Name of Student: __________________________________________________

Learning Area: Pre-Calculus Grade Level: ________________________

Date: ___________________________________

Learner’s Packet 1: Introduction to Conic Sections and Circles

I. Learning Skills from the MELC

After going through the learner’s packet, you are expected to:
a. illustrate the different types of conic sections: parabola,
ellipse, circle, hyperbola, and degenerate cases.
(STEM_PC11AG-Ia-1)
b. define a circle (STEM_PC11AGIa-2)
c. determine the standard form of equation of a circle
(STEM_PC11AGIa3).

II. Introductory Concept

As a STEM student, learning Pre-Calculus is vital in providing a
strong grasp on concepts that will be applied in Basic Calculus. It deals
with the study of Analytic Geometry, Mathematical Induction, and
Trigonometry.
This Learner’s Packet will introduce you to the geometric
representations of conic sections. Its representations, whether man-
made or natural, have many scientific and engineering applications.
You will learn to identify and illustrate the circle, the parabola, the
ellipse, and the hyperbola. Furthermore, you will study the definition
of a circle, its parts, and its properties. A thorough understanding of
circles will help you in writing its equation in standard form.
III. Activities

Let Us Study

CONIC SECTIONS
We introduce the conic sections (or conics), a particular class of curves that
oftentimes appear in nature and which have applications in other fields. One of the
first shapes we learned, a circle, is a conic. When you throw a ball, the trajectory it
takes is a parabola. The orbit taken by each planet around the sun is an ellipse.
Properties of hyperbolas have been used in the design of certain telescopes and
navigation systems.
The parabola, ellipse, hyperbola, and circle are called conic sections or simply
conics. The term “conic section” means that each figure is formed when a plane
intersects a right circular cone. The degenerate cases of the conic sections include a
point, a line, and two intersecting lines.

You may watch a YouTube video in this link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HO2zAU3Eppo showing a 3D animation on
how the different types of conic sections and their degenerate cases are formed.

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 A plane can intersect or cut a double-napped right circular cone in various
ways. (Nappes are the surfaces of the cones, see Figure 1.)

nappes

https://mathworld.wolfr
am.com/Nappe.html
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

Different Conic Sections:

• Circle (Figure 2) – when the horizontal plane intersects only one cone.
• Ellipse (Figure 2) – when the (tilted) plane intersects only one cone to form a
bounded curve.
• Parabola (Figure 3) – when the plane intersects only one cone to form an
unbounded curve.
• Hyperbola (Figure 4) – when the plane (not necessarily vertical) intersects
both cones to form two unbounded curves (each called a branch of the
hyperbola).

Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7

Degenerate Cases:
• Point (Figure 5) – when the plane is placed horizontally between the tips
(vertices) of the double right circular cones
• One Line (Figure 6) – when the tilted plane is placed between the tips
(vertices) such that the plane touches the surfaces (nappes) of the double
right circular cones
• Two Lines (Figure 7) – when the plane is placed on the cones horizontally
passing through the tips (vertices) of the double right circular cones.
(Creative Learning YouTube Video)

Now, try the activities in the next pages to check your understanding of the discussion
of the lesson.

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PICTURE ANALYSIS
Try This!
Directions: Determine the type of conics shown in each figure below. Write your
answer on the space provided.

1. Flashlight: ______________ 2. Watermelon: _____________

, 4 2020
wonderseeds.blogspot.com retrieved May
clausentech.com retrieved May 4, 2020

3. Orbit of a Planet: ____________ 4. Ferris wheel: ____________

sciencephoto.com retrieved May 4, 2020 pinterest.com retrieved May 4, 2020

5. Hourglass:_______________ 6 Vigan’s Calesa Wheel:

. _________

vectorstock.com retrieved May 4, 2020

flickr.com retrieved May 4,
2020
7. San Juanico Bridge:__________ 8. Lampshade Light: ____________

videotrip.ph retrieved May 4, 2020 pleacher.com retrieved May 4, 2020

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Since you are done identifying the different conics in real-life representations, illustrate them
through the next activity.

