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Analysis of the State of Stress in the Hull of the Ship Kormoran II Loaded with
Non-Contact Mine Explosion

Article  in  Solid State Phenomena · July 2015

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.236.3

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Analysis of the state of stress in the hull of the ship Kormoran II loaded
with non - contact mine explosion
Bogdan Szturomski1,a, Andrzej Grządziela2,b, Radosław Kiciński3,c
1, 2, 3
Polish Naval Academy, Smidowicza 69, 81-103 Gdynia, Poland
a
b.szturomski@amw.gdynia.pl, b a.grzadziela@amw.gdynia.pl, c radoslaw.kicinski@o2.pl
Keywords: impact resistance of the structure, model of the pressure wave, underwater explosion
of TNT, patterns R.H. Cole, patterns T. L. Geers and K.S. Hunter, acoustic medium, quick change
process, FEM, CAE, Kormoran II.

Abstract. In this paper an analysis of the stress state of the hull of the ship Kormoran II loaded by
non-contact mine explosion were performed. An empirical description of the pressure wave from
the non-contact TNT explosion loads reported by authors such as RH Cole T. L. Geers and
K.S. Hunter was used. The way of modeling the pressure wave using the acoustic medium
implemented CAE programs was shown. The paper presents the results of pressure distribution on
the hull of the ship Kormoran II at selected time points from TNT explosion under the keel of the
ship. The paper presents detailed results of the stress state in the selected nodes, for example on the
frame of main motor construction.

Introduction

Warships due to its purpose are directly exposed to the impact of shock wave as a result
of enemy activities. One of these interactions is the pressure wave caused by an non-contact sea
mine or torpedo underwater explosion. To such impacts are especially vulnerable ships designed
to fight against sea mines, which perform their tasks in the mined waters. In case of an contact
explosion is always followed by breaking hull of the ship, while in case of non-contact explosion
ship is exposed to the impact of the pressure wave from which the proper construction of the hull
is able to survive. At the design stage the hulls of such vessels should provide them with adequate
strength to be able to survive the pressure wave load on the assumed parameters, such as the
explosion of a 100 to 200 kg TNT charge at a distance of 15 to 20 m.

Minehunter Kormoran II and hers geometry

Polish Navy in accordance with its developed until 2026 modernization program plans
to expand their forces. It is expected construction of new units for mine hunting under the code
name "Kormoran II". Works on this unit are already underway in Remontowa Shipbuilding
shipyard. Basic tactical - technical assumptions are shown below [14]:
• displacement: max: 850 tons;
• length: 58.00 m;
• width: 10,30 m;
• forecastle deck height: 6.40 m;
• the height of the main deck, aft: 4.70 m;
• draft: 2.60 m;
• speed: not less than 15 in;
• range: not less than 2,500 nautical miles.

Conceptions of hull have changed during technical arrangements. The current vision
is presented on Figure 1. Previous conceptions assumed different appearance of the superstructure.
At this work decided to reflect the geometry of the ship in accordance with one of the earlier
assumptions.
 Fig. 1. Current vision of „Kormoran II” project [13].

The work reflects the geometry of the ship's hull with stiffeners, frames and decks, as well
as the main motor frame by using the CAD program. External sheathing have been reflected by
using the shape of which was adopted on the basis of tactical - technical assumptions and image
presented on Figure 2. To create the model the image insertion, extrusion and loft tools was used.

Fig. 2. Artistic vision of the ship made by shipyard in Lürssen [14]

 Fig. 3. Reflecting of 3D model of the hull

Then, in the CAE program the hull was modeled as a shell divided into "partitions" in places
where there are frames. Than the deck was added. Frames were reflected as rod - beam elements.
In a similar manner mast was performed. The warship was divided into six compartments including
the stern and the bow peak as well as four decks (Fig. 4). Finally, the model was created by using
shell and beam-rod elements. For future simulations the engine frame have been reflected (Fig. 5).

Fig. 4. Discrete model of the interior of the ship

 Fig. 5. The frame of the main engine
After discretization of the geometry of the elements was divided into 14873 finite elements.
Maximum edge length was h = 0.5 m, including 2598 linear beam elements, 12056 linear 4 – node
219 linear 3 – node shell elements. The total number of nodes was 11928 which is 71568 degrees
of freedom.

Fig. 6. Discretization of the model

FEM analysis of state of deformation of the hull of Kormoran II minehunter

During underwater explosion pressure wave is formed which is a function of the charge mass,
the distance and time of the epicenter. At a certain distance from the epicenter the pressure wave
propagates at the speed of sound in the medium. The total running time of the pressure wave
through the hull of the ship depending on its length it is several tens of milliseconds. The structure
undergoes rapid acceleration and deformation. Reflecting this phenomenon in terms of the FEM
requires solving highly non-linear equations of motion of the form:

𝐌(𝐔)𝐔̈ + 𝐂𝐔̇ + 𝐊(𝐔, 𝛆̇ )𝐔 = 𝐅(𝑡, 𝑅, 𝑚𝑇𝑁𝑇 ) (1)

where:
K – stiffness matrix;
M – matrix of inertia (density matrix);
𝐂 = 𝛼𝐌 + 𝛽𝐊 damping matrix, where  and  are constant coefficients [9];
𝐔, 𝐔̇, 𝐔̈ − displacement, velocity and acceleration vector;
F – load vector
𝛆̇ – strain rate vector;
t – time;
R – distance from epicenter;
mTNT – TNT charge mass.

