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Pumps Basics
Pumps Basics
1- Function Of Pumps
2- Pumps Classification
ROTARY
PISTON DIAPHRAGM
GEAR
PLUNGER
SCREW
LOBE
VANE OTHERS
Main Types Pumps
S .R .V YES NO NO
Pulsation YES NO NO
10,000 10,000
1000 1000
Screw Centrifugal
500 double suct. 500
PSIg
Centrifugal single stage
200 200
100 100
50 50
20 20
GPM Axial flow
10 100 1000 10000
2 5 20 50 200 500 2000 5000
• Centrifugal pumps
Ball Valve
Check Valve
Ball Valve
Strainer
• Centrifugal pumps
Closed impeller
• Centrifugal pumps
• Centrifugal pumps
Closed impeller
• Centrifugal pumps
Wearing
rings
Volute function
Internal
leak
Mechanical
Seal
• Centrifugal pumps
Double
suction
impeller
.
• Centrifugal pumps
• Centrifugal pumps
Double
suction
impeller
.
• Reciprocating Pumps
Piston
• Reciprocating Pumps
PRESSURE
RINGS
RIDER
RINGS
• Reciprocating Pumps
P Pulsation Dampener
Accumulator Relief
Valve
Q
Relief
Valve
3- Code and Standards
Centrifugal Pumps
API 610
ASME B73.1 & B73.2 Most common pumps
API 685 Seal less Pumps
Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
API 681
Positive Displacement Pumps
API 674 Reciprocating
API 675 Controlled volume
API 676 Rotary
Firewater Pumps
NFPA 20
Centrifugal
pumps
Centrifugal pumps
Centrifugal Pumps Construction
Impeller – Semi Open Type
Centrifugal pumps
Wearing
rings
Hanged Beam
Impeller
Centrifugal pumps
Volute casing
Centrifugal pumps
Impellers
Classification
MULTI STAGE
SINGLE IMPELLER DOUBLE SUCTION
IMPELLER
MULTI STAGE
Opposite
Centrifugal pumps
Seals
• All pumps developed pressure to pump the
liquid.
• The pressurize liquid must be contained by a seal
to prevent leakage around the drive shaft .
• There are many types of seals that are used in
many types of pump. E.g.
– Wearing ring
– Packing
– Mechanical seal
Centrifugal pumps
Impeller
Impeller
Slurry Applications
Vertical Inline Centrifugal
One impeller
with Gear box Coupling
, High speed
Pumps Gearbox
Pump
Gearbox M. Seal
Pump M. Seal
PUMPS AFFINITY LAWS
IF THE PUMP SPEED CHANGES FROM N1 TO N2
Q2 N2
THE FLOW RATE WILL BE
Q1 N1
2
P2 N2
THE DISCH PRESS. WILL BE
P1 N1
3
HP2 N2
THE HORSEPWER WILL BE
HP1 N1
MECHANICAL SEAL
SINGLE IMPELLER PUMP
HANGED BEAM
IMPELLER
MECHANICAL SEAL
BEARING HOUSING
SPLIT TYPE
PUMPS
1- Horizontally Split
High Flow Medium pressure
2- Vertically Split (Double Barrel)
high pressure and medium Flow
Pump Turbine
MOTION MOTION
HYDRAULIC HYDRAULIC
ENERGY ENERGY
Pumps
arrangement
Centrifugal pumps in series
P1 Pd
Q Q Q
P0 P1
P
Pd = P1 + P
COMPINEND
H ft NEW Q -H
HT = HA + HB HT
PUMP B
HB
PUMP A
HA
Q g.p.m.
Centrifugal pumps in parallel
Q1 P
P1 Q
P
Q1 P
P1 Q = 2 Q1
Centrifugal pumps in parallel
P psi
or
H ft PUMP A , B COMPINEND
CURVES NEW Q -H
P Constant
Q 2Q
300 600
Q g.p.m.
Volute function is to convert
most of the Velocity energy
to pressure
P = (v2/2g)
Volute
6/25/2023 56
Volute
Discharge Discharge
FLUIDS FLOW P2
KINAMATIC ENERGY
P1
2
2 V2 P2
V1 P1 +
+ CONSTANT 2g
2g
v <v
2 1 P >P
2 1
TOTAL ENERGY DIMENTIONS
2 2 2
ft ft
V sec sec 2 ( ft )
= ft
= ft
=
2g 2
sec 2 sec
Lb
P ft 2 ft 3
= = = ( ft )
Lb
density ft 2
ft 3
Impeller velocity diagrams
Velocity of liquid
Result
Velocity of liquid
(effect of flow tangential to
the blade trim)
Velocity of liquid
(effect of impeller rotation)
Diffuser
T P
FLOW KINAMATIC ENERGY
V2 P
2g +
velocity
6/25/2023 61
IMPELLERS IN ROW
MULTI-STAGE
Pump outlet
OPPOSITE IMPELLERS
MULTI-STAGE
1- Centrifugal pumps Performance curve
H ft
Q gpm.