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 Do More! ILLUSTRATE ME!

Directions: Draw a plane that will intersect the double-napped cones

such that it will form the given conics and complete the given definition.

A. CONIC SECTIONS ILLUSTRATION DEFINITION

A circle is a curve formed

when the plane
1. CIRCLE
intersects the cone
__________.

An ellipse is a curve
formed when a ______
2. ELLIPSE plane intersects only one
cone to
form a _______ curve.

A parabola is a curve
formed when a ______
3. PARABOLA plane intersects only one
cone to form an _______
curve.

A hyperbola is a curve
formed when a plane
4. HYPERBOLA
intersects both cones to
form _________.

Conics are useful! Let’s see if you can find them in your place by doing the next activity.

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 WORTH IT, CONICS ARE EVERYWHERE!
Directions: Look around your house or think about the things that
Challenge represent conics. Paste pictures or sketch them and write their
Yourself! importance to you or to your community. You will realize that
conics are everywhere and worth learning!

A. CONIC IMPORTANCE/
PICTURE OR SKETCH
SECTION USEFULNESS

1. CIRCLE

2. ELLIPSE

3. PARABOLA

4. HYPERBOLA

B. DEGENERATE IMPORTANCE/
PICTURE OR SKETCH
CONICS USEFULNESS

1. POINT

2. ONE LINE

3. TWO LINES

Are you now ready to broaden your understanding of circles? The next lesson will help
you. Please read and analyze it carefully.

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DEFINITION OF CIRCLE AND ITS EQUATION IN STANDARD FORM
Definition of Circle
The circle is the simplest and best-known conic section. It is the intersection
of a plane perpendicular to the cone's axis. A circle is the set of points in a plane
whose distance from a given fixed point in the plane is constant. The fixed point is
the center of the circle; the constant distance is the radius.
The geometric definition of a circle is the locus of all points a constant distance
r from a point (h, k) and forming the circumference (C). The distance r is
the radius (r) of the circle, and the point 0 = (h, k) is the circle's center (also spelled
as centre). The diameter (d) is twice the length of the radius.

This time, we shall define a circle from another perspective.

Look at Figure 1, with distinct points A, B, C, and P as shown. From the

figure, the distance of (−2, 1) from 𝐶 is 𝐴𝐶 = 5. Using the distance formula, the
distance of (6, 5) from 𝐶 is

𝐵𝐶 = √(x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2

= √(6 − 3)2 + (5 − 1)2

= 5
There are other points 𝑃 such that 𝑃𝐶 = 5
and the collection of all such points which are
units away from 𝐶, forms a circle.

Figure 1

Using the discussion above, we shall define a circle by letting (h, k) be the
center of a circle and (𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on the circle (see Figure 2).

Definition. A circle is the collection of all points 𝑃 in a plane that are at

a fixed distance 𝑟 from a fixed point 𝐶.

https://www.emathzone.com/tutorials/geometry/definition-of-circle.html

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 Figure 2

Look at the picture below for additional information about the parts of a
circle.

https://www.slideshare.net/JohnPaulHablado1/quick-and-easy-way-of-determining-the- center-and-radius-of-the-general-form-of-circles-equation

Study the following examples.

Example 1: Let us find the center and radius of each circle.

Answer:
a) Center (0, 0), radius 7
b) Center (6, 5), radius 7
You can find this by getting the coordinates of the center (x, y) and counting
the number of units from the center to the surface of the circle.

Other Ways in Finding the Center and Radius

1. 2.

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 3. 4.

https://www.slideshare.net/JohnPaulHablado1/quick-and-easy-way-of-determining-the- center-and-radius-of-the-general-form-of-circles-equation

Standard Equation of a Circle

Here is another task for you to learn about!
Let us have a deeper understanding of the circle. Using the definition of a circle,
we shall obtain its analytic representation which
focuses only on the standard equation of a circle.

