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Smart Cities' Components Ranking: An Exploratory Study

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120 IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.20 No.3, March 2020
Smart Cities' Components Ranking: An Exploratory Study
Wafa Najjar1* , Shrouq Alharbi2** and Mashael Khayyat3***
University of Jeddah, College of Computer Science and Engineering,
Department of Information Systems and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Summary
Beginning from smart city definitions and services, this paper aims
to discuss the required components to build smart cities and deliver
smart services. More specifically, the study will focus on
infrastructure, governance and people’s knowledge components
and how each component contributes with different elements. As
a result, this research proves the importance of each component to
build a smart city and deliver smart services. In addition, a
framework has been created to clarify the three basic components
required to build smart cities. Each component contains elements
that allow smart cities to communicate, interact and enable smart
services. Overall, this study strengthens the idea that all three
components are essential, where is considered an infrastructure
component is the weighted higher importance in building smart
cities, followed by knowledge of people and finally governance.
Key words:
Smart City, Infrastructure, Governance, People’s Knowledge,
Smart Services, Components
1. Introduction
Recently, governments (in many countries) are seeking to
provide a high quality of life, environmental sustainability
and competitive economic services through the utilization
of the digital revolution. Hence, to achieve such services
smart cities become one of the objectives that governments
need to adapt and build. According to Anindra et al. (2018),
Smart Cities (SC) are defined as “cities that can improve the
quality of life of their citizens by managing all their
resources effectively and efficiently through innovative,
integrated and long-term solutions” [1]. Many services can
be delivered by smart cities which will be discussed in the
following section.
1.1 Services of Smart City
The concept of a smart city has gone through different
stages during the digital revolution based on the rapid
development pace of the technology. Terminologies such as
digital city, intelligent city, and the wired city have been
used to reflect the bundle of services provided in each stage
[2].Some of the aims of a smart city are to deliver smart
services to its citizens that can streamline government
procedures, improve public services, enhance their daily
life activities like transportation, provide a green
environment and better use of resources as will be shown in
the following paragraphs. As per Lee (2014), “smart city
Manuscript received March 5, 2020
Manuscript revised March 20, 2020
services’ referring to innovative services using ICT in city
planning and management” [3]. According to the definition ,
it is new service that can facilities and provide public
services in the city, such as health, waste management,
building, education, transportation, and energy services [2].
The following paragraphs explore some of these services.
 E-Government
In a smart city, according to Gil-Garcia et al. (2015)
government services defined as “the source of smart public
service delivery within a smart city, of city administration
and public engagement” [4]. Electronic Government (E-
Government) services use technology and innovation to
enhance the performance of government services [5] such
as transparency to access information, participation in
decision-making, and effective outcomes [6].
 Transportation
Transportation is considered an essential activity that
affects both the business industry and society as well [7].
Researchers have been studying transportation in a smart
city from a different point of views. They introduce
different systems which can be used as one of the tiers in
smart city architecture to maximize the use of roads network,
ensure people can suitably mobile and for better traffic
management [8][9][10][11][12].
 Security and Safety
Elmaghraby and Losavio (2014) define security as follows:
“Security is a global idea tied to safety” [13].
City police and fire stations will benefit from real data
leveraging to increase the safety for the public in case of
emergency and any life-threatening which will help to
reduce accidents and crimes [14]. Surveillance system for
detection and identification is an example of technology
that used to assure public safety in any smart city [15].
 Green Environments
Most nations nowadays plan to target the green growth
environment, smart city initiatives and outcomes aligned
and support such target [16]. for example, reducing carbon
IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.20 No.3, March 2020
dioxide and monitoring climate are strong objectives in the
smart city agenda [17].
 Public Utilities (Water and Energy)
Energy and water are the most consumed resources on earth.
A smart city will offer a platform that will assure that both
resources are managed efficiently with less waste [18]. Such
utilization of these recourses will be valuable output to
conserve earth resources.
 Education
A smart city helps to enhance and motivate the education
sector by utilizing the technologies[18]. Such enhancement
gives a lot of advantages such as easier accessibility, quality
improvement and cost reduction[14].
 City Foundation (Roads, Buildings, and
Bridges)
Sensors technology provides intelligent managing and
monitoring for buildings facilities in a smart city [19]. It
also allows to make better decisions about the more efficient
route and improve the diagnose of damaged roads as well
as real-time data analysis [20] [21].
Now after presenting the smart services, components to
build a smart city will be discussed below.
1.2 How to Build a Smart City
Different studies discussed that a smart city may be
constructed from different components, depends on the
perspective, requirements, and characteristics of the smart
city [22]. Smart city Components can be labeled (described
or categorized) differently. For example, it could reflect the
technological or administrational or even social (human
capital) aspects [4]. Overall, the importance of the
components will rely on the function of each component
rather its label. Delivering smart services to stakeholders is
the key point at the end.
This paper aims to highlight the required components,
elements and the importance of each components via
different perspectives. This to build a smart city and to
deliver smart services; the study will focus on three
essential components. These components labeled as
infrastructure, governance and people’s knowledge. Each
one of them will contribute with different elements and
perspectives based on the exploration of many studies from
various areas. Moreover, a literature review that defines a
smart city and its components added to address the
importance of each one.
Also, a framework of smart city components proposed to
illustrate each component and the smart services. The
remaining part of the paper proceeds as follows: literature
121
reviews will be examined, then methodology and proposed
framework will be discussed, then analysis and Results will
be illustrated, finally recommendation and Conclusion will
be provided.
2. Literature Review
2.1 Smart City and Components Definitions
Various research defined smart city and its components
from different domains and perspectives. Some definitions
focused on the technological part and emphasis on physical
infrastructure [4]. While others focused on enriching the
economic and logistics to achieve a competitive
performance of cities [23]. Table 1 shows different smart
city definitions with associated components from a different
point of views. Each component of the smart city will be
explained in the following sections.
2.2 Infrastructure Components
According to Chourabi et al. (2012), A smart city
infrastructure defined as “connecting the physical
infrastructure, the IT infrastructure, the social
infrastructure, and the business infrastructure to leverage
the collective intelligence of the city”[27]. A smart
infrastructure contains heterogeneous technologies and
non-technology elements, such as the Internet of Things
(IoT), telecommunication generations (4G-5G), sensors,
cloud-computing and big database analyses [28].
Embedded technologies in smart infrastructures such as IoT
and sensors play a major role, all equipment will able to
interact and communicate to produce real-time data [29].
Capturing real-time data from deployed sensors transmits
through a communication layer then modeled to create
information and to support intelligent decision making for
better services [30]. Besides, building a smart city required
a supportive physical infrastructure such as roads, bridges,
tunnels, pipelines, electrical and communication lines [4].
These physical infrastructures assets should be managed
and monitored through smart city operational
functionalities [31].
2.3 Governance Components
The academic literature studies that address the issues of
governance on smart city initiatives are limited. Most cities
do not prioritize other enablers such as governance, people,
and Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
But instead, they only focus mostly on ICT [27]. According
to Chourabi et al. (2012), public governance is generally
taken to be the administrative rules, regimes of laws, and
judicial ruling as well as the practices that enable, prescribe,
and constrain the government activities [27].
122 IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.20 No.3, March 2020