PUMP
RPM = 3000
OPERATING POINT IMP. DIA. 10
H ft
.
a
.
C b
. ξ
KW
H ft N1 60
N2 .70 50 40
N3
N2 .70 50
N3
N1
N2
N3
1/
2
N Q
NS = 3 / 4
H NS = Dimensionless Number
N Q
1/
2 N = RPM
NS = 3 / 4 Q = Flow Rate (Gallons. Per Min).
H H = Head Per Impeller (Feet )
or
1/
2
N = RPM
N Q
NS = 3 / 4 Q = Flow Rate (m3/ sec).
H
H = Head Per Impeller (Meter )
Q
ξ
1.0
10000 GPM
0.9 3000
1000
500
0.8 300
200
100
0.68 0.7 50
30
0.6
0.5
0.4 10 GPM
0.3
0.2
0.1
555
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
N Q
IF NS 3/ 4
H
N = 1500
2000 RPM
Q = 100
1600GPM
GPM 2000
1500 1600
100 15000
80000
NSS 33//44 NSS 1250
555
H = 81
256 FT/ /Impeller
FT Impeller 256
81 27
64
h% EFFICIENCY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Qgpm
5 10 30 50 100 200 300 500 1000 3000 10000
Ns Qgpm Ns >
200 5 200 14 19 20 22 24
300 10 300 21 25 29 33 39
400 30 400 26 31 35 39 45
500 50 500 31 34 42 47 53 56 61 64 66 70 73 81
600 100 600 45 50 56 59 64 67 70 73 76 84
700 200 700 49 54 60 63 67 71 73 76 79 88
800 300 800 51 55 63 65 69 73 75 79 81 91
900 500 900 53 58 65 68 72 74 77 81 83 93
000 1000 1000 55 60 66 69 73 75 79 83 85 94
1100 3000 1100 56 61 67 70 74 77 81 84 87 95
200 10000 1200 57 63 69 72 75 78 82 85 87 95
300 >10000 1300 57 63 69 72 75 78 82 85 87 95
400 1400 57 63 69 72 75 78 82 85 87 95
500 1500 58 64 70 72 77 79 82 85 87 95
1500 >1500 60 65 72 75 77 80 84 87 90 97
MOTOR PUMP POWER
W HP = WATER HORSEPOWER W HP = P Q
P Q
B HP = BREAK HORSEPOWER B HP =
ξ
WHERE
Q.P
P = bar WHP =
75
W HP = 0.037 P Q 3
Q = M hr
M3 /hr Kg / cm2
WHP =
B HP = 0.037 PQ 75
ξ
Kg 100*100
m3
WHP = *
P= ps i sec *3600 m2 75
WHP = 0.00058 P Q
Q = GPM
100*100 Kg m
WHP = *
3600 * 75 sec
B HP = 0.00058 PQ Kg m
WHP = 0.037
ξ sec
CALCULATE MOTOR HP. FOR
EXAMPLE
N = 3000
= 23.2 HP
78
PUMP (A) NS
ξ
1.0 Q
0.9 10000
GPM
0.85 0.8 1000
3000
500
300
200
0.7 100
50
0.6 30
0.5
0.4
10 GPM
0.3
5 GPM
0.2
0.1
500 7590
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
ξ = 0.85
BRAKE HP = 23.2/0.85 = 27 HP.
Motor HP = 27 * 1.2 = 33 HP
80
NS
0.4 10 GPM
0.3 5 GPM
0.25 0.2
0.1
1/
2 D.P/impeller = 400 * 2.31 = 924 ft
N Q
NS = 3 / 4 Q = 100 GPM
H
1/2
3000 * 100 3000 * 10
NS = 3/4
= = 180
924 167.7
ξ = 0.25
BRAKE HP = 23.2 /0.25 = 97 HP.
NPSH
Examples of Cavitation Damage
CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS
AND
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
PUMPS
Liquid Cavitation's
converts start
to Vapor
Vapor LIQUID
pressure
limit VAPOR
Vapor
converts
to Liquid
Impeller length
This action will cause:
P
Kg/Cm2
80
Liquid covert to vapor Liquid
Add
by two methods Temp
60
1- Add Temp
Lower Pressure
2- Decrease Pressure
40
Vapor
Vapor
20
14.7
Psi 212
cavities
CARBON STEEL
BRONZ
BRASS
ZINC
What is Cavitation Effect
1- CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Impeller deterioration
Decrease discharge pressure
Decrease pump flow rate
Increase vibration level
Bearings & M/S failure
2- RECIPROCATING PUMPS
Suction valve
Spring Rupture
deteriorations
Decrease discharge
pressure
Decrease pump flow
rate
Cylinder Head
Damage
NPSH
1- NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD REQUIRED
PS v Z
OR PVS
• Liquid Level In
The Suction Vessel
Z
PVS
General Equation
Z
V
Ps P sva
+ Z - hL
Sp.gr = Sp.gr
2
V { Psasva – Vp } 2.31
NPSHA = Z + 2g
+ - hL
Sp.gr
2
2
NPSHA = V { Psa – Vp } 2.31
+ ( ft )
2g Sp.gr
Boiled
water
Positive
Reading
PS Z
Z < hL
PS
PVS
Negative
Pressure
PS
Z < 6m
ATMS
PS
Practically
- Z = 6 mt of water
ATMS
SUCTION NEGATIVE
ALTIDUDE NOT MORE THAN
6 METERS
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
SPACE
76 Cm 10,033 mt
MERCURY OF WATER
ATMS ATMS
Centrifugal Pumps Losses
Friction Loss
Eddy Loss
Leak Loss
THEORITICAL Heat Loss
H ft CURVE
ACTUAL
CURVE
Q g.p.m.
