FINAL REPORT EXPERIMENT 5

Solution and Standardization

Group 2
1. Daniella Chandra (5019211080)
2. Muhammad Aldi Firmansyah (5019211090)
3. Sima Syariy Salsabila (5003211166)

Laboratory Assistant : Ridha Agustina

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER SURABAYA

SURABAYA
2021
● Observation Result

A. Solution preparation
1. NaCl Solution (w/w%)
- NaCl Weight = 4,0255 grams
- Water Weight = 45 grams
𝜌 × 𝑣 = 1 𝑔/𝑚𝐿 × 45 𝑚𝐿 = 45 𝑔
- NaCl Concentration (w/w%) = 8,2%
4,0255 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑑𝑒𝑟
× 100% = 8,2%
49,0255 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

2. HCl Solution
- Concentration of HCl 37% (ρ = 1,18 g/ml) = 11,96%
10 × 𝜌 × %𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑀 𝐻𝐶𝑙 =
𝑀𝑟 𝐻𝐶𝑙
10 × 1,18 × 37
𝑀 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = = 11,96 𝑀
36,5
- Volume of HCl 37% = 10 mL
- New Concentration After dilution = 2,73 M
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙 1000
𝑀 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = ×
𝑀𝑟 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
10 𝑔 1000
𝑀 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = × = 2,73 𝑀
36,5 100 𝑚𝐿
- Normality = 2,73 N
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 1
𝑁 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑁 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 2,73 × 1
𝑁 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 2,73 𝑁

3. NaOH Solution
- Weight of NaOH = 3,1275 grams
- Concentration of NaOH = 0,78 M
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 1000
𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = ×
𝑀𝑟 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
3,1275 𝑔 1000
𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = × = 0,78 𝑀
40 100 𝑚𝐿
 - Normality = 0,78 N
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 1
𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0,78 × 1
𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0,78 𝑁

4. Standardization of NaOH Solution

- HCl concentration in the burette = 2,73 M
- Volume of NaOH = 10 mL and 10 mL
- Volume HCl Needed = 15,4 mL and 13,6 mL
- Concentration of standardization results
standardization 1 = 4,20 N
𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑁 𝐻𝐶𝑙 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1 𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 × 10 𝑚𝐿 = 2,73 𝑁 × 15,4 𝑚𝐿
𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 4,20 𝑁

standardization 2 = 3,71 N
𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑁 𝐻𝐶𝑙 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2 𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 × 10 𝑚𝐿 = 2,73 𝑁 × 13,6 𝑚𝐿
𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 3,71 𝑁

- Average concentration of NaOH = 3,95 N

4,20 + 3,71
2
= 3,95 𝑁

5. Commercial vinegar analysis

- Volume Vinegar Acid = 10 mL and 10 mL
- Volume NaOH Needed = 52 mL and 43,6 mL
- Mole NaOH
mole NaOH (1st titration) = 1,3 mole
mole NaOH (2nd titration) = 1,09 mole
- Average acetic acid concentration = 3,73 N
4,06 + 3,40
= 3,73 N
2
 acetic acid concentration (1st titration) = 4,06 N
𝑁 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 × 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑁 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 × 10 𝑚𝐿 = 0,78 𝑁 × 52 𝑚𝐿
𝑁 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 = 4,06 𝑁

acetic acid concentration (2nd titration) = 3,40 N

𝑁 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 × 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑁 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 × 10 𝑚𝐿 = 0,78 𝑁 × 43,6 𝑚𝐿
𝑁 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 = 3,40 𝑁

- Average Concentration (w/V) = 0,17 or 17%

0,16 + 0,19
= 0,17 𝑜𝑟 17%
2

mol acetic acid = 0,17 mol

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 =
𝑀𝑟 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟
10
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 = = 0,17 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
60