According to Forrester (2012), smart city initiatives are Table 1: Smart city definitions and components from different studies
founded on smart governance. A smart city is comprised of
a systematic collection of technologies that work hand in
hand, such as social norms, people, policies, resources, Definition Components Aim of the
Study
practices, and information that supports the governing
activities in the city through interactions. The need to have
“A smart sustainable city
all these systems and bodies working together poses a is an innovative city that
critical challenge to the smart city initiatives because the uses information and
governance is required to come up with ideas and ways of communication
technologies (ICTs) and Infrastructure Different smart
making the technologies work effectively [27][22]. other means to improve Building cities have
Smart governance is expected to offer an accountable, quality of life, efficiency Transportation different levels
of urban operations and Energy of these smart
transparent, and responsive infrastructure. This means that services, and Health care components,
the projects implemented by smart governance should be competitiveness, while Technology depending on
ensuring that it meets the Governance their focus.
open and effective. Functioning infrastructure helps with needs of present and Education
data exchange, collaboration, communication, and service future generations with Citizen
integration. In smart governance, the projects and systems respect to economic,
social and environmental
are expected to work effectively and give tangible results aspects” [22]
[32].
The accountable, responsive, and transparent dimensions “The smart city concept
can be further explained. For instance, transparency calls is used to identify a large
spectrum of
for openness, accountability/collaboration means being able heterogeneous solutions
to include or involve all the stakeholders. Furthermore, and city programs, The land
involving different types Smart city
Participatory means creating a forum to enable all the of technologies and The citizens implementation
citizens to participate or contribute. Last but not least, aiming to reach a very The
large set of different and government
responsiveness means that the projects being established not well-defined goals;
and implemented should be accomplished and be able to the smart city idea arises
serve their respective purposes. In a smart city, there should from the application of
technology to urban
also be the use of Electronic Government (e-Government), problems” [24]
making it possible to deliver some services to the public
electronically [32]. Economics
People
Studies from several successfully implemented smart city “A town called smart Governance
evaluations show that the key driver of success was smart when human and social Society
assets interact with the Living Maturity level
governance. This means that the possibility of successfully infrastructure and Mobility of smart city
implementing a smart city was mainly dependent on smart technology to create Infrastructure
economic growth in the ICT
governance. Smart governance is responsible for ensuring Surveillance
city with a livable Energy
that data usage is managed in a better way and that the environment” [25] Environments
communities are equally involved to guarantee effective Public space
and fast decision-making processes. Therefore, smart
governance is the backbone of a smart city if they are to “Concern innovation -not
become a success [1] necessarily based on the Soft and Hard
Thus, smart governance is important and can be shown by information and infrastructure
communications ICT-based Defining Smart
utilizing a good system under good management. The technologies (ICT)-, City
which aim to enhance innovative Architecture
infrastructure may prove to be sophisticated, and a little had solutions
urban performance in Other solutions for
to maneuver. However, if it is controlled by smart people terms of people, Sustainability
beyond the
throughout the process, it could turn out successfully. governance, mobility, ICT
Building and running a smart city requires not only a smart economy, environment
and living.” [26]
government but also smart people who are open to changes
and yearn for improvements [1][32]. 2.4 People's Knowledge Components
There are several multi-dimensional challenges that smart
city initiatives face. These are: political, governmental,
technical, social, and cultural. These challenges cannot be
solved using the technology only, so they need workforce
or human capital to be incorporated into the initiative so that
IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.20 No.3, March 2020 123

