PANSIT-PANSITAN (Peperomia pellucida) AS ALTERNATIVE MOSQUITO

LARVICIDE

Researchers:

Shane Franzeo Steven B. Berguela

Makki Aljerru M. Zaballas

John Clarence M. Imperial

Fatema Erjela E. Alegre

Patricia Kaye I. David

Mary Jane S. Barcena

Kervie K. Ricafrente
 Chapter 1

PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Mosquito represent a serious threat to human health as they can spread diseases like

dengue fever, malaria, yellow fever, and encephalitis. Different insects repellent were made that

are effective in controlling mosquito, some are highly expensive and not environmental friendly.

Philippines Department of Health have released the total dengue cases for 2021. From January 1

to December 31, 2021 there was a total 79,872 dengue cases with 285 deaths, the total of the

cases were 12% lower than what was reported in 2020.

In Bicol Region, the Department of Health-Bicol center for Health Development recorded

264 dengue cases from January 1 to April 17, 2021. This is a significant decrease from the same

time period in 2020, when the region recorded 1,077 dengue cases. To prevent and protect our

self from mosquito, it is advice to wear long pants and long sleeved shirt as well as using

mosquito repellent, some uses mosquito coil which can cause harm in our health. In large doses,

the chemicals can cause illnesses like cough, wheezing, constant sneezing, asthma, sore throat,

respiratory irritation and even suffocation.

Herbal plants like Pantsit-pansitan also known as Peperomia pellucida has been used for

different medicinal purposes. It can treat diarrhea, arthritis, gout, headache, abdominal pains,

high blood pressure and fever, one of the diseases carried by mosquito. Pansit-pansitan also

contains alkaloids and tennins which can reppel insects.

 That’s why the researchers came up with the the study of using Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia

pellucida) as alternative mosquito larvicide. This is to imply an eco-friendly and safe for our

health mosquito larvicide.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Pansit-pasitan (Peperomia pellucida) as

alternative mosquito larvicide. It seek to answer the following question:

1. How long does it take for Pansit-pansitian (Peperomia pellucida) to effect as alternative

mosquito larvicide?

2. Is there any difference in terms of mortality percentage between the three treatments of

Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida) as alternative mosquito larvicide?

3. Is there any significant difference in Pansit-pansitan ( Peperomia pellucida) as alternative

mosquito larvicide?

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida) as alternative

mosquito larvicide.

Significance of the Study

The researchers believes that employing the Pansit-pansitan plant (Peperomia pellucida) to

eliminate larvicide will be successful, and is beneficial to the following:

Community. The student researchers study would assist the community in gaining knowledge

regarding about accessible plant that can use on eliminating larvae.

School. This study will demonstrate to teachers that pansit-pansitan plant can be utilized for a

variety of purposes, such as a disease treatment and as a source of insect.

Student. The student will know what the pansit-pansitan plant will be used in other particle or

for sick people, and what it will affect if it is used in person and how it affects insect such as

larvicide.

Future Researchers. The study will provide additional knowledge and information to the future

researchers and provide them the assistance they need when it comes to developing ways in

which they can harness the growth of Pansit-pansitan plant for whatever purpose it may serve.

Scope and Limitation

This study is entitled as Pansit-pansitan (Pepromia pellucida) as alternative mosquito

larvicide, the study started in 2021 and was conducted at Our Lady Of Lourdes Collage

Foundation, High School Department Laboratory. This study is an experimental research which

aims to prove the effectiveness of Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida) as alternative mosquito

larvicide.

The experiment used three treatments:

T1= 15 ml of Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida) extract

T2= 20 ml of Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida) extract

T3= 30 ml of Pansit-pansitan ( Peperomia pellucida) extract

This study is limited to 30 mosquito larvae or test organism because of the lack of

sources.
Definition of Terms

These are the details that may help the other’s to understand the study about Pansit-

pansitan (Peperomia pellucida) as alternative mosquito larvicide.

Mosquito Coil. A spiral made of dried pyrethrum powder paste that when lit produces mosquito-

repellent smoke.

Mosquito Larvae. Mosquito larvae, called “wrigglers” are aquatic, with a large head and thorax

and narrow, wormlike abdomen, they typically hang just below the water surface, breathing air

through tubes at the end of the abdomen. In the study mosquito larvae are the test organism being

used.

Mosquito Larvicide. Larvicicde is a type of insecticide that is used to control mosquito both

inside and outside of your home. They work by killing mosquito larvae before they can grow

into biting adults.

Mosquito Repellant. It is a substance that deters mosquito from approaching or setting.

Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida). It refers to a common fleshy shallow-rooted herb that

grow to about 15 to 45 cm in height in damp and lightly shaded areas. In the study Pansit-

pansitan (Peperomia pellucida) have been extracted and used as an alternative mosquito

larvicide.
 Chapter II

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains the related literature and related studies taken from different sources.

Related Literature

Pansit-pansitan, scientifically known as

Peperomia Pellucida is a common fleshy shallow

rooted herb that grows to about 15 to 45 cm in

height in damp and lightly shaded areas. It can grow

wild but also grown as ornamental foliage. Pansit-

pansitan is characterized by its shiny heart shaped

leaves about 4 cm in length, growing from an erect

translucent green stalks. Pansit-pansitan has tiny dot-like flowers that grow from erect and

slender green spikes that turn brown when matured. The fruit are also very small, round to

oblong, ridged, first green later black. Tiny seeds drop off that grows easily in groups.

Pansit-pansitan has been used as a food item as well as medicine herb for its analgesic,

anti-arthritic, diuretic activity. The entire plant is edible both cooked or raw. Pansit-pansitan has

been traditionally used to treat fever, cough, common cold, headache and arthritis

Peperomia Pellucida has been used in traditional medicine for many years and has been the

subject of extensive investigation. It’s a medicinal plant valued for its anti-gout properties which

helps lower uric acid in the blood. It was reported that Peperomia Pellucida contained high
amount of toxic metal like lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) surpassing the limits allowed by the

WHO (World Health Organization). It’s used to manage inflammatory illnesses like

conjunctivitis, gastrointestinal disorder such as dysentery, diarrhea, and stomachache; respiratory

tract disorders such as asthma, nasopharyngeal infections and cough; skin diseases such as

eczema, wounds, abscesses, acne, boils, scabies, dermatitis, rash, sores, scars, and warts, also

mucosae tumors.

Peperomia Pellucida belong to the family Piperacae, where it is the most chemically

studied peperomia species due to its worldwide distribution and various application in traditional

medicine.

Related Studies

In a study conducted by Dasmariñas, Jover and Pasig, Peperomia pellucida for Termites

Control (2001), Pansit-pansitan was used as insecticide for termites. According to the study the

plant contains considerable amounts of monoterpenes, flavonoids, amides, and alkaloids. The

chemicals mentioned are known to have insecticidal property in which it disrupts the nerve and

motor functioning of insects thus causing death. In the experiment mentioned, the researchers

prepared four treatments: Treatment A consisting of 100% pansit-pansitan extract, Treatment B

with 75% pansit-pansitan extract, Treatment C with 50% pansit-pansitan extract, Treatment D

with 25% pansit-pansitan extract and Treatment E as positive control consisting of unknown

commercial pesticide. The treatments were tested on termites randomly collected and placed in

containers with 20 termites in each and three replicates are made per treatment. Number of

mortality was counted every 3min. until 15min. was achieved. Results showed that Treatment A

(100% pansit-pansitan extract) showed the highest mortality rate of 100% compared with the
other plant extracts and is comparable with Treatment E which is the positive control, which also

showed 100% mortality rate.

In a study of Gopa and Benny, Pansit-pansitan Essential Oil Against Different Insecrts

Orders (2010). Elleyaria cardamom, Merremia vitifolia and Peperomia Pellucida Essential oils

were tested against insect of 6 orders viz. Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera,

Isoptera and Lepidoptera. And were found to be effective contact toxins. For the test, a slightly

modified impregnated paper assay was used in which absolute lethal surface concentration and

duration of the test was recorded. Based on this and other parameter the toxicity potential and

insect strength were compared using indices. It was found that Merremia vitifolia essential oil

was the most powerful contract toxin. Among tested insects, Coleoptera pests of stored product

was strongest followed by larvae of Lepidoptera. While Pyrrhocoridae family was the weakest

one. The contract toxicity of Peperomia Pellucida essential oil was slightly lower than that of the

positive control, Elletaria cardamom essential oil. Comparing contact toxicity with the potential

of chemical sensitivity using certain indices, it was found that there was a huge increase in the

insecticidal potential of the essential oil, when used as a repellent.

Asperga and Cinco (2009) conducted a study entitled Toxicity Study of Peperomia

Pellucida linn. (pansit-pansitan) and Cassia alata linn. (akapulko) Test solution. Their study dealt

with the determination for the toxic activity of the test solution of the fresh leaflets of Cassia

alata Linn. (akapulko) and of the leaves of Peperomia Pelluci Linn. (pansit-pansitan) obtained by

maceration using 80% methanol. Test solution A (akapulko) exhibited an average of three deaths

out of the ten nauplii tested were the average % mortality was 30% while the Test solution B

(pansit-pansitan) exhibited an average of 1.89 deaths out of ten nauplii were the average %

mortality was only 20%. Result have showed that the fresh leaflets of akapulko and the leaves of
pansit-panistan exhibit slight toxicity at a concentration of one microgram extract per one micro

liter of artificial seawater because it exhibit only 30% mortality.

Amjikar et al..(2014) conducted a study entitled Comparative Study on the Larvicidal

Effect of Leaf Extract of Carica papaya, Eucalyptus globulous and Peperomia pellucida on

Larvae of Culicidae mosquito. The extract of each plant was poured into three plastic containers

in equal amounts and 20 mosquito larvae each sample of the extract were placed in the

containers and were observed for three consecutive hours. The percent mortalities of mosquito

larvae were recorded for each hour. Among them, Peperomia pellucida was effective with the

Mean±SD of 78.33±18.93 whereas Carica papaya showed the Mean±SD as of 60±5 amd

Eicalyptus globulous showed the value of Mean±SD as 70±13.23. The percent mortalities of the

larvae among the treatment groups across three hours for the positive control method using

baygon is 100 and for water, the negative control method is 0.

Dalisay (2010) conducted a study entitled The Insecticidal Property of Pansit-pansitan

(Peperomia pellucida Linn. HBK) Leaf Crude Extract against Green Leafhopper (Nephotettix

malayanus Ishihara et Kawase) was conducted to confirm the active components present in

Pansit-pansitan leaf crude extract using phytochemical analysis, determine the insecticidal

property of Pansit-pansitan based on the mortality rate of green Leafhopper and lastly to compare

the different concentration of Pansit-pansitan leaf crude extract with Sevin 85 ® WP (positive

control). This experiment used three treatments, with different concentrations (50%, 75% and

100%) of the plants leaf material have been prepared by dissolving 5g, 7.5g and 10g of Pansit-

pansitan leaf crude extract in 10ml of distilled water, respectively. Sevin 85 ® WP had been used

as positive control by dissolving 10g of powder form of the insecticide to 10ml of distilled water.

Based on the result of the phytochemical analysis, Pansit-pansitan leaf crude extract contains
alkaloids, tannins and volatile oils. The effects of the varying concentrations of Pansit-pansitan

leaf crude extract on mortality rate of Green Leafhopper showed that the highest mortality rate

obtained was that of the control (Sevin 85 ® WP) which has 28 deaths or 93.33% followed by

the 100% concentration of Pansit-pansitan leaf crude extract which has 14 deaths or 46.67%. The

least mortality rate of Green Leafhopper has been observed at 50% concentration of Pansit-

pansitan leaf crude extract which only showed 6 deaths or 20%.

Synthesis of the State of the Art

The study conducted by the previous investigator showed similarities and differences with

the present work.

The study conducted by Dasmariñas et al. (2001) is similar to the study because it used

Pansit-pansitan extract as insecticide that is also the main material on the present study that is all

about making an alternative mosquito larvicide. While the study of Gopa and Benny (2010) is

similar to the present study because they use Peperomia Pellucida essential oil to see the the

potential of it as insecticide. On the study conducted by Asperga and Cinco (2009) used

Peperomia pellucida thas was also used in the present study and in the previous study they used

it to find the toxicity of it. Amjikar et al. (2014) study is similar to the present study because it

used Peperomia pellucida as larvicide. The study entitled as The Insecticidal Property of Pansit-

pansitan (Peperomia pellucida LINN. HBK) Leaf Crude against Green Leafhopper by Dalisay

(2010) was also similar to the present study because it used Peperomia pellucida to see its

insecticidal property.

However the study of Dasmariñas et al. (2001) is also different to the present study

because it also used Elleyaria cardamom and Merremia vitifolia essential oil and used termites to
test its effectiveness as insecticide. While the study of Gopa and Benny, (2010) is different from

the present study because they test the Peperomia pellucida Essential oil in 6 insect, the

Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, hymenoptera, Isoptera and Lepidoptera. The study of Asperga

and Cinco (2009) is different in the present study because they also used Cassia alata linn.

(akapulko) in their study and Nauplii as a test organism. On the study conducted by Amjikar et

al. (2014) is also different to the present study because they also used Carica papaya and

Eucalyptus globulous to compare in Peperomia pellucida as Culicidae mosquito larvicide. And

lastly the study of Dalisay (2010) is also different to the present study because it used Green

Leafhopper as a test organism to find the insecticidal property of Pansit-pansitan.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of this study had three parts; the input, process and output.

The input is consisting of the materials and equipment in conducting the experiment such

as Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida), spoon, blender, petri dish, dissecting needle, cloth,

water and bowl, graduated cylinder.

The process presents different steps. First, gather and prepare all the needed equipment

and materials. Get the extract of the ingredient by blending it then filter using a clean cloth to get

the extract, put it on the graduated cylinder to measure its milliliter. The collection of data was

based on the survey.

The output was the Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia Pellucida) as alternative mosquito

larvicide.
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Preparation of

needed materials

and equipments
Pansit-pansitan

(Peperomia Measuring the

Pansit-pansitan
Pellucida) variables
(Peperomia
Laboratory Preparation of
Pellucida) as an
equipments treatment
alternative mosquito

Mosquito larvae Application of larvicide

Questionnaires treatment

Data gathering

Analysis and data

interpretation

Figure 1: Conceptual Paradigm

 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the research design, data gathering, data gathering technique, sources of

materials and statistical treatments. Presented also in this chapter the procedure and methods that

is needed to create the Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida) as alternative mosquito larvicide.

Research Design

In the study, the researchers used the experimental method to determine the effectiveness

of Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida) as alternative mosquito larvicide. There were three

treatments replicated thrice. The first treatment used 15 ml of Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia

pellucida) extract. The second treatment used 20 ml of Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida)

extract. Lastly, the third treatment used 30 ml of Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida) extract.

Data Gathering Techniques

The researchers collected 30 mosquito larvae throughout the experiment. In every

treatment there are 10 mosquito larvae. Each treatment will have a period of study for 30 minutes

to 1 hour, after the alloted time the researchers will count the dead mosquito larvae through the

use of dissecting needle.

Source of Materials

The laboratory equipments that are needed for the experiment were borrowed from the

Laboratory of Our Lady Of Lourdes Collage Foundation. The mosquito larvae were collected at

one of the researchers house, while the Pansit-pansitan plant were gotten at Our Lady Of Lourdes

Collage Foundation grounds.

Statistical Treatment

The researchers utilized the statistical technique to ensure valid and reliable analysis and

interpretation of data.

To determine which treatment was effective, the researchers solved for ANOVA. Analysis

of Variance (ANOVA) is a hypothesis-testing technique used to test the equality of two or more

populations (or treatment) means by examining the variances of sample that are taken.

Formula:

F= MSTR/MSE

Procedure

A. Preparation of Equipments and Materials

In conducting the experiment, the researchers did the preparation of equipments and

materials used in the entire experiment. The materials were collected at OLLCF ground

and one of the researchers house while the equipments needed came from Our Lady Of

Lourdes Collage Foundation Laboratory. All the laboratory equipment were washed

before using.

B. Extraction Process

The Pansit-pansitan plant were placed in a bowl and rinse it to remove the dirt of it. The

plant were put on the blender and added some of water, it was grinded until the extract

was extracted. After grinding, it was putted in a clean cloth and was squeezed until only

the extract were obtained.

C. Preparation of Extract
 The extract of Pansit-pansitan plant were measured using a graduated cylinder and were

placed in the three petri dish labeled as T1, T2 and T3 with assigned level of

concentration of Pansit-pansitan extract.

D. Application of Treatments

After the researchers measured the different levels of concentration, prepared the test

organism for the experiment and placed it on the three petri dish.

E. Observation and Data Gathering

The researchers waited until the allotted time finish. After that, the researchers started

gathering the pieces information needed to determine the mortality rate of the mosquito

larvae.

Preparation of Equipments and Materials

Extraction Process

Preparation of Extract

Application of Treatments

Observation and Data Gathering

Figure 2: Flow Chart

 References:

Pansit-pansitan (peperomia pellucida) herbal medicine. Retrieved from

http://www.medicalhealthguide.com/articles/pansit-pansitan.htm

De Moraes, M. M. & Kato, M. J. (2022, March 22). Biosynthesis of Pellucidin A in Peperomia

pellucida (L.) HBK. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020151/#:~:text=The%20species%20Peperomi

a%20pellucida%2C%20popularly,al.%2C%202012%3B%20Sussa%20et

Ho, K. L., Yong, P. H., Wang, C. H., Kuppusamy, U. R., Ngo, C. T., Massawe, F. & Ng, Z. X.

(2022 Feb 2). Peperomia pellucida (L.) kunth and eye diseases: A review on phytochemistry,

pharmacology and toxicology. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35153134/

Dalisay, G. M. B. (2010 March). THE INSECTICIDAL PROPERTY OF PANSIT-PANSITAN

(Peperomia pellucida (Linn.) (HBK)) LEAF CRUDE EXTRACT AGAINST GREEN

LEAFHOPPER (Nephotettix malayanus (Ishihara et Kawase)). Retrieved from

https://pdfslide.net/documents/the-insecticidal-property-of-pansit-pansitan-leaf-crude-extract-

against-green-leaf-hoppers.html?page=1

Gopa, L. & Benny, P. (2010). Selective comparison of repellent activity with contact toxicity of

certain essential oils against different insect order. Retrieved from

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Peperomia+pellucida+Essential+

oils+were+tested+against+insects+of+6+orders+viz.+Coleoptera%2C+Dipter&btnG=#d=gs_qabs

&t=1665930436401&u=%23p%3D-APJ2qcZVQkJ
Asperga, L. L., & Cinco, F. M. T. (2009 March). Toxicity study of Peperomia pellucida linn.
(pansit-pansitan) and Cassia alata linn. (alkapulko) test solutions. Retrieved from
https://www.herdin.ph/index.php?view=research&cid=55181

Amjikar, H. Y., Naga, M. R. K., Kurli, R. R., Marpu, V., Mathangi, Y. A., Mekala, E. S.,
Pulicharla, E. S., Puthalapattu K., Canapi, C. V. (2014 April). Comparative study on the
larvicidal effect of leaf extracts of Carica papaya, Eucalyptus globulus and Peperomia pellucida
on larvae of culicidae mosquito. Retrieved from
https://www.herdin.ph/index.php?view=research&cid=55181