Statistics and

Probability

Qua rt e r 4 - W e e k 5
Formulating
Hypothesis
W e e k 5 - Mo d ule 10
 LEARNING TARGETS
Aft er going t hrough t his lesson, you are expect ed t o:

1. id e nt ify t he p a ra m e t e r t o be t e s t e d give n in re a l-life p ro b le m .

(M 11/12SP-IVa-3 )
2. fo rm ula t e t he a p p ro p ria t e null a nd a lt e rna t ive hypot he s e s on a
p o p ula t io n m e a n. (M 11/12SP-IVb-1)
SUBTASKS: 3. write the symbol
for null and
alternative
2. formulate null hypothesis
and alternative
hypothesis on a
population mean
1. Define
parameter
 SESSION OUTLINE

01 02
ACTIVITY 1 DISCOVER
FACT OR BLUFF! FORMULATING
HYP OTHESIS
ACTIVITY
FA CT OR BLUFF!

01
 ACTIVITY 1: Fact or Bluff!
Direct ions: Ident ify whet her t he given st at ement is fact or bluff. W rit e t he word
“FACT” if t he st at ement is correct and “BLUFF” if it is not .
 ACTIVITY 1: Fact or Bluff!

1. Null hypo t he s is is a s t a t e m e nt t ha t d ire c t ly c o nt ra d ic t s t he

init ia l s t a t e m e nt .

BLUFF
 ACTIVITY 1: Fact or Bluff!

2. Hypot hesis t est ing ref ers t o t he set of all people, object s, event s,
o r id e a s t ha t wa nt t o inve s t ig a t e .

BLUFF
 ACTIVITY 1: Fact or Bluff!

3. Alt ernat ive hypot hesis st at es t hat t here is a dif f erence bet ween
a pa ra m e t e r a nd a s pe c ific va lue .

FACT
 ACTIVITY 1: Fact or Bluff!

4. Populat ion paramet er describes somet hing about t he ent ire

g ro up.

FACT
 ACTIVITY 1: Fact or Bluff!

5. The symbol used t o describe a null hypot hesis is 𝐻𝐻0 .

FACT
02 DISCOVER

Formulat ing
Hypot hesis
 Parameter
● Paramet er is used t o describe t he
ent ire populat ion being st udied.

● A populat ion is a set of all people,

object s, event s, or ideas wish t o
invest igat e.

● Usually paramet er describes t he

average or mean of t he populat ion.
 Parameter
● A sample mean is a n e s t im a t e o f t he
po pula t io n m e a n.

● It is t he a ve ra g e o f a s e t o f d a t a o r
s a m ple while populat ion mean is a n
a ve ra g e o f a g ro up c ha ra c t e ris t ics .

● The group could be a pe rs on, it e m or t hing,

like “a ll t he pe ople living on a ce rt a in pla ce ”
or “a ll t he dog owne r in a s ubdivis ion” a nd
ot he rs .
 Two Types of Hypothesis
Null Hypot hesis A lt ernat ive Hypot hesis

● denot ed by Ho ● Ha o r 𝑯𝑯𝟏𝟏 (re a d a s “H o ne )

● a s t a t e m e nt t ha t t he re is no d iffe re nce
● co nt ra d ict s t he null hypo t he s is
b e t we e n a pa ra m e t e r a nd a s pe cific
va lue , o r no phe no m e na is o b s e rve d o r ● It a llo ws t he po s s ib ilit y o f m a ny
t he re is no re la t io ns hip b e t we e n wha t va lue s .
yo u a re co m pa ring .
● It is t he hypo t he s is t o b e t e s t e d .
● co ns id e re d t o b e t rue unt il we ha ve
s ufficie nt e vid e nce t o re je ct it
● The n, if we re je ct t he null hypo t he s is , we
a re le d t o t he a lt e rna t ive hypo t he s is .
 Parameter
● The t wo paramet ers of int erest are denot ed by 𝜇𝜇1 a nd 𝜇𝜇2 . If t he re
is no d iffe re nc e b e t we e n t he t wo va lue s , t he re la t io ns hip is
writ t e n in s ym b o l a s :
𝝁𝝁𝟏𝟏 - 𝝁𝝁𝟐𝟐 = 0

● So , t he null hypo t he s is wo uld b e writ t e n in s ym b o l a s :

𝑯𝑯𝟎𝟎: 𝝁𝝁𝟏𝟏 = 𝝁𝝁𝟐𝟐

● The s ym b o l ≠in t he a lt e rna t ive hypo t he s is s ug g e s t e it he r a

g re a t e r t ha n (>) re la t io n o r a le s s t ha n (<) re la t io n.
Steps in formulating null and alternative hypotheses:

1. Id e nt ify t he pa ra m e t e r o f int e re s t .
2 . De t e rm ine t he c la im t o b e t e s t e d (null o r
a lt e rna t ive ).
3 . Tra ns la t e t he c la im int o m a t he m a t ic a l s ym b o ls o r
no t a t io ns .
4 . Fo rm ula t e t he null a nd a lt e rna t ive hypo t he s e s .
Steps in formulating null and alternative hypotheses:

There are t hree dif f erent ways in writ ing hypot hesis
a s illus t ra t e d b e lo w:
 Examples

Let ’s consider t he following examples.