In this task, load vector F was defined as a time-varying pressure wave whose parameters
depend on the distance of the element structure of the epicenter of the explosion, type of charge,
angle of incidence, and many other factors. The expanding gas bubble interacts with the
surrounding water layer to form a spherical shock wave. This wave in the initial stage moves at
a speed of v ≈ 5000 ÷ 8000 m/s. Then, the water molecules act on the adjacent layer of water losing
speed and travel further the speed of sound in water, which is approximately co ≈ 1500 m/s. Profile
of the pressure wave, and its value has been described by many researchers. The main one
is R.H. Cole [2], whose writings form the basis of most studies on the subject. The problem is also
described by other authors [3, 4, 5, 6, 12]. Table 1 gives mathematical descriptions of the pressure
wave described by RH Cole [2], T.L. Geers and K.S. Hunter [4] for an underwater detonation
of trinitrotoluene (TNT). These models allow to determine the pressure in the space surrounding the
explosion.

Table 1. Description of pressures and waveforms given by various authors

Pressure wave description
Reference
Item p(t) Applicability Comments
Year
Decay time constant
3 1,13
√𝑚
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 52,3 ( ) The relationships m – charge mass, kg
𝑟 determined as a r – distance, m
𝑡
[2] 𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑒 − 𝜃 result of pmax – pressure, MPa
1.
1948 r. 𝜃 measurements the θ – time constant, ms
3 −0,22 70-136 kg TNT t – time, ms
3 √𝑚 explosion.
= 0,093 √𝑚 ( )
𝑟
ac – charge radius, m 2. T.E. Farley i H.G.
Descriptions given Snay
by T.L. Geers’a & Pc= 1,45
K.S. Hunter’a vc= 1,24
describing the A= 0,13
[4] 𝑎𝑐 1+𝐴 pressure waveform B= 0,23
2. 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃𝑐 ( )
2002 r. 𝑟 by:
1. R.H. Cole 3. R.S. Price
Pc= 1,42 Pc= 1,67
vc= 0,992 vc= 1,01
A= 0,13 A= 0,18
B= 0,18 B= 0,185
 In mines various type of explosives are used. Using TNT equivalent, you can still use the
empirical formulas valid for TNT. The table below shows the values of TNT equivalent for some
materials calculated on a basis of the heat of the explosion, pressure, and velocity of detonation.

Table 2. TNT equivalent for various explosives [16]

Density Heat of explosion Pressure Velocity TNTe TNTe TNTe

Explosive 3 of detonation
ρ (g/cm ) Q (kJ/kg) p (MPa)
D (m/s) (Q) (p) (D)
TNT 1,64 5569 19,0 6950 1,00 1,00 1,00
Hexogen 1,8 6334 34,7 8754 1,14 1,83 1,26
Hexotol 90/10 1,61 6232 25,6 7910 1,12 1,35 1,14
Hexotol 80/20 1,6 6150 24,2 7745 1,1 1,27 1,11
Hexotol 70/30 1,59 6070 22,7 7580 1,09 1,19 1,09
Hexotol 60/40 1,59 6003 21,9 7415 1,08 1,15 1,07
Octogen 1,9 6538 39,3 9100 1,17 2,07 1,31
Octol 90/10 1,75 6438 30,3 8320 1,16 1,59 1,2
Octol 80/20 1,71 6342 27,8 8050 1,14 1,46 1,16
Octol 70/30 1,7 6242 26,7 7900 1,12 1,41 1,14
Octol 60/40 1,7 6156 25,3 7680 1,11 1,33 1,11
Pentryt 1,77 6400 33,5 8300 1,15 1,76 1,19
Tetryl 1,68 5920 24,5 7560 1,06 1,29 1,09
PBX-9011 1,77 6168 29,9 8700 1,11 1,57 1,25
HMX/PU 80/20 1,43 5856 19,3 7334 1,05 1,02 1,06
HMX/PU 70/30 1,4 5566 18,2 7200 1,00 0,96 1,04
RDX/PU 80/20 1,57 5735 23,4 7778 1,03 1,23 1,12
RDX/PU 70/30 1,38 5436 16,7 6961 0,98 0,88 1,00
NM 1,13 6435 12,5 6523 1,16 0,66 0,94
NGL 1,59 6606 24,6 7580 1,19 1,29 1,09
DATB 1,79 5498 25,9 7520 0,99 1,36 1,08
PETN/PU 90/10 1,65 6406 26,3 7950 1,15 1,38 1,14
PETN/PU 80/20 1,5 6034 21,5 7465 1,08 1,13 1,07
PETN/PU 70/30 1,39 5682 16,5 6957 1,02 0,87 1,00
PEP (85/15) 1,5 6186 21,5 7600 1,11 1,13 1,09
SEMTEX 1,4 6372 19,8 7220 1,14 1,04 1,04
COMP. A-3 1,67 6780 28,6 8470 1,22 1,51 1,22
C-4 1,66 6650 25,7 8370 1,19 1,35 1,2
COMP. B 1,72 6000 28,1 8052 1,08 1,48 1,16
LX-17 1,91 4407 31,6 7630 0,79 1,66 1,1
LX-14 1,83 6452 36,3 8958 1,16 1,91 1,29

