusion: Since the obtained product in the checking is equal to the original
polynomial expression, therefore,
𝟐
125𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = (𝟓𝒙 + 𝒚) (𝟐𝟓𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ).

Exercise 3: Factor the given polynomials.

1. 𝑐 3 + 125 4. 216 + ℎ3

2. 𝑓 3 − 𝑔3 5. 𝑝3 − 64𝑘 3

3. 8𝑒 3 + 27

Generalization

13
 Applications
Activity 1: Find the Hidden Message
What is the main purpose of the Bayanihan Act?
Direction: To find the answer, cross out the box that contains the correct factors of the
given polynomial then write the letter in the box with the corresponding number below.
Item number 1 is provided as your guide.

1. W H
2𝑤 + 10 2(𝑤 + 5) 2(𝑤 − 5)
2. A E
12𝑧 2 + 6𝑧 6𝑧 (2𝑧 + 0) 6𝑧(2𝑧 + 1)
3. H F
𝑎3 − 𝑎2 𝑎2 (𝑎 − 1) 𝑎2 (𝑎 + 1)
4. E O
5𝑚𝑛 − 10𝑚 5𝑚(𝑛 − 2) −5𝑚(𝑛 − 2)
5. I A
2 2 ( 𝑟 − 𝑠 )( 𝑟 − 𝑠) (𝑟 + 𝑠)(𝑟 − 𝑠)
𝑟 −𝑠
6. L D
2 ( 𝑔 − 10 𝑔 + 10)
)( (𝑔 + 10)(𝑔 + 10)
𝑔 − 100
7. U A
2 (6 − 𝑏)(6 − 𝑏) (6 − 𝑏)(6 + 𝑏)
36 − 𝑏
8. S T
2 2 (2𝑝 − 9𝑞)(2𝑝 + 9𝑞) (2𝑝 + 9𝑞)(2𝑝 + 9𝑞)
4𝑝 − 81𝑞
9. O A
3 3 (𝑘 − 𝑑 )(𝑘 + 𝑑𝑘 + 𝑑 2 )
2 (𝑘 − 𝑑 )(𝑘 − 𝑑𝑘 + 𝑑 2 )
2
𝑘 −𝑑
10. G N
27𝑐 3 + 1 (3𝑐 + 1)(9𝑐 2 − 3𝑐 − 1) (3𝑐 + 1)(9𝑐 2 − 3𝑐 + 1)
11. E Y
125ℎ3 − 8𝑢3 (5ℎ − 2𝑢)(25ℎ2 + 10ℎ𝑢 + 4𝑢2 ) (5ℎ − 2𝑢)(25ℎ2 − 10ℎ𝑢 + 4𝑢2 )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
W

Post-assessment
DIRECTION: Let us determine how much you have learned from this module. Read
and understand each item, then choose the letter of your answer and write it on your
answer sheet.

1. Which expression will result to 𝑠 3 − 𝑣 3?

A. (𝑠 + 𝑣 )(𝑠 2 − 𝑠𝑣 + 𝑣 2 ) C. (𝑠 + 𝑣 )(𝑠 2 + 𝑠𝑣 + 𝑣 2 )
B. (𝑠 − 𝑣 )(𝑠 2 + 𝑠𝑣 + 𝑣 2 ) D. (𝑠 − 𝑣 )(𝑠 2 − 𝑠𝑣 − 𝑣 2 )
2. Which of the polynomial expression is a difference of two cubes?
A. 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 C. (𝑎 − 𝑏)3
3 3
B. 𝑎 + 𝑏 D. −(𝑎𝑏)3