they can handle and deal with the challenges that require
human intervention [32].
Although the discussion on the involvement of people and
communities in the smart city initiatives has been ignored
for long, it is a critical topic that should be given a lot of
weight and attention. People and communities should be
equally involved, and their contribution to a smart city
should be understood. Technology, on its own, is not
capable of successfully setting up and running a smart city.
People are capable of playing important roles when rolling
out technological policies and make a smart city initiative
very successful [33].
A smart city should be mindful and sensitive of the different
communities and their varying needs so that it becomes
easier for people and communities to get involved [33].
Citizens' inclusion in a smart city is paramount. This can
promote continuous interactions throughout the city. In
these cities, strategies such as being knowledgeable,
education and learning are a plus. If they are promoted, it
will become even easier for the people and communities to
co-exist and work towards improving the city [33].
A smart city affects citizens' life quality as they work
towards making the people more educated, more informed,
and more involved in the affairs that affect them. Citizens
in a smart city are allowed to become active users by
participating in the management and governance of the city.
The citizens that live in an area are in a better position to
point out the challenges and problems that they face. This
means that people should not be excluded from the
management of a smart city because they could determine
the success or failure of the initiatives [33]. Also, the
initiatives should be modeled to fulfill the needs of the
people within these cities [34]. Nevertheless, a smart city
requires equal involvement from all the stakeholders. That
is the economy, knowledge, social, and political
stakeholders [1]. For a city to be termed smart, the people
living in it should be smart too. The smart of the people can
be described as their ability to conform and adopt
technology and apply it in their day in day out life activities
[34]. The technology is also expected to be relevant to the
people in for it to be easily used by the citizens. The
initiatives should, therefore, be mindful of the citizens’
quality of life and well-being [34].
offers high accuracy, quick processing and an automated
method of data collection in a cost-effective manner.
 Sample Selection
The sampling technique was Non-probability sampling and
employed a purposive sampling strategy since the
participants are selected based on non-random criteria.
Questions only answered by a sample of IT expertise and IT
researchers.
 Survey Question Creation
Participants were introduced with the purpose and
objectives of the study before answering the questions. The
language used in questions was clear English and not
ambiguous also not deeply technical. The survey designed
not to take more than four minutes (this was the average
result we got when analyze the data at the web site). We
avoided asking personal data such as name or e-mail, so the
respondents will not be hesitated to answer. The survey
consisted of three rating questions about smart city
components and one multiple-choice question about the
smart city services in addition to one open question about
recommended components (if any). The survey was created
using www.surveyconsole.com, and then sent to the
participant as an online link via the SurveyMonkey website.
3.2 Framework Used and Time Frame
The questionnaire in the survey constructed based on the
framework below (see Fig1).

3. Methodology
3.1 Data Collection Methods
This paper is measuring the importance of core components
required to build a smart city and deliver the smart services.
A quantitative research approach based on an online-
administered cross-sectional survey questionnaire as a tool
for collecting data using SurveyMonkey was adopted. The
online questionnaire technique has been used because it
124 IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.20 No.3, March 2020

Fig. 1 Framework of components that built smart city.