Taking into account the angle of incidence, pressure value can be determined at any point
of construction. The length of the ship Kormoran II is 58 m, which means that the transition of the
pressure wave through the hull of the ship takes only 0.038 s (Fig. 7). For this reason, reflection
of the history of the load requires an adoption of an appropriate time step which is less than 0.001 s.
Time step length depends on many other factors such as material properties of the ship,
discretization (size of the smallest element), and other factors [7].
 x
0

Fig. 3. Distance from epicenter and transition time [2]

The pressure on the front of the shock wave as a function of distance and charge mass
described by TL Geers and K.S. Hunter (Fig. 8)was used. The wave propagate using the acoustic
medium model available in the Abaqus [7], for which, the following data were used:
 bulk modulus Kf = 2,2 GPa
 density ρf = 1024 kg/m3
 speed of sound c0 = 1500 m/s
Figure 8 shows the pressure waveform in time.

amplitude
1

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0
0 0,0005 0,001 0,0015 0,002
time

Fig. 4. Pressure wave description given by T.L. Geers & K.S. Hunter
 Fig. 9. Pressure distribution in moments of time caused by 100 kg TNT explosion under the keel

The stiffness matrix K and mass matrix M takes into account the current state of deformation,
and large displacements in the algorithm. In addition to the material description elastic-plastic
model given by Johnson-Cook was used [10]. The plastic reduced Huber-Mises-Hencky (HMH)
stress pl are described by the equation
 𝜺̇ 𝒑𝒍
𝝈𝒑𝒍 = (𝑨 + 𝑩𝜺𝒏𝒑𝒍 ) [𝟏 + 𝑪 𝐥𝐧 ( 𝜺̇ )] (2)
𝟎

where:
A – static yield stress of the material;
B – strengthen module;
n – strengthen exponent;
C – factor of speed deformation;
 pl – plastic deformation (reality);
 pl – strain rate;
0 – plastic deformation speed (quasi-static) 0.0001 s-1;
In this model, the material model does not take into account the temperature part. For the
analyzed material of the ship, the following properties of the steel [10]:
 density–  = 7850 kg/m3;
 Young's modulus – E = 2,09105 MPa;
 Poisson's ratio –  = 0,3;
 yield strength – Re = 700 MPa;
 tensile strength – Rm = 853 MPa.

Coefficients to describe steel for higher strain rate in the Johnson-Cook model take the values:
A = 700 MPa; B = 640 MPa; n = 0,6; C = 0,024

Stress, MPa
1300

1200

1100

1000

900

800 plastyczna 0.0001 1/s

JC 0.0001 1/s
700 JC 100 1/s
JC 500 1/s
600
0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,10 0,12
Strain

Fig. 5. JC model as a function of strain rate

Damping matrix C occurring in equation (1) defined as a linear combination of the matrix
of inertia and the stiffness matrix 𝐂 = 𝛼𝐌 + 𝛽𝐊 where  and  are constants coefficients which are
given the designation method described in [11]. Formulated in this way the issue was solved
by dynamic explicit Newmark method, [15] to give deformation, stress and motion parameters
at selected time points (Fig. 11, 12, 13).
 Fig. 6. Reduced stress 𝜎𝐻𝑀𝐻 1, explosion of 100 kg TNT on distance10 m
under the keel, t = 0.00745 s

Fig. 7. State of deformation, explosion of 100 kg TNT on distance10 m

under the keel, t = 0.00745 s

Fig. 8. Acceleration, explosion of 100 kg TNT on distance10 m

under the keel, t = 0.00745 s

1
𝜎𝐻𝑀𝐻  HuberMisesHencky reduced stress
Conclusions

In this paper the impact resistance of the hull of the Kormoran II ship loaded with pressure wave
from the the non-contact mine explosion made in the CAE program using FEM was analyzed.
An example of the results of stress distribution in the hull of the ship caused explosion load 100 kg
of TNT under the keel at 10 m were presented. On those results it was found that the ship will not
survive the effects of the explosion. The reduced Huber – Mises – Hencky stresses in the
construction exceed 1200 MPa. These calculations were not performed for the real unit, for which
retains only the similarity dimension to the ship Kormoran II, because the purpose of this study was
to demonstrate the possibility of using FEM to this type of complex analysis. In carrying out
numerical simulations, it was found that the acoustic medium in which propagated pressure wave
is very sensitive to discretization and element size. Prior to the hull structure stress analysis it need
to be carried out simulation of the pressure wave propagation and proper discretization so that
in the control points can be obtained the proper distribution of pressure in time, similar to the
solutions or analytical experiments.

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