100 200 300 400 500
WHAT IS VAPOR
PRESSURE
1
1 P
T P T
FIG-1 FIG-2
T P Gauge
Cool Down
P Absolute P gauge + 1
(bar)
Vapor Pressure P Gauge + 1
( bar ) absolute
Temp C 100 95 90 80 70 15
P Gauge 0 - 0.1 - 0.3 - 0.5 - 0.7 - 0.98
2
P2 N2
THE DISCH PRESS. WILL BE
P1 N1
3
HP2 N2
THE HORSEPWER WILL BE
HP1 N1
Exercise
• Find the flow rate, head and power for a centrifugal pump that has increased
its speed N1 = 1000 rpm TO N2 = 1100 rpm
• Given data:
HP 1 = 123 kW H1 = 100 m Q1 = 1 m3/s
n2 1100
Q2 = Q1 = 1 = 1,1 m 3 s
n1 1000
2
n2
2
1100
H2 =
n
H 1 = 100 = 121 m
1 1000
3
n2
3
1100
HP2 =
n
HP1 = 123 = 164 kW
1 1000
PUMPS
AFFINITY LAWS
Initial N1 OR D1 1000
New N2 OR D2 1500
Rotary pumps
External Gear Pump
• External gear pumps are a popular pumping
principle and are often used as lubrication
pumps in machine tools, in fluid power transfer
units, and as oil pumps in engines.
• External gear pumps can come in single or
double (two sets of gears) pump configurations
with spur, helical, and herringbone gears.
• External gear pumps have close tolerances and
shaft support on both sides of the gears.
• This allows them to run to pressures beyond 200
BAR, making them well suited for use in
hydraulics.
External Gear Pump
• With four bearings in the liquid and tight tolerances,
they are not well suited to handling abrasive or
extreme high temperature applications.
• Tighter internal clearances provide for a more reliable
measure of liquid passing through a pump and for
greater flow control.
• Because of this, external gear pumps are popular for
precise transfer and metering applications involving
polymers, fuels, and chemical additives.
External Gear Pump
Rotary Vane Pump
Discharge
Suction
Rotary Vane Pump
ROTARY
PUMPS
External Gear
1- TRANSMIT MOTION
TO OTHER ROTOR
2- KEEPS NO CONTACT
BETWEEN ROTORS
3- PREVENT WEAR
BETWEEN ROTORS
Multiple-screw
double-end arrangement
RECIPROCATING
PUMPS
Reciprocating Pump
Piston
Reciprocating Pump
PRESSURE
RINGS
RIDER
RINGS
Reciprocating Pump
P Pulsation Dampener Piston
Accumulator Relief
Valve
Q
PRESSURE
Bar
T time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Reciprocating Pump
Duplex Pump
Reciprocating Pump
Duplex Pump
PRESSURE
T time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Triplex Pump
Triplex Pump
Bar
Mean discharge pressure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 T time
Reciprocating Pump
Vacuum Pump
Vacuum Pump
OR
LIQUID RING
Compressors
Rotor with Fixed Vans
A
Side View
Side View
This port is
Connected
Fill liquid volume According to pump
Cooling water
ATMOSPHERE
VACUUM
HYDROCARBONES
GLYCOL
Seal Less Pumps
Seal Less Pumps
Seal Less Pumps
Coupling
Seal Less Pumps
Outer magnet ring Secondary
pressure casing
Magnetic Field
Drive Pump, Liquid gap inner magnet
Separately Coupled. sheathing
Titan 130 Thrust Bearing
Radial Tilt-Pad Bearing
RADIAL TILTING PAD
BEARING
CASING
SHAFT
Radial
Load
Oil Wedge
Oil squeeze
between
shaft and
bearing pad
forming a
Due to solid
Oil oil wedge
Surface
Tension,
And high
speed,
The Oil
adhere to
the shaft
Forming
an
Oil Ring
Oil Wedge
Shaft
RADIAL TILTING PAD
BEARING
TILTING PAD
SHAFT
PIN
OIL
CASING