 Example 1
A s urve y c o nd uc t e d t he c o lle g e s t ud e nt s in t he ir s t ud y s t a t e d
t ha t c e ll pho ne o wne rs re c e ive d a n a ve ra g e o f 6 5 t e xt s e ve ry d a y.
W ha t pa ra m e t e r s ho uld t he s e s t ud e nt s c o ns id e r pro ving t his c la im ?
St a t e t he null hypo t he s is a nd a lt e rna t ive hypo t he s is .
 Example 1
A s urve y co nd uct e d t he co lle g e s t ud e nt s in t he ir s t ud y s t a t e d t ha t ce ll
pho ne o wne rs re ce ive d a n a ve ra g e o f 6 5 t e xt s e ve ry d a y. W ha t pa ra m e t e r
s ho uld t he s e s t ud e nt s co ns id e r pro ving t his cla im ? St a t e t he null hypo t he s is a nd
a lt e rna t ive hypo t he s is .

Solution:

Parameter of interest: t he a ve ra g e num b e r o f t e xt m e s s a g e s re ce ive d

e ve ry d a y

Null Hypothesis: is t he a ve ra g e t e xt s e ve ry d a y is 6 5 . In s ym b o l,
Ho : 𝝁𝝁=𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟓 (cla im ).

Alternative Hypothesis: is t he a ve ra g e t e xt re ce ive d is no t e q ua l t o 6 5 .

In s ym b o l, Ha : 𝝁𝝁≠𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟓.
 Example 2
A nut rit io nis t wa nt s t o e s t im a t e t he m e a n a m o unt o f s o d ium
c o ns um e d b y c hildre n und e r t he a g e o f 10 . Fro m a ra nd o m s a m ple
o f 7 5 c hildre n und e r t he a g e o f 10 , t he nut rit io nis t o b t a ins a s a m ple
m e a n o f 2 9 9 3 m illig ra m s o f s o d ium c o ns um e d .
 Example 2
A nut rit io nis t wa nt s t o e s t im a t e t he m e a n a m o unt o f s o d ium c o ns um e d b y
child re n und e r t he a g e o f 10 . Fro m a ra nd o m s a m ple o f 7 5 child re n und e r t he
a g e o f 10 , t he nut rit io nis t o b t a ins a s a m p le m e a n o f 2 9 9 3 m illig ra m s o f s o d ium
co ns um e d .

Solution:

Parameter of interest: is t he a ve ra g e a m o unt o f s o d ium co ns um e d b y

t he child re n und e r t he a g e o f 10

Null Hypothesis: is t he s a m p le m e a n 2 9 9 3 m illig ra m s o f s o d ium

co ns um e d . In s ym b o l Ho : 𝝁𝝁=𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟑𝟑 (cla im ).

Alternative Hypothesis: is t he m e a n is no t e q ua l t o 2 9 9 3 ”. In s ym b o l,
Ha : 𝝁𝝁≠𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟑𝟑
 Example 3
A unive rs it y wa nt s t o t e s t if co lle g e s t ud e nt s t a ke le s s t ha n five ye a rs t o
g ra d ua t e fro m co lle g e , o n t he a ve ra g e .
 Example 3
A unive rs it y wa nt s t o t e s t if co lle g e s t ud e nt s t a ke le s s t ha n five ye a rs t o
g ra d ua t e fro m co lle g e , o n t he a ve ra g e .

Solution:

Parameter of interest: is t he a ve ra g e ye a rs t o g ra d ua t e fro m co lle g e .

Null Hypothesis: is t he co lle g e s t ud e nt s t a ke le s s t ha n five ye a rs

t o g ra d ua t e fro m co lle g e . In s ym b o l, Ho: 𝝁𝝁≤5 .

Alternative Hypothesis: is t he co lle g e s t ud e nt s t a ke m o re t ha n five

ye a rs t o g ra d ua t e fro m co lle g e . In s ym b o l,
Ha: 𝝁𝝁>𝟓𝟓 (claim)
 Example 4
The a ve ra g e he ig ht o f Gra d e 11 fe m a le s t ud e nt s is a b o ve 15 8
c m . The ir a d vis e r wa nt s t o t e s t t he s t ud e nt s ’ c la im .
 Example 4
The a ve ra g e he ig ht o f Gra d e 11 fe m a le s t ud e nt s is a b o ve 15 8 c m . The ir
a d vis e r wa nt s t o t e s t t he s t ud e nt s ’ cla im .

Solution:

Parameter of interest: is t he a ve ra g e he ig ht o f t he Gra d e 11 fe m a le

s t ud e nt s

Null Hypothesis: is t he a ve ra g e he ig ht o f Gra d e 11 s t ud e nt s is

a b o ve 15 8 cm . In s ym b o l, Ho: 𝝁𝝁≥15 8

Alternative Hypothesis: is t he a ve ra g e he ig ht o f Gra d e 11 s t ud e nt s is

no t a b o ve 15 8 cm . In s ym b o l, Ha: 𝝁𝝁<𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟖𝟖 (cla im )
Thank You

Do you have
a ny que s t ions ?