As per our study, the framework is built from three core

components that are required to build a smart city, each
component contains elements that allow a smart city to
connect, interact and enable smart services. These core
components are aiming to deliver smart services such as
providing e-government services that increase citizens
satisfaction and to provide better quality of life. (1)

Table 2: Rating/Scale Weight

4. Analysis and Results
Rating/Scale Weight
This section will analyze the respondent’s answers; MS Very important 3
Excel was used to analyze the survey results, and calculate Important 2
Low important 1
respondents’ count, percentages, and average weights. The
goal was to develop a survey that covered the smart city
core components with a clear description of each 4.1 Smart City Components Questions
component.
 Infrastructure Component
Total completed responses for the survey are 46 responses,
responses of the components will be analyzed first. Then the
smart city services question and the open-ended question o Technology Infrastructure: The majority of respondents
will be analyzed at the recommendation section. Moreover, 73% rated the technology infrastructure element as very
each rating/scale questions weighted as per Table 2 and important, 25% as important, and only 2% rated it as low
overall components weighted average used equation Eq. 1 important. The element (Technology Infrastructure)
below. average weight is 2.71 out of 3 (see Fig 2 and Fig 3).

o Physical Infrastructure: The majority of respondents 69%

rated the physical infrastructure element as very important,
31% as important and zero percentage rated it as low
IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.20 No.3, March 2020
important. The element (Physical Infrastructure) average
weight is 2.69 out of 3 (see Fig 2 and Fig 3).
Fig. 2 Infrastructure Component Elements Rating/Scale.
Fig. 3 Infrastructure Component Elements Average Weight.
Overall, infrastructure component average weight is 2.7
which indicates that technology and physical infrastructure
are very essentials to build a smart city and deliver smart
services.
 Governance Component
o Regimes of laws, administrative rules, and
practices: Half of the respondents 50% rated the
regimes of laws, administrative rules, and practices
element as very important, less than half 48% as
important and only 2% rated it as low important. The
element (Regimes of laws, administrative rules, and
practices) average weight is 2.48 out of 3 (see Fig 4
and Fig 5).
o Data governance to enable better decision-making
and information security: The majority of
respondents 79% rated the data governance element as
125
very important, 19% as important, and only 2% rated
it as low important. The element (Data governance)
average weight is 2.77 out of 3 (see Fig 4 and Fig 5).
Fig. 4 Governance Component Elements Rating/Scale.
Fig. 5 Governance Component Elements Average Weight.
Overall, Government component average weight is 2.62.
However, the result reveals that participants responded with
79% to data governance element which indicates that it is
more essential than other governance elements.
 People's Knowledge Component
o Education and awareness of smart city services
for stakeholders: More than Half of respondents 59%
rated the education and awareness element as very
important, less than half 41% as important and zero
percentage rated it as low important. The element
(Education and awareness) average weight is 2.59
out of 3 (see Fig 6 and Fig 7).
o Strong interaction between stakeholders: 70% of
respondents rated the interaction element as very
important, 28% as important and only 2% rated as
126 IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.20 No.3, March 2020
low important. The element (Strong interaction)
average weight is 2.67 out of 3 (see Fig 6 and Fig 7).
o Participation of stakeholders to build a smart city:
The majority of respondents 78% rated the
stakeholder’s participation element as very
important, 20% as important and only 2% rated as
low important. The element (Stakeholder’s
participation) average weight is 2.76 out of 3 (see
Fig 6 and Fig 7).
Fig. 6 People's Knowledge Component Elements Rating/Scale.
Fig. 7 People's Knowledge Component Elements Average Weight.
Despite that the average weight for each element exceeded
2.5, still, Participation of stakeholders to build smart city
element weighted higher than others, which reflects that
this element needs to get higher priority when building a
smart city. Overall, people’s knowledge component
average weight is 2.67.
Results from the survey as per Fig.8 illustrated that all
three components are essential, where some components
weighted higher than others.
Components Weighted Average
People's Knowledge Governance Infrastructure
2.67
Weighted Average 2.62
2.70
2.55 2.60 2.65 2.70 2.75
Fig. 8 Components Weighted Average
5. Recommendation
The survey started with a question about the smart city
services to seek how the participants look at the services
that they are expecting. Fig.9 illustrates respondents where
other future studies can be conducted to focus more on such
services based on the participants’ responses. For example,
security has gained most of the interest, which reflects its
importance to be investigated in further research.
Fig.9 Important Smart City Public Services.
Further studies can also focus on the relationship between
components and how each component can contribute to
delivering smart services. Moreover, open-question reveals
participant confusion between the components to build a
smart city and the services produced by the smart city,
where participants add services as components to build a
smart city. The confusion indicates that we still need more
research to distinguish between the components and
services.
6. Conclusion
Many researchers have studied the smart city from a
different perspectives and dimensions. In our study, we
IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.20 No.3, March 2020
aimed to cover the three main components and related
elements to build a smart city and to deliver smart services.
The proposed framework can inspire other future research
and can be validated as well.
The findings of this study suggest that all three components
are essential in building smart cities, while the weight of the
importance of each component varies. Overall
infrastructure component is the most important and most
priority in building smart cities, followed by knowledge of
people and finally governance.
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