mass acetic acid = 10 grams

1 mL = 1 g then,
mass of vinegar = 10 grams

Concentration (w/V) = 0,16 or 16% and 0,19 or 19%

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟
𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 + 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
10 𝑔
=
62 𝑚𝐿
= 0,16 𝑜𝑟 16%
and
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟
𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 + 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
10 𝑔
=
53,6 𝑚𝐿
= 0,19 𝑜𝑟 19%
• Observation Table
A. Preparation Solution
Action
standard solution preparation of NaCl
1. Insert the watch glass,
then close the glass.
2. Make the analytical
balance into zero.
3. Weight NaCl
4. Prepared 45 mL of
aquades
5. Transferred NaCl into
the beaker glass.
6. Add aquades into the
beaker glass
7. Stirr the NaCl and
aquades until it
becomes homogeneous.
Observation Explanation
- When we weight We make the analytical
the NaCl, we balance into zero
obtained NaCl of beacuse we want the
4.0255 grams. precise weight of the
- When we stirr the NaCl.
NaCl and aquades
After that, we stirr the
together, we got a
NaCl and aquades with
homogeneous
stirrer. An agitator
solution.
(stirrer) mixes the
medium,which is
constantly aerated.
(Oxford, 2008)
We stirr the NaCl and
aquades until it
becomes homogeneous
because we do not want
any residue in that
solution. Homogeneous
mixtures are those in
which the atoms or
molecules are
interspersed, as in a
mixture of gases or in a
solution. solution is a
homogeneous mixture

Standard Solution Preparation of HCl
1. To make this solution, - We added the 20
we have to make it in a
fume hood
2. Prepared 20 mL of
aquades
3. Put aquades into 100 mL
volumetric flask
4. Take 10 mL of HCl - After that, we add
using volumetric pipette
5. Put HCl into a
volumetric flask
6. Shake until the solution
is homogeneous
7. Add more aquades
8. And shake again until it
become homogeneous
9. Add more aquades to
volumetric flask until its
limit line
of a liquid (the solvent)
with a gas or solid (the
solute). In a solution,
the molecules of the
solute are discrete and
mixed with the
molecules of solvent.
(Oxford, 2008)
Preparation of HCl
mL of aquades and solution need to carried
10 mL of HCl into out in a fume hood
volumetric flask because Hydrochloric
and sahke it until it acid is a highly
becomes corrosive, strong
homogeneous inorganic/mineral acid.
If not stored and
aquades little by handled properly, this
little and shake it can pose a serious
again until it threat to the health and
becomes safety of laboratory
homogeneous personnel, emergency
responders and
chemical waste
handlers. (Scott, 2012)
We shake the
volumetric flask
because we want a
homogeneous solution.
Solution is a
homogeneous mixture

standard solution preparation of NaOH
1. Insert the weighing
bottle into analytical
balance, then close the
glass and make it zero
2. Weighed NaOH
3. Dissolved NaOH with
aquades
4. Add the NaOH solution
into volumetric flask
5. Add aquades into
volumetric flask until its
limit mark
6. Shake until the solution
is homogeneous
of a liquid (the solvent)
with a gas or solid (the
solute). In a solution,
the molecules of the
solute are discrete and
mixed with the
molecules of solvent.
(Oxford, 2008)
- When we weighed we weight the bottle
the NaOH, we and make the analytical
obtained 3,1275 into zero because we
grams of NaOH want to weight the
- After we shake the NaOH purely, so there
volumetric flask, will be minimal error
we got a when you weight the
homogeneous NaOH.
solution of NaOH
And then, we shake the
volumetric flask
because we want to
have a homogeneous
solution.
B. Standard solution preparation of NaOH with HCl
Action
1. Take standardized HCl
solution using a volumetric
pipette
2. Rinse the burette using
standardized HCl solution
3. Take 10 mL of standardized
HCl solution using
volumetric pipette
4. Add 50 mL of HCl solution
into the burette
5. Take 10 mL of standardized
NaOH using volumetric
pipette
6. Put the NaOH solution into
erlenmeyer flask
7. Add 2 drops of PP indikator
into the erlenmeyer flask
8. Titration was carried out
using a standardized HCl
solution by shaking the
erlenmeyer
9. Shake it until the color
change into colorless
Observation Explanation
- When we add the We rinse the burette
PP indikator into using standardized HCl
the erlenmeyer solution because If you
flask, the color rinse the burette with the
will change into a solution to be used, then
pink color. But any tiny amounts of
after we shake it liquid remaining are the
slowly, we will same as the solution used
have a colorless to fill the burette, so they
solution will not change the
concentration of the
solution in any way. This
is to prevent
contamination. Rinsing
with solvent, eg water,
would dilute the solution
so its concentration
would no longer be
known accurately.
Rinsing with solution to
be used ensures removal
of any moisture adhering
to glass.
We need to shake the
erlenmeyer flask so we
can get a homogeneous
solution, and by shaking
it slowly, we will know
how many shake that we
 need until the color
change.