Let (ℎ, 𝑘) be the center of a circle and let (𝑥, 𝑦) be

any point on the circle (Figure 5).

https://www.emathzone.com/tutorials/geometry/definition-of-circle.html

Figure 5

Clearly, we see in the figure that 𝐶𝑃 = 𝑟, where 𝑟 > 0. Then, by using the
distance formula and by substitution, we have
√(x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 = 𝑑

(x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 = 𝑟 2

or (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐

This is the equation of the circle with center at (ℎ, 𝑘) and radius 𝑟. If the
center is the origin, then ℎ = 0 and 𝑘 = 0. The standard equation is then

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐.

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 Examples:
A. Find the standard equation of the circle satisfying the given conditions.

1. Center at the origin, radius 5

2. Center (−4, 3), radius √7
3. Center (5, −6), tangent to the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
4. It has a diameter with endpoints 𝐴 (−1, 4) and 𝐵 (1, 2)
5. Please refer to Figure 6

Figure 6
Solutions:
1. The required equation can be obtained by using 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐, since the center
is at the origin. If 𝑟 = 5, therefore the equation is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 52 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25.
2. Using the standard equation (𝒙 − 𝒉) + (𝒚 − 𝒌) = 𝒓𝟐, where ℎ = −4, 𝑘 = 3, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = √7,
2 2 2
then the required equation of the circle is (𝑥 + 4) + (𝑦 − 3) = (√7) circle 𝑜𝑟
(𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 7
3. The center is 5 units away from the y-axis, so the radius is 𝑟 = 5 (you can
make a sketch to see why). The equation is (𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 + 6)2 = 25.
4. The center 𝐶 is the midpoint of 𝐴 and 𝐵. To find the coordinate of point 𝐶,
x +x y + y
use the midpoint formula and by substitution, we have C = 1,2 2 , 1 2 2 =
−1+ 1 4+2
2
, 2 = (0, 3). The radius is then 𝑟 = 𝐴𝐶 = √(−1 − 0)2 + (4 − 3)2 = √2. The
circle has an equation 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 2.
5. The center is at (3, 0) and the radius is 4. Using the standard equation
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 , where ℎ = 3, 𝑘 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 4, then the required equation
of the circle is (𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 42 or (𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 16.

B. Identify the center and radius of the circle with the given equation in each item.
1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 36
2. (𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 8
1
3. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 4

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 4. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 3 = 0
5. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 16𝑥 − 24𝑦 + 51 = 0 (Completing the square to find a circle's
center and radius always works in this manner.)

Solutions:
1. Center (0, 0) and radius 6
2. Center (3, 0) and radius √8 𝑜𝑟 2√2
1
3. Center (0, 1) and radius 2
𝑎 𝑏
4. 𝐶 (ℎ, 𝑘) = ( , ) use formula for finding the center
−2 −2
4 −6
𝐶 (ℎ, 𝑘) = (−2 , −2) substitute 4 for a, and -6 for b

𝐶 (ℎ, 𝑘) = (−2, 3) perform division

𝑟 = √ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 𝑐

𝑟 = √(−2)2 + (3)2 − 𝑐 substitute -2 for h, 3 for k, 3 for c(constant)

𝑟 = √4 + 9 − 3 perform the operation

𝑟 = √10 simplify

𝑟 = 3.16
5. Please follow these steps for you to arrive at the correct answer.

Here is the equation given to you. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 16𝑥 − 24𝑦 + 51 = 0

Move the constant number to the right side. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 16𝑥 − 24𝑦 = −51
Group the terms with the same variables
4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 − 24𝑦 = −51
together.
Make sure that the numerical coefficients of
x2 and y2 are both 1. (In this case, both left 51
and right sides of the equation are 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 = −
1
4
multiplied by 4 or divided by 4).

This is the most complicated step. You will

need space inside your groupings because
this is where you will apply the completing
the square method. Take the coefficient of 51
(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + __) + (𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + __) = −
the x-term, multiply it by one-half, square it, 4
51
and then add this to both sides of the 2 2
(𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 𝟒) + (𝑦 − 6𝑦 + 𝟗) = − +𝟒+𝟗
equation as shown (4 is added to both 4
𝟏
sides). Do the same with the y-term (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 =
𝟒
coefficient (9 is added to both
sides). Rewrite the groupings on the left
side as the square of the binomial. Simplify
the right side.
Since the equation is in standard form, you The center (h, k) is at (2, 3).
can identify the center and the radius. 1 1
The radius is r = √4 = 2.

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How did you find the examples presented in each learning situation? Were you able to
follow? This is now your turn to apply what you have learned.

GAME SHOW QUIZ

Directions: Find the center and radius of the circle.

Try This!

Do More! MATCH UP!

Directions: Choose the correct answer from the box above. Match
it with the given statements describing the equation of the circle.

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY: MY ARCONICS

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 Create your ARCONICS or ARTWORK made out of CONICS. You
can choose one or a combination of different conics in making your
masterpiece. Include a written or video explanation regarding the
following: materials used, its usefulness, and reasons or inspiration for
making it.

IV. Rubric for Scoring

Rubrics for Additional Activity: My Arconics

Criteria Points/Percentage

*Creativity and Originality 20

*Visual Impact 20
*Craftsmanship 20
*Presentation (a written or video explanation 40
with the required contents)

Total 100

IV. Answer Key

Try this: PICTURE ANALYSIS

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Do More: ILLUSTRATE ME!

Challenge Yourself: WORTH IT, CONICS ARE EVERYWHERE!

Answers may vary.

DEFINITION OF CIRCLE AND ITS EQUATION IN STANDARD FORM

Try this!
4. D 3. B 2. D 1. B

Do More:
5. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 181 4. (𝑥 + 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 100
3. (𝑥 + 18)2 + (𝑦 + 9)2 = 1 2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 8 1. (𝑥 − 11)2 + (𝑦 + 8)2 = 74
Match Up!

VI. Reflection
Directions: Complete the following statements. You may use an
additional sheet if needed.
1. What I enjoyed most in this lesson is/are ______________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. I find difficulty in _____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

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 3. I want to learn more in ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
VII. References
Creative Learning. “Conic Section 3D Animation.” YouTube video, 5:27. September 22, 2015.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HO2zAU3Eppo

Department of Education - Philippines (Bureau of Learning Resources). Pre–Calculus

Learner’s Material. Quezon City, Philippines: Sunshine Interlinks Publishing House, 2016.

Feliciano, Florentino and Uy, Fausto. Modern Analytic Geometry. Merriam & Webster
Bookstore, Inc.1994

Geogebra Calculator Suite. https://www.geogebra.org/calculator

Hablado, John Paul. “Quick and Easy Way of Determining the Center and Radius of the
General Form of Circle's Equation.” Slideshare. September 08, 2017.
https://www.slideshare.net/JohnPaulHablado1/quick-and-easy-way-of-determining-the-
center-and-radius-of-the-general-form-of-circles-equation

Stapel, Elizabeth. "Completing the Square: Circle Equations." Purplemath. August 27, 2021.
https://www.purplemath.com/modules/sqrcircle.htm.

Wikibooks. “Conic Sections/Circle.” wikibooks.org. January 24 , 2018.

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conic_Sections/Circle

JOMER O. RUZ
CYNTHIA U. SEVA
Smile Learner’s Packet Writer

MELANY D. PANGILINAN, MT-II (Magallanes NHS)

Smile Learner’s Packet Validator

GRAZIELLE R. TAN, MT-II (Gallanosa NHS)

Smile Learner’s Packet Validator

CHAD LOWE V. VILLARROYA (Gubat NHS)

Smile Learner’s Packet Illustrator/ Layout artist

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