14
3. Which factors yield to 𝑝2 − 169?
A. (𝑝 − 13) and (𝑝 − 13) C. (𝑝 + 13) and (𝑝 + 13)
B. (𝑝 − 13)2 D. (𝑝 − 13) and (𝑝 + 13)
4. Which pair of numbers when multiplied together yields the product
10𝑎2 − 6𝑎𝑏?
A. 2𝑎 and (5𝑎 + 3𝑏) C. 2𝑎2 and (5𝑎 − 3𝑏)
2 D. 2𝑎 and (5𝑎 − 3𝑏)
B. 2𝑎 and (5𝑎 + 3𝑏)
5. One of the factors of 𝑒𝑓 3 − 𝑒 2 𝑓 is 𝑒𝑓. What is the other factor?
A. 𝑓 − 𝑒 C. 𝑓 + 𝑒
2
B. 𝑓 − 𝑒 D. 𝑓 2 + 𝑒
6. From what factors can we get the product 𝑛3 − 64?
A. (𝑛 − 4) and (𝑛2 + 4𝑛 + 16) C. (𝑛 − 4) and (𝑛2 − 4𝑛 + 16)
B. (𝑛 − 4) and (𝑛2 + 4𝑛 − 16) D. (𝑛 − 4) and (𝑛2 − 4𝑛 − 16)
7. Which of the expression cannot be factored by the difference of two squares?
A. 16 − 49ℎ2 C. 36𝑎9 − 𝑐 2
2 4
B. 121𝑘 − 25𝑝 D. 100𝑥 4 − 1
8 What is the factored form of 121𝑧 2 − 64?
A. (11𝑧 − 8)(11𝑧 − 8) C. (11𝑧 − 8)(11𝑧 + 8)
B. (11𝑧 + 8)(11𝑧 + 8) D. (11𝑧 − 8)2
9. What is the greatest common factor in the expression 2𝑎8 𝑏5 𝑐 6 − 16𝑎5 𝑏4 𝑐 5 ?
A. 2𝑎5 𝑏4 𝑐 5 C. 8𝑎5 𝑏4 𝑐 5
B. 2𝑎4 𝑏4 𝑐 5 D. 8𝑎4 𝑏4 𝑐 5
10. What are the factors of 27𝑥 3 + 64?
A. (3𝑥 + 4)(9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 16) C. (3𝑥 + 4)(9𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 16)
B. (3𝑥 + 4)(9𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 16) D. (3𝑥 + 4)(9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 16)
11. One of the factors of 𝑝3 − 1000 is 𝑝 − 10. What is the other factor?
A. 𝑝2 − 10𝑝 + 100 C. 𝑝2 − 10𝑝 − 100
B. 𝑝2 + 10𝑝 − 100 D. 𝑝2 + 10𝑝 + 100
12 Which from the choices are the factors of 144 − 𝑟 2 ?
A. (12 − 𝑟) and (12 − 𝑟) C. (12 − 𝑟)2
B. (12 − 𝑟) and (12 + 𝑟) D. (12 + 𝑟) and (12 + 𝑟)
13. Which from the choices is the factored form of 32𝑘 2 𝑠 − 24𝑘𝑠?
A. 8𝑘𝑠(4𝑘 + 3) C. 8𝑘𝑠(4𝑘 − 3)
2
B. 8𝑠(4𝑘 − 3𝑘 ) D. 8𝑠(4𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 )
14 Which property states that 6𝑥 (2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑧) is equal to 12𝑥 2 − 24𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑧?
A. Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition or Subtraction
B. Associative Property of Multiplication
C. Commutative Property of Multiplication
D. Identity Property of Multiplication
15. The area of a rectangular lot is (121𝑔2 − 49) 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟. If the length is
(11𝑔 + 7) meters, what is its width?
A. (11𝑔 − 7) meters C. (121𝑔2 + 154𝑔 + 49) meters
B. (11𝑔 + 7) meters D. (121𝑔2 − 154𝑔 + 49) meters

15
 Performance Task
Activity 2: Factor Art

Direction: Color the polynomials with correct factors from the box.

REFERENCES
Ato-Lopez, Eunice, et.al. 2018. New Mathematics for Grade 8 Revised Edition.
Batangas: JetV Publishing House.
Marcy, Steve and Marcy, Janis. 1996. Algebra with Pizzazz. Chicago, USA: Creative
Publications.
Nivera, Gladys C. 2013. Grade 8 Mathematics: Patterns and Practicalities. Makati
City: SalesianaBOOKS by Don Bosco Press, Inc.

Oronce, Orlando A.,et.al. n.d. K to 12 Worktext in Mathematics e-math 8 Explore,

Communicate, Apply. Quezon City: Rex Book Store.
Reyes, Fe N. 2002. College Algebra Volume 1. Quezon City: UP Open University
and Fe N. Reyes.

16
 17
Performance Task: Factor Art
Post Assessment:
1. B 6. A 11. D
2. A 7. C 12. B
3. D 8. C 13. C
4. D 9. A 14. A
5. B 10. C 15. A
Applications: Find the Hidden Message
What is the main purpose of the Bayanihan Act?
1. W 4. E 7. A 10. N
2. E 5. A 8. S 11. E
Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/jmpalero/mathematics-8-reasoning
3. H 6. L 9. O
Abuzo, Emmanuel, et.al. (2013). Reasoning. Mathematics – Grade 8 Learner’s Module.
from http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/solsearch/sol/math/G/m_ess_g-1_2.pdf
***WE HEAL AS ONE
Virginia Department of Education (2011). Inductive and Deductive Reasoning. Retrieved
Practicalities
Exercise 1: Exercise 2: Exercise 3:
Nivera, Gladys (2013). Conditional Statements. Grade 8 Mathematics – Pattern and
Factoring Common Factoring Difference of Two Factoring Sum and Difference of
Monomial Squares Two Cubes
1. 4(𝑥 + 2) 1. (𝑟 − 9)(𝑟 + 9) 1. (𝑐 + 5)(𝑐 2 − 5𝑐 + 25)
2. 5𝑚(𝑛 + 2) 2. (12 − 𝑏)(12 + 𝑏)
REFERENCES
2. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑓 2 + 𝑓𝑔 + 𝑔 2 )
3. 5(𝑎 + 4𝑏 − 2𝑐) 3. (13 − 𝑥𝑦)(13 + 𝑥𝑦) 3. (2𝑒 + 3)(4𝑒 2 − 6𝑒 + 9)
4. 𝑎(2𝑎 − 7) 4. (6𝑓 2 − 7𝑔)(6𝑓2 + 7𝑔) 4. (6 + ℎ)(36 − 6ℎ + ℎ2 )
5. 𝑚2 𝑛(𝑚 − 3) 5. 1 1 5. (𝑝 − 4𝑘)(𝑝2 + 4𝑘𝑝 + 16𝑘 2 )
൬𝑐 − ൰ ൬𝑐 + ൰
2 2
Pre-Assessment
1. C 6. C 11. A
2. A 7. D 12. B
3. B 8. C 13. A
4. D 9. D 14. B
5. D 10. B 15. C
ANSWER KEY
Math 8 • Quarter 1 • Week 1 • Factoring Polynomials – Part 1