C. Commercial vinegar analysis

Action Observation Explanation

1. Take 10 mL of - The first titration We need to shake the

commercial vinegar need 52 mL of erlenmeyer because we want a
using a volumetric standardized homogeneous solution.
pipette NaOH until it
We using burette for
2. Put 10 mL change its color
standardized NaOH because by
commercial vinegar into purple
using it, we will know how
into 100 mL - The second
many drops or how many mL
erlenmeyer flask titration need 43,6
that we need until the color of
3. Prepared 20 mL of mL of NaOH
the solution change into purple
aquades until it becomes
color.
4. Add 20 mL aquades purple
into erlenmeyer flask
5. Add 3 drops of PP
indication into
erlenmeyer flask
6. Put the standardized
NaOH Solution into
the burette
7. Attach the burret to
the clamp
8. Titration was carried
using a standardized
NaOH solution by
shaking the
erlenmeyer
 9. Shake the
erlenmeyer until the
color change into
purple
10. Repeat the steps for
the second data

• CONCLUSION
Experiments have been carried out for making NaCl, HCl, NaOH solutions and
standardization of NaOH solutions as well as commercial vinegar analysis. The
concentrations obtained from the experimental data for the preparation of solutions were
8.1%, 11.96 M, and 7.8 × 10–4M, respectively. While the standardization of NaOH solution
obtained 0.707 M, and the average concentration of acetic acid obtained as much as 0.645%.

• REFERENCES
[1] Oxford. A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press Inc. New York.
2008 (Oxford, 2008)
[2] Susannah Scott. Standard Operating Procedure Hydrochloric acid. 2013
(Scott, 2012)
[3] Michael Wilson. Why is it important to rinse the burette with the solution to be
used in the titration?. Restaurant Norman. 2021. URL:
https://www.restaurantnorman.com/why-is-it-important-to-rinse-the-burette-with-
the-solution-to-be-used-in-the-
titration/#Why_is_it_important_to_rinse_the_burette_with_the_solution_to_be_us
ed_in_the_titration

(Why is it important to rinse the burette with the solution to be used in the
titration? – Restaurantnorman.com)
Assignments After Practicum
1. Why do not use a volumetric flask in the manufacture of NaCl solution while in the
manufacture of NaOH and HCl solutions must use a measuring flask?
Because the NaCl solution is not standardized as in NaOH and HCl solutions. For the NaCl
solution, only use a beaker glass container because it does not require a high level of
accuracy. As for NaOH and HCl, it is necessary to use a volumetric flask to make a solution
with a certain concentration with high accuracy. In addition, the function of the measuring
flask is to measure the solution in large quantities, mix the solution and shake the solution. So
that using a measuring flask only NaOH and HCl because the two solutions need to be mixed,
while the NaCl solution does not need to be mixed with other solutions. (Wardiyah, 2016)
2. Why do you have to use a weighing bottle for weighing NaOH?
Weighing bottles are used to weigh the mass of solid samples with high precision. NaOH has
hygroscopic properties (easy to interact with the surrounding environment) so it would be
better to use a weighing bottle when weighing it. (Wardiyah, 2016)
3. Why does NaOH need to be standardized with HCl? what is the function of the
indicatorPhenolphthalein?
NaOH solution needs to be standardized because NaOH solution is a substance that is easily
contaminated, is hygroscopic so it is easy to attract water vapor from the air and also easily
reacts with CO2 in the air. Thus, if you want to use a NaOH solution as a reagent in a
titration, the NaOH solution must be standardized first. To standardize NaOH, HCl solution
is used as the titrate which is a strong acid.
The function of adding phenophthalein indicator is to determine the occurrence of an
equivalence point in the titration process with a change in the color of the solution. The PP
indicator with a pH range of 8.0 ± 9.6 is a good indicator for alkaline solutions where this
indicator will change the color of the solution from clear to pink due to changes in the pH of
the solution during titration.
4. What is the concentration of HCl in experiment A.5 if expressed in volume percent?
%V = V HCl / V solution x 100%
%V = 10/100 x 100% = 10%
5. Why does the vinegar analysis need to add aqua distillate before the titration?
In the analysis of the vinegar before the titration, it is necessary to add distilled water or
distilled water whose purpose is to facilitate the titration process because the solution will not
be too concentrated and watery.
 6. Does the addition of water affect the number of moles of acetic acid?
The addition of water affects the number of moles of acetic acid. The more water added,
the more dilute the acetic acid and the larger the volume. Based on the equation
pV = nRT
V = n 22,4
n=MV
It can be seen that moles and volume are always directly proportional. So the addition of
water will increase the number of moles of acetic acid

Job Desk:
1. Daniella Chandra : Observation Table, References
2. Muhammad Aldi Firmansyah : Conclussion, Assignment after practicum
3. Sima Syariy Salsabila : Observation Result