CIS

Secondary-1
Chemistry

F2 State of Matter

CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Objectives

After this lecture, You will be able to;

✓ describe and explain the properties of substances in their solid, liquid, and
gas states

✓ use the particle theory to explain diffusion

✓ describe evidence for diffusion

✓ use a formula to calculate density

✓ explain air pressure and its effect on boiling point

✓ explain how temperature affects gas pressure

CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Explaining diffusion
Diffusion

❖ Rebekah is cooking dinner for her family.

❖ Very soon, everyone in the house can smell the food. Why?

❖ Food particles evaporate as Rebekah is cooking.

❖ They move around randomly in the air, and spread out.

❖ The food particles mix with air particles. Soon there are food particles all over the house.

❖ Some of the food particles enter your nose, which detects the smell.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZE7m9fkHmM
CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Diffusion

❖ The random movement and mixing of particles is called diffusion.

❖ Particles move because they have energy.

❖ The speed of mixing by diffusion depends on three factors:

● temperature

● size and mass of the particles

● the states of the substances that are diffusing.

CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Diffusion and Temperature

❖ Particles from warm food diffuse more quickly than those from cool food.

❖ The warmer particles have more energy, so they move faster.

❖ The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of diffusion.

CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Diffusion and particle size and mass

A teacher sets up the apparatus below.

❖ Particles of hydrogen chloride and ammonia evaporate from the cotton wool.

❖ They diffuse along the tube. When the two types of particle meet they react.

❖ This forms a new substance, which is a white solid. You can see the solid in the tube.

CIS –S1-Chem
 ❖ The solid forms closer to the cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid.

❖ This shows that hydrogen chloride particles diffuse more slowly than ammonia particles.

❖ A hydrogen chloride particle has a greater mass than an ammonia particle.

❖ Big, heavy particles diffuse more slowly than smaller, lighter particles.

CIS –S1-Chem
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxhWwPMlgdA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YptxzEfXPI4
 Diffusion in gases, liquids, and solids

Diffusion through gases

✓ Diffusion happens quickly in a gas.

✓ This is because a particle can travel a long distance before it hits another particle.

(Diffusion in Gas)

CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Diffusion through liquids
✓ Mo puts a crystal of potassium manganate in a Petri dish of water.

✓ He watches carefully.

✓ The purple colour starts to spread through the water.

✓ The next day Mo looks at the mixture again.

Purple crystals start to diffuse
✓ The purple colour has spread all through the water. through liquid water.

✓ Purple particles have moved away from the crystal and mixed with the water particles.

✓ Diffusion happens more slowly in liquids than in gases.

✓ This is because particles are closer in liquids, and there are stronger forces between them.

CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Diffusion in solids

✓ Diffusion happens very slowly – if at all – in solids.

✓ This is because very strong forces hold the particles in position.

Solid diffusion is used in making
✓ However, solid diffusion can happen enough to be useful.
solar cells.

✓ Solar cells generate electricity from sunlight.

✓ One type of solar cell is made from thin slices of pure silicon.

✓ When the cell is being made, phosphorus particles diffuse into the silicon.

✓ The process happens at a high temperature, just below the melting point of silicon.

CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
 5.3 Explaining density

What is density?

❖ Ravi is a weightlifter. His dumbbells are made from iron.

❖ Why not make dumbbells from aluminium or wood?

❖ Iron dumbbells are heavier than aluminium dumbbells of the same size.

❖ This is because iron has a greater density than aluminium.

❖ Density is how heavy something is for its size.

❖ A 1 cm3 cube of iron is heavier than a 1 cm3 cube of aluminium.

CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Density, Mass and Volume

• Density is a measure of mass per unit volume.

• Units of density – g/cm3, kg/m3, g/L, g/mL, lb/ft3.

CIS –S1-Chem
 Density of Water Experiment

➢ To understand the density of water, let’s do a small experiment.

➢ We will need a tall glass cup, honey, water, coconut oil and food colouring,

➢ Step 1: Pour a one-quarter cup of honey,

➢ Step 2: Pour a one-quarter cup of coloured water gently

on top of the honey.

➢ Step 3: pour a one-quarter cup of coconut oil on top of

the coloured water.

CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Explaining density

❖ The density of a substance depends on two things:

● the mass of its particles

● how closely packed its particles are.

Particle mass

❖ In the solid state, the metals with the heaviest particles have the highest densities.

CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Explaining gas pressure
Gas pressure
❖ When Raj starts blowing, air particles enter the balloon.

❖ The particles move quickly in all directions.

❖ They bump into, or collide with, the rubber.

❖ The colliding particles exert a force on the rubber, and push it

outwards.

❖ The force per unit area is called pressure.

❖ As Raj continues blowing, more air particles enter the

balloon. The balloon gets bigger.
The more Raj blows into the balloon,
the greater the number of air particles
inside it.
CIS –S1-Chem
 How does temperature affect gas pressure?

❖ Raj ties up his balloon.

❖ He leaves it in a warm room.

❖ The balloon gets even bigger. Why?

❖ The air particles inside the balloon warm up.

❖ They move faster.

❖ They hit each other, and the sides of the container, more often.

❖ The air pressure inside the balloon has increased.

❖ In the warm balloon, the faster moving particles are further apart.

❖ This is why the balloon gets bigger.

CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
 How does temperature affect gas pressure?

❑ Saniyah puts a plastic bottle in a freezer.

❑ The air in the bottle cools down.

❑ The particles move more slowly.

❑ They hit each other.

❑ The pressure inside the bottle has decreased.

The bottle collapses as the air
❑ The bottle collapses. pressure inside it decreases.

CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Air pressure
❖ Tirto visits the mountains. He feels breathless. Why?

❖ Air particles collide with you all the time.

❖ The force exerted by these particles per unit area is air

pressure.

❖ The pressure does not squash you because you have

air inside your body too.

❖ Air pressure depends on how high up you are.

❖ At the top of a mountain there is less air pressing down on you than there is at sea level.

❖ The air pressure is less at the top of the mountain.

CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Air pressure

❖ At the top of the mountain, air particles are further apart than they are at sea level.

❖ You need to breathe more often to take in enough oxygen.

❖ People who live in the mountains don’t breathe more often than people who live at sea level.

❖ Their bodies have adapted to the lower air pressure.

CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Air pressure and Boiling point

▪ Bubu heats liquid water. Water particles leave the surface of the liquid.

▪ These particles form a vapour above the liquid.

▪ Water boils when the pressure of the vapour above the liquid is the same as the air pressure
around the liquid.

CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Air pressure
and
Boiling point

▪ This explains why boiling point changes with altitude (height above sea level).

▪ The higher the altitude, the lower the air pressure.

▪ The lower the air pressure, the lower the temperature at which the vapour pressure is equal to
the air pressure.

CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
CIS –S1-Chem *P. G. HULME; COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